DRAFT
USA NAC DOM
NOTES.
LOGICAL FALLACY
FLAWED REASON
COMMON SENSE
BIAS
DISTORTION
FEATURE
MECHANISM
ELEMENT
EXTENSION
PREMISE
PRECEPT
TERM
UNIT
ANTECEDENT
PRECEDENT
CLAUSE
DRAFT
SYMBOL
AXIOM
CONVENTION
VAGUE
UNKNOWN
UNCERTAIN
UNKNOWN UNKNOWN
NOT AVAILABLE
INFERRED
DEDUCED
MODIFIED DESCRIPTION TERMS
(I.E. WHERE A TERM IS INFERRED NOT RECALLED OR IMPLEMENTED ACCORDING TO PROCEDURE, MAY OR MAY NOT SUFFICE.) (DRAFT) [EXTENUATING ARGUMENTATION AND FLAWED REASON, POOR JUDGEMENT, APPEAL TO LOGOS, ERROR OF SYMPATHIES, ETC.) (DRAFT) (ERROR)
DRAFT
INFORMATION PROCESSING
INFORMATION INFORM INFORMAL
UNOFFICIAL
MISINFORMATION MISSED MISTAKE
DISINFORMATION
NEUTRALIZED CONCEPT
POLARIZED CONCEPT
DRAFT
(NEUTRAL TONE)
DRAFT
VALIDITY
LOGIC VALIDITY
DISCIPLINE
DOMAIN
CLASSIFICATION
AVAILABILITY
TIMES
DRAFT
TRUE
FALSE
DRAFT
TRUTH
REASON
DRAFT
FORMULA
EQUATION
SYMBOL
CALCULATION
AXIOM
FOUNDATION
FORM
LOGICAL FORM
LOGICAL FORMULA
LOGIC SYMBOL
DRAFT
ARGUMENT VALIDITY LIMITATION, INTEGRITY OF ENCUMBENT INFORMATION OR CODE. DRAFT.
DRAFT
LOGICAL TRUTH
LOGICAL CONSEQUENCE
CORRESPONDENCE
CONDITION
CONDITIONAL
LIMITATIONS
STRUCTURE
FUNCTION
NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT
SATISFACTION
SOUNDNESS
PRIOR
FORMER
FOLLOWS
CONCLUSION
CONTRADICTION
AXIOMATIC TRUTH
ADAGE
WEIGHT
SCALES
ACTUALITY
REALITY
SURREALITY
IMAGINALITY
NONREALITY
UNREALITY
DEREALITY
REFUTATORY
EMPIRE
EMPIRICAL
EVIDENCE
BASE
BASE PLATE
BASE FRAME
BASE LINE
STANDARD
CRITERIA
CRITERION
VARIABLE
VALUE
ITEM LIST ITEMIZED LIST
ORDER OF PRECEDENCE
ASSAY ASSEMBLY CATALOG INDEX
CODE
POSSIBILITY
LIMIT
BACKGROUND
ASSUMPTIONS ASSOCIATIONS PRIMING PROMPTING DISTORTION EDUCATION INDOCTRINATION ETC.. DRAFT
LIMITATIONS TERMS CONDITIONS RESTRICTIONS EXCEPTIONS EXEMPTIONS ETC.. DRAFT
SYLLOGISM
PARADOX
CONUNDRUM
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
Validity doesn't require the truth of the premises, instead it merely necessitates that conclusion follows from the formers without violating the correctness of the logical form.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)
The following argument is of the same logical form but with false premises and a false conclusion, and it is equally valid:
- All cups are green. (False)
- Socrates is a cup. (False)
- Therefore, Socrates is green. (False)
No matter how the universe might be constructed, it could never be
the case that these arguments should turn out to have simultaneously
true premises but a false conclusion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)
In this case, the conclusion contradicts the deductive logic of the
preceding premises, rather than deriving from it. Therefore, the
argument is logically 'invalid', even though the conclusion could be
considered 'true' in general terms. The premise 'All men are immortal'
would likewise be deemed false outside of the framework of classical
logic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)
LOGICIAN
RESPECTIVE
ABBREVIATION
FORM
REPRESENTATION
ILLUSTRATION
FOLLOWING
TECHNIQUE
EMPLOY
DRAFT
A formula of a formal language is a valid formula if and only if it is true under every possible interpretation of the language. In propositional logic, they are tautologies.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)
SATISFACTION
SUFFICIENT
NECESSARY
SATISFIABLE
DRAFT
SEMANTIC VALIDITY
DRAFT
SYNTAX
DICTION
DRAFT
LINGUISTICS
LANGUAGE
LITERATURE
DRAFT
Preservation
In truth-preserving validity, the interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of 'true' produces a truth value of 'true'.
In a false-preserving validity, the interpretation under which all variables are assigned a truth value of 'false' produces a truth value of 'false'.[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(logic)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Invalid proof" redirects here. For any type of invalid proof besides mathematics, see
Fallacy.
"0 = 1" redirects here. For the algebraic structure where this equality holds, see
Null ring.
In mathematics, certain kinds of mistaken proof are often exhibited, and sometimes collected, as illustrations of a concept called mathematical fallacy. There is a distinction between a simple mistake and a mathematical fallacy
in a proof, in that a mistake in a proof leads to an invalid proof
while in the best-known examples of mathematical fallacies there is some
element of concealment or deception in the presentation of the proof.
For example, the reason why validity fails may be attributed to a division by zero
that is hidden by algebraic notation. There is a certain quality of the
mathematical fallacy: as typically presented, it leads not only to an
absurd result, but does so in a crafty or clever way.[1] Therefore, these fallacies, for pedagogic reasons, usually take the form of spurious proofs of obvious contradictions.
Although the proofs are flawed, the errors, usually by design, are
comparatively subtle, or designed to show that certain steps are
conditional, and are not applicable in the cases that are the exceptions
to the rules.
The traditional way of presenting a mathematical fallacy is to
give an invalid step of deduction mixed in with valid steps, so that the
meaning of fallacy is here slightly different from the logical fallacy.
The latter usually applies to a form of argument that does not comply
with the valid inference rules of logic, whereas the problematic
mathematical step is typically a correct rule applied with a tacit wrong
assumption. Beyond pedagogy, the resolution of a fallacy can lead to
deeper insights into a subject (e.g., the introduction of Pasch's axiom of Euclidean geometry,[2] the five colour theorem of graph theory). Pseudaria, an ancient lost book of false proofs, is attributed to Euclid.[3]
Mathematical fallacies exist in many branches of mathematics. In elementary algebra, typical examples may involve a step where division by zero is performed, where a root is incorrectly extracted or, more generally, where different values of a multiple valued function are equated. Well-known fallacies also exist in elementary Euclidean geometry and calculus.[4][5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_fallacy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about numerical curiosities. For the technical mathematical concept of coincidence, see
Coincidence point.
A mathematical coincidence is said to occur when two
expressions with no direct relationship show a near-equality which has
no apparent theoretical explanation.
For example, there is a near-equality close to the round number 1000 between powers of 2 and powers of 10:
Some mathematical coincidences are used in engineering when one expression is taken as an approximation of another.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_coincidence
Mathematical beauty is the aesthetic pleasure derived from the abstractness, purity, simplicity, depth or orderliness of mathematics. Mathematicians may express this pleasure by describing mathematics (or, at least, some aspect of mathematics) as beautiful or describe mathematics as an art form, (a position taken by G. H. Hardy[1]) or, at a minimum, as a creative activity. Comparisons are made with music and poetry.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_beauty
Ad hominem (Latin for 'to the person'), short for argumentum ad hominem, is a term that refers to several types of arguments, most of which are fallacious.
Typically this term refers to a rhetorical strategy where the speaker
attacks the character, motive, or some other attribute of the person
making an argument rather than attacking the substance of the argument
itself. This avoids genuine debate by creating a diversion to some
irrelevant but often highly charged issue. The most common form of this
fallacy is "A makes a claim x, B asserts that A holds a property that is unwelcome, and hence B concludes that argument x is wrong".
The valid types of ad hominem arguments are generally only
encountered in specialized philosophical usage. These typically refer
to the dialectical strategy of using the target's own beliefs and
arguments against them, while not agreeing with the validity of those
beliefs and arguments. Ad hominem arguments were first studied in ancient Greece; John Locke revived the examination of ad hominem arguments in the 17th century. Many contemporary politicians routinely use ad hominem attacks, which can be encapsulated to a derogatory nickname for a political opponent.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem
A fallacy is reasoning that is logically invalid,
or that undermines the logical validity of an argument. All forms of
human communication can contain fallacies. This is a list of well-known
fallacies.
Because of their variety, fallacies are challenging to classify. They can be classified by their structure (formal fallacies) or content (informal fallacies).
Informal fallacies, the larger group, may then be subdivided into
categories such as improper presumption, faulty generalization, and
error in assigning causation and relevance, among others.
The use of fallacies is common when the speaker's goal of
achieving common agreement is more important to them than utilizing
sound reasoning. When fallacies are used, the premise should be
recognized as not well-grounded, the conclusion as unproven (but not
necessarily false), and the argument as unsound.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies
Terminology
The Latin phase argumentum ad hominem stands for "argument against the person". "Ad" corresponds to "against" but it could also mean "to" or "towards".
The terms ad mulierem and ad feminam have been used specifically when the person receiving the criticism is female.
Types of ad hominem arguments
Fallacious ad hominem reasoning is categorized among informal fallacies, more precisely as a genetic fallacy, a subcategory of fallacies of irrelevance.
Ad hominem fallacies can be separated in various different types, among others are tu quoque, circumstantial, guilt by association, and abusive ad hominem. All of them are similar to the general scheme of ad hominem
argument, that is instead of dealing with the essence of someone's
argument or trying to refute it, the interlocutor is attacking the
character of the proponent of the argument and concluding that it is a
sufficient reason to drop the initial argument.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_hominem
"Apodictic", also spelled "apodeictic" (Ancient Greek: ἀποδεικτικός, "capable of demonstration"), is an adjectival expression from Aristotelean logic that refers to propositions that are demonstrably, necessarily or self-evidently true.[1] Apodicticity or apodixis is the corresponding abstract noun, referring to logical certainty.
Apodictic propositions contrast with assertoric
propositions, which merely assert that something is (or is not) true,
and with problematic propositions, which assert only the possibility of
something's being true. Apodictic judgments are clearly provable or
logically certain. For instance, "Two plus two equals four" is
apodictic, because it is true by definition. "Chicago is larger than
Omaha" is assertoric. "A corporation could be wealthier than a country"
is problematic. In Aristotelian logic, "apodictic" is opposed to "dialectic", as scientific proof is opposed to philosophical reasoning. Kant contrasted "apodictic" with "problematic" and "assertoric" in the Critique of Pure Reason, on page A70/B95.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apodicticity
In philosophy, a formal fallacy, deductive fallacy, logical fallacy or non sequitur[1] (; Latin for "[it] does not follow") is a pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic.[2] It is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument itself could have true premises, but still have a false conclusion.[3] Thus, a formal fallacy is a fallacy where deduction goes wrong, and is no longer a logical process. This may not affect the truth of the conclusion, since validity and truth are separate in formal logic.
While a logical argument is a non sequitur if, and only if, it is
invalid, the term "non sequitur" typically refers to those types of
invalid arguments which do not constitute formal fallacies covered by
particular terms (e.g., affirming the consequent). In other words, in practice, "non sequitur" refers to an unnamed formal fallacy.
A special case is a mathematical fallacy, an intentionally invalid mathematical proof,
often with the error subtle and somehow concealed. Mathematical
fallacies are typically crafted and exhibited for educational purposes,
usually taking the form of spurious proofs of obvious contradictions.
A formal fallacy is contrasted with an informal fallacy which may have a valid logical form and yet be unsound because one or more premises are false. A formal fallacy; however, may have a true premise, but a false conclusion.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy
The presence of a formal fallacy in a deductive argument does
not imply anything about the argument's premises or its conclusion (see fallacy fallacy). Both may actually be true, or even more probable as a result of the argument (e.g. appeal to authority),
but the deductive argument is still invalid because the conclusion does
not follow from the premises in the manner described. By extension, an
argument can contain a formal fallacy even if the argument is not a
deductive one; for instance an inductive argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or causality can be said to commit a formal fallacy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_fallacy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Modus ponensType | |
---|
Field | |
---|
Statement | implies . is true. Therefore must also be true. |
---|
Symbolic statement | |
---|
In propositional logic, modus ponens (; MP), also known as modus ponendo ponens (Latin for "method of putting by placing"),[1] implication elimination, or affirming the antecedent,[2] is a deductive argument form and rule of inference.[3] It can be summarized as "P implies Q. P is true. Therefore Q must also be true."
Modus ponens is closely related to another valid form of argument, modus tollens. Both have apparently similar but invalid forms such as affirming the consequent, denying the antecedent, and evidence of absence. Constructive dilemma is the disjunctive version of modus ponens. Hypothetical syllogism is closely related to modus ponens and sometimes thought of as "double modus ponens."
The history of modus ponens goes back to antiquity.[4] The first to explicitly describe the argument form modus ponens was Theophrastus.[5] It, along with modus tollens,
is one of the standard patterns of inference that can be applied to
derive chains of conclusions that lead to the desired goal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_ponens
Metalogic is the study of the metatheory of logic. Whereas logic studies how logical systems can be used to construct valid and sound arguments, metalogic studies the properties of logical systems.[1] Logic concerns the truths that may be derived using a logical system; metalogic concerns the truths that may be derived about the languages and systems that are used to express truths.[2]
The basic objects of metalogical study are formal languages, formal systems, and their interpretations. The study of interpretation of formal systems is the branch of mathematical logic that is known as model theory, and the study of deductive systems is the branch that is known as proof theory.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalogic
In mathematical logic, formation rules are rules for describing which strings of symbols formed from the alphabet of a formal language are syntactically valid within the language.[1]
These rules only address the location and manipulation of the strings
of the language. It does not describe anything else about a language,
such as its semantics (i.e. what the strings mean). (See also formal grammar).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_rule
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system#Deductive_inference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_inference
Formal systems
A formal system (also called a logical calculus, or a logical system) consists of a formal language together with a deductive apparatus (also called a deductive system). The deductive apparatus may consist of a set of transformation rules (also called inference rules) or a set of axioms, or have both. A formal system is used to derive one expression from one or more other expressions. Propositional and predicate calculi are examples of formal systems.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_rule
TYPES OF ARGUMENTS
GLOBAL APHASIA (BRAIN SURGEONS) (B-MOV DREAMS MARTIN FUTURE DREAMS) (NIGGERHOOD) (TO ZAK BETTEY ET AL) (DRAFT)
BLACK SCHEMES IN MATHS AND LOGIC, DANGER OF INFERIOR RACES AND THEFT FROM AAK BETTEY NOT DON. DRAFT.
ABANDONMENT ATTEMPTS BY ZAK THAT FAILED.
FAILED LOGIC AND FORMAL FALLACY HOW MY WORK BEGAN.
RETIRED AGENTS, ASK ME FOR A PARTIAL. DRAFT
COMMON SENSE ERROR OF POLITICS REDIRECTION BY MED CORP LIC FRAUD ERROR CLAIMS (MISLDAR)(QUEEN)
DRAFT
(RUSSIAN ESPIONAGE)
DRAFT
ESPIONAGE ON FEDERATION OF CHINA
DRAFT
(WHAT HURTS THE ENEMY MOST BROTHER)
DRAFT
AMERICAN MADE ZAK SAM MY BROTHER.
DRAFT
SUBORDINATE RANK PRISON BRIEFING -10000/1500/-5M/-500M/ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT
OK BUT THERE WER EMORE OF US... (ARGU, POINT, LINE, STATE, SEN, DISAPPEARNCES, EXPUNGEMENTS, SYSTEM OF AMERICAN INVASION)(DRAFT)(KEEP THE INE DO ANOTHER STIME) (DRAFT) (KEEP THE LINE DO THE TIME) (DRAFT) (FALLACY FORMALITY GRADE)(DRAFT)
DRAFT
FORMAL FALLACY ERROR
DEFER TO THE PRINCIPLE
REFER TO THE PREMISE
COMPLEX ARGUMENTS
ADVANCED MATHEMATICS
SHOOT THE MIDDLE OF MY ENGINEER (PIECE OF CONTINUOUS, DISCRETE COMMUNICATION, NON-COMMUNICATIVE, OBSTRUCTION, ETC.) (DRAFT)(PIECEWISE FUNCTION WELL FORMED FORMULA DRAFT; RECPIRIOCITY COINCIDENCE PONT ; NO APP THEOR EXP ; HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM ; ABSTRACT NOUN ; UNDEFINED ARTIHEMIC ERROR ; ETC..)(DRAFT)
STEAL A MANS LIFE (AD HOMINEM)
DIFFERENCE OF SQUARES
FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
DRAFT
FOUNDATIONAL COMMUNICATION LANGUAGE ENGLISH COORDINATION EDUCAITON SYSTEM ; AD HOMINEM ; SEMANTIC WEIGHTS ; BENEFICIENCE AS THE GOOD PEOPLE REPEATER TIMING ALL OF TIME CLAIMS (DISTORTION)(DRAFT) ; WEIGHT SCALES PHYSICS. DRAFT. DRAFT.
SEGREGATION DISCRIMINATION SOCIAL DISTANCEING MASK WEARING IN PUBLIC HOUSE ARREST RESTRAINING ORDERARY STAY AT HOME ORDER (E.G. PANDEMIC 2020 PRACTICE, PANDEMIC PRACTICE 2019-2023)(DRAFT)
DIFFICULT PROCESS TO WITHDRAW, RETREAT, RETIRE, ETC., FROM SOCIETY OR TO RESPECT BEAUTY DIFFERENCE. DRAFT. INCLUDING PERSPECTIVE. DRAFT.
DRAFT
STRONG LAW OF SMALL NUMBERS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_coincidence
MONOTONE
NEUTRAL TONE
DRAFT
HOSTILE
HOSTAGE
CONTAINMENT (ALLOWANCE (PERMITTANCE OR ALLOWANCE TO REFRAIN INHIBITION EXERCISE OR APPEARANCE OR ETC., REST, NOT INTERACT, NOT ENGAGE, NO EXERCISE, NOT NOT EXERCISE, NOT CATEGORIZE, NOT OBSERVIZE, NOT EXPERIENCIZE, NOT EXPERIMENTIZE, NOT HYPOTHESIZE, NOT DEREALIZE, NOT FEIGN REALIZE, NOT PIETIZE OR WEIGHT, ETC.)(DRAFT), PERMISSION TEMP VAGUE NOT ACTUAL NOT STATEMENT NOT REAL IMPLIED LIMITATIONS ETC., ETC..)(DRAFT)
DRAFT
FALLACY SCHEME
SCHEMA DETECTION
LOGICAL CERTAINTY
SELF-EVIDENT
DRAFT
POLARITY AND POSITIVISIM (PSUEDOSCIENCE AND EDUCATION SYSTEM FAILURE ; FULL SYSTEM FAILURE ; FALSE EDUCATION ; FALSE DISCIPLINE ; PSYCHOTIC STRUCTURALIZATION WITH FLAWED FOUNDATION ; FAILED SCIENCE AND OBSERVATION (MENTAL ILLNESS) ; FRANCE, RUSSIA, PSYCHOPATHS, BACK LIST, DAVTOM, NOR FRANKEN EXEMPT, ETC.)(DRAFT)
FALLACY FALLACY BEAR BEAR
RULE OF INTERFERENCE
RULE OF INFERENCE
ANTIQUITY DILEMMA
ABSENCE
EXPECTING A NEVER
MISES PERTYS ATE ALL THE FRUIT AT THE BANQUET OF FIREFIGHTERS ON HER OWN VOLITION INTEREST ENTRANCE COULD NOT RESIST CLOAKED FOOD. DRAFT.
GRIGORY ATE AND ATE AND ATE AND ATE AND ATE ALL OF THE FECES. DRAFT.
EVIDENCE OF ABSENCE
CONSEQUENTIA INQUISITIONATORIUM
SANATORIUM SANATARIUM
ABSENTIA EVIDENTIALIS
NO CENTRAL LIMIT AND CALCULS
FAILED MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
FAILED TRANFORMS AND DECOY LANGUAGE
CODE LANG FAILURE
BASE QUEEN
BASE CODE
BASE LINE
JUNK OCCUPANTS
ACCIDENTAL ERROR
ERROR
UNANTICIPATED INTERPRETATION
SURPRISE TRUTH
ACCUMULATION TIME
DECISION COMPLEXITY
BURDEN OF PROOF
MOCKERY OF AUTH
FALSE AUTH FALLS
DRUG LORD PREVAILS NOT THE MAN LEFT BEHIND
DRAFT
VAR ARG LIST
ARG SCHEME
FALLICIOUS ARG
(FALSE DRUGS LORDS)
DRAFTT
POLYMORPH
MORPHEUS
DRAFT
VARIADIC FUNCTIONALITY
SCIENCE
CORRECT ARGUMENTS
PROPER
PROPRIETARY
KIBBLES
RECTITUDE
DRAFT
OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
ALGEBRAIC DATA TYPE
STRAWMAN ARG
DRAFT
The fallacy of composition is an informal fallacy that arises when one infers
that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of
some part of the whole. A trivial example might be: "This tire is made
of rubber; therefore, the vehicle of which it is a part is also made of
rubber." This is fallacious, because vehicles are made with a variety of
parts, most of which are not made of rubber. The fallacy of
composition can apply even when a fact is true of every proper part of a greater entity, though. A more complicated example might be: "No atoms are alive. Therefore, nothing made of atoms is alive." This is a statement most people would consider incorrect, due to emergence, where the whole possesses properties not present in any of the parts.
This fallacy is related to the fallacy of hasty generalization,
in which an unwarranted inference is made from a statement about a
sample to a statement about the population from which it is drawn. The
fallacy of composition is the converse of the fallacy of division.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_composition
GENERALIZATION
HEURISTICS (PSYCHOLOGY) (COGNITIVE BIAS, ETC.) (DRAFT)
MAXIMIMIZATION, MINIMIZATION, LENS, PERSPECTIVE, BUFFERING, PADDING, FLUFFING, ETC.. DRAFT
ESTIMATION APPROXIMATION GUESS GAUGE (NON-APPLICATION, NO RECOMMENDATION, NON-ENDORSEMENT, NO FURTHER/ETC., ETC.) (DRAFT)
[NOT STATEMENT/IMPLICATION/CLAIM/DEENDORSEMENT/ANTIENDORSEMENT/NOTENDORSEMENT/NOT-NOT-ENDORSEMENT/ETC., NO DISRESPECT (E.G. BEGINNER ENGLISH MEANT, INTERMEDIATE ENGLISH INTENDED, ETC.). DRAFT]
CIRCUMSCRIPTION CIRCUMSTANTIAL CIRCUMSPECTION CIRCUMFERENCE ETC. DRAFT
- Synecdoche, the figure of speech of two forms:
- Pars pro toto using the word for a part by way of referring to the whole
- Totum pro parte using the word for the whole by way of referring to a part
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy_of_composition
INDUCTIVE FALLACY
VERBAL FALLACY
RELEVANCE FALLACY
DRAFT
MASKED MAN
PHANTOM OF THE OPERA
PRIMING, PROMPTING, MISLEADING QUESTION/CLAIM/ETC., COINCIDENT, ACCIDENT OF SPEECH, ERROR OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE OR LINGUISTIC MISCALCULATION, COMPLEX ERROR, ERROR, ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT
CONVERSE
DRAFT
reification
natural language
quantifier shift
Examples
1. Every person has a woman that is their mother. Therefore, there is a woman that is the mother of every person.
It is fallacious to conclude that there is one woman who is the mother of all people.
However, if the major premise ("every person has a woman that is
their mother") is assumed to be true, then it is valid to conclude that
there is some woman who is any given person's mother.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifier_shift
common fallacies
illicit conversion
affirming the consequent
distinctions
background
discipline
text
draft
quotation out of context, equivocation
illegal maneuvers in conversation, public speaking, debate, etc..
illicit major illicit minor
illegitimacy
draft
circular reasoning
affirming a disjunct
points
draft
denying the antecedent
denying the queen
plot to deny the queen
plot to steal from the king
draft
existentialism
exit
fatalism
draft
converse accident
inverse
draft
suppressed correlative
ancedotal evidence
hidden vatiable
draft
faulty generalization
illicit transferrence
draft
false dilemma
limitations of information and knowledge
solutionary
draft
overwhelmin exempta
draft
syntactic ambiguity
decontext
draft
argument from anecdote
draft
red herring
decoy
draft
rationalization
justification
draft
discipline closure
failed self-construction
non-generalizable
in-group condition violation by america
retired, obsolete
limitation
limited application only
draft
classification system errors inferior rank not defense escalation of privilege moving the base artificial inflation by title moved the don by accident ; wishful think wishes magical thinking ; etc.. draft
draft
security standard and essay declination concerning maladaptation of future children of americans and genetic disease diversification (differentiation)(Draft). nobility fraud and privlege misuse (to use another privilege). (draft)
draft
Negative conclusion from affirmative premises is a syllogistic fallacy committed when a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion yet both premises
are affirmative. The inability of affirmative premises to reach a
negative conclusion is usually cited as one of the basic rules of
constructing a valid categorical syllogism.
Statements in syllogisms can be identified as the following forms:
- a: All A is B. (affirmative)
- e: No A is B. (negative)
- i: Some A is B. (affirmative)
- o: Some A is not B. (negative)
The rule states that a syllogism in which both premises are of form a or i (affirmative) cannot reach a conclusion of form e or o
(negative). Exactly one of the premises must be negative to construct a
valid syllogism with a negative conclusion. (A syllogism with two
negative premises commits the related fallacy of exclusive premises.)
Example (invalid aae form):
- Premise: All colonels are officers.
- Premise: All officers are soldiers.
- Conclusion: Therefore, no colonels are soldiers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_conclusion_from_affirmative_premises
advanced weapons and codes.
where logic fails and the fallacy fails somwhere somewhay. draft
draft
positivism and trends of logic discipline and application, missing information. draft
draft
base rate fallacy
draft
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The conjunction fallacy (also known as the Linda problem) is an inference from an array of particulars, in violation of the laws of probability, that a conjoint set of two or more conclusions is likelier than any single member of that same set. It is a type of formal fallacy.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_fallacy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Independence is a fundamental notion in probability theory, as in statistics and the theory of stochastic processes. Two events are independent, statistically independent, or stochastically independent[1]
if, informally speaking, the occurrence of one does not affect the
probability of occurrence of the other or, equivalently, does not affect
the odds. Similarly, two random variables are independent if the realization of one does not affect the probability distribution of the other.
When dealing with collections of more than two events, two
notions of independence need to be distinguished. The events are called pairwise independent if any two events in the collection are independent of each other, while mutual independence (or collective independence)
of events means, informally speaking, that each event is independent
of any combination of other events in the collection. A similar notion
exists for collections of random variables. Mutual independence implies
pairwise independence, but not the other way around. In the standard
literature of probability theory, statistics, and stochastic processes, independence without further qualification usually refers to mutual independence.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)
IDEAL
REAL
PREDATOR IDEALLY BY DEFINITION SUPPORT AND AS ENDORSED BY EDUCATION SYSTEM USA NAC DOM (UNITED STATES ZAK) MAY APPRECIATE NO STATE OR LINK. DRAFT.
CHAINING, CHUNKING, HUMANS, ERRORS, INFERIOR SPECIES, ETC.. DRAFT
MAGICAL THINK WISHES WISH THINK CONCOCTORY MINDARY ETC.. DRAFT
NO PROOF EXISTS, THE DATA FAILS, ETC.. DRAFT
REAL CONSTRUCT AND CONDITIONS, ENVIRONMENT, DEFINES, BOUNDS, CONTAINMENT, PERCEPTION, CAPACITY, INCAPACITATION, ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT
ARTIFICIAL CATEGORY, ENGLISH, STEREOTYPE, STIGMA, WAR, LANGUAGE, UNPAID DUES TO GANGS, STOLE DRUGS WORSE THAN YOUR LIFE, ETC.. DRAFT
WAR V NLAB DRAFT
NO TRACE CORRUPT CONFOUNDED THE EVIDENCE DRAFT
DELIMITER DRAFT
QUEEN FAL
DRAFT
ARTIFICIAL CONSTRUCT OF STATUS KNOW TO EVIDENCE STRONG GENE TENDENCY TO DEFORMATION, GRAT. DRAFT.
RUS ESP
DRAFT
HIGHEST RAN SPY ALL COL. DRAFT
DRAFT
LEGEND OF THE EX PAT OVAL.
DRAFT
flattering appeal to logos pathos ethos recruitment. draft
draft
solicitation begging the question draft
draft
axioms determinisms identifier descriptor determinant undefined
possible observation phenomenon experientialism existence etc. draft
probability likelihood heuristics etc..
collectively exhaustive events, a series or sequence of times, alter-realm, etc. draft
indeterminanism, randomness, stochastics, etc.. draft
contingencies, constraints, implied, etc.. draft
confound, conundrum, paradox, unsolved, solution, etc.. draft
conditional independence, joint probability, etc.. draft
pairwise independent, mutually exclusive outcome, etc.. draft
Similarly, two random variables are independent if the realization of one does not affect the probability distribution of the other.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)
TOPOLOGICAL SPACE, MEASURABLE SPACE, SAMPLE SPACE, ETC.. DRAFT
Notice that it is not necessary here to require that the probability distribution factorizes for all possible -element subsets as in the case for events. This is not required because e.g. implies .
The measure-theoretically inclined may prefer to substitute events for events in the above definition, where is any Borel set. That definition is exactly equivalent to the one above when the values of the random variables are real numbers. It has the advantage of working also for complex-valued random variables or for random variables taking values in any measurable space (which includes topological spaces endowed by appropriate σ-algebras).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)
Likewise, a finite family of σ-algebras , where is an index set, is said to be independent if and only if
and an infinite family of σ-algebras is said to be independent if all its finite subfamilies are independent.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)
The new definition relates to the previous ones very directly:
- Two events are independent (in the old sense) if and only if the σ-algebras that they generate are independent (in the new sense). The σ-algebra generated by an event is, by definition,
- Two random variables and defined over
are independent (in the old sense) if and only if the σ-algebras that
they generate are independent (in the new sense). The σ-algebra
generated by a random variable taking values in some measurable space consists, by definition, of all subsets of of the form , where is any measurable subset of .
Using this definition, it is easy to show that if and are random variables and is constant, then and are independent, since the σ-algebra generated by a constant random variable is the trivial σ-algebra . Probability zero events cannot affect independence so independence also holds if is only Pr-almost surely constant.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)
VERACITY VERITY VERILY ETC.. DRAFT
VALIDITY RELEVANCE ETC.. DRAFT
Properties
Self-independence
Note that an event is independent of itself if and only if
Thus an event is independent of itself if and only if it almost surely occurs or its complement almost surely occurs; this fact is useful when proving zero–one laws.[8]
Expectation and covariance
If and are statistically independent random variables, then the expectation operator has the property
- [9]: p. 10
and the covariance is zero, as follows from
The converse does not hold: if two random variables have a covariance of 0 they still may be not independent. See uncorrelated.
Similarly for two stochastic processes and : If they are independent, then they are uncorrelated.[10]: p. 151
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)
Characteristic function
Two random variables and are independent if and only if the characteristic function of the random vector satisfies
In particular the characteristic function of their sum is the product of their marginal characteristic functions:
though the reverse implication is not true. Random variables that satisfy the latter condition are called subindependent.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)
Triple-independence but no pairwise-independence
It is possible to create a three-event example in which
and yet no two of the three events are pairwise independent (and hence the set of events are not mutually independent).[11]
This example shows that mutual independence involves requirements on
the products of probabilities of all combinations of events, not just
the single events as in this example.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independence_(probability_theory)
PERSPECTIVE. DRAFT
EVENT
COUPLED EVENT ; TWO OF THREE MAGIC
SET RANDOM EMPTY UNDEFINED NON-EXISTENT NON-IMPLEMENTED ETC. DRAFT
MUTUAL INDEPENDENCE, INDEPENDENT, ILLUSORY RELATION, ILLUSORY CORRELATION, ETC..
PREDICTION PROPHECY CAUSE COST BENEFIT EFFECT ETC.. DRAFT (ECONOMICS BIBLE RELIGION TESTING DICING GAMBLING ETC.) (DRAFT)
DISPARATE PLANE IRRELEVANCE CONFOUND OVERLOAD AND FALLACY
RELEVANCE NULL VOID DECEASED (GRIGORY MAIRANOVSKY 1964)(SOVIET UNION)(DRAFT)(USA NAC DOM CONSPIRACY THEORY)(CIA)(DRAFT)
ASSOCIATION (FLAWS), CORRELATION IS NOT CAUCASTION, HISSION, FRAUD, PERCEPTION ERRORS, SENSATION ERROR AND MEMORY ERROR (E.G. IMPLANT)(E.G. SIGNAL CROSSING PATH OR ERROR)(DRAFT), COGNITION (E.G. UNUAL, UNIONARY, ETC.), ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT
EXPONENTIAL PROBABILITY
MULTIPLE
ERROR WITH MULTIPLICATION OF PRIMES MISSING NUMBERS MISSING VALUE SCALE NUMBERLINE WHOLE NUMBER IMAGINARY ZERO UNDER SCORE ONE LOGIC-REASON EXAMPLES OF PEOPLE AND TIMES (HUMAN INTELLIGENCE)(DRAFT), WHY A NUMBER AND ONE IS SUPPOSED TO BE A MULTIPLE OF ITSELF (VAR)(SP)(CONSTRUCTION ERROR POSSIBLE STANDARD PHRASE ERROR APPRECIATED ETC.)(DRAFT)(POSSIBLE)(DRAFT)(UNCERTAIN)(DRAFT), ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT
GODELS THEOREM
PROBLEM WITH MATHS
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
DRAFT
ESPIONAGE
SPAIN
BROWNS
LIMITATIONS FEDERAL
LIMITATIONS FOREIGN TO USA NAC DOM
DELIMIT
DRAFT
SUB-GROPS FRECKS, MIX, SURG PAT, EX-PAT, FAT, SHORT, DRUGS/TESTS/CLONES/SHELLS/SURG/CALIB/<1900/1300/-3000/-10000/FUNKLES/RUS-NIGS/ETC., DRUGS, SUBJECTS, EX-SUBS, EX-CONS, TRAD-EX-CONS, ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT
ESPION INVADERS
ESPION INVASION
MANY AM-NASTY
LAYING LAYNG ARMLESS LAYING (PRE-WAR GERMANY) (WW1) (<=1400-1800/1900)(DRAFT)(SHORT TIME, TEMP, SHORT MOMENT MAN, ONE MOMENT MAN, ONE MINUTE NIGGER, STANDARD CELL BOY (E.G. MAN), NASTY MAN LONG LINE FANTASY CAN, FLASH DOG, SELF-MADE MAJOR, BIG BROWN WAVY WOLF, WAVY BROWN MAN, WAVY BROWN, LONG LINE (SHORT)(DRAFT)(VAR)(DRAFT)(NQ)(DRAFT)(DQ)(DRAFT), INSTANT MIND, FAST DEATH QUILL LAY, TRAMPER, TROMP, CHOOSEN NIGGER, PRIME OF HIS SURFACE AND TIME KIND (NOT CERTAIN)(DRAFT), MENTAL FAND, FAN GUY, FANTASY KING, DADDY LAYING, AMRLESS LAYING, ARMLESS LAYING, AZTEC LAYING, ETC.. DRAFT)(DRAFT)
DRAFT
FIXATION
COGNITIVE RIGIDITY BLACK WHITE LOW CONTRAST
PROCESSOR LIMIT QUEUE MEMORY LOW BATTERY LOW ERROR ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT
PURITY INTEGRITY INNOCENCE ETC.. DRAFT
VARIABLE DRAFT
DRAFT
EVENT MUTUAL EXCLUSIONARY OR EXCLUSIVE OR EXCLUSIVITY
THREE EVENT INDEPENDENT AND NO RELATION, ETC.. DRAFT
CORRELATION AND CAUSATION COMPLEXIFICATION ETC.. DRAFT
PAIRWISE INDEPENDENCE PIECEWISE FUNCTION DRAFT
TRADITION (USA NAC DOM AMERICANS). EVENT INDEPENDENT. DRAFT.
CLARIFICATION QUALIFICATION QUANTIFICATION ELIGIBILITY CONDITIONS FOUNDATION OBJECTIVE ETC.. DRAFT
TWO EVENTS ARE INDEPENDENT (USA NAC DOM AMERICANS 2000S). DRAFT.
IMPLICIT PREMISE APPRECIATION. DRAFT.
DRAFT
EACH EVENT IS INDEPENDENT. SCALE. DRAFT
MOMENT INSTANT DISCRETE CONTINUOUS MEASURE DATA ETC. DRAFT
NESTED SYSTEMS SURROUNDINGS ENVIRONMENT. DRAFT
DEPENDENCIES AND CONTINGENCIES ; DISJUNCTION, NON-UNIFORM, UNION, SET, ETC.. DRAFT
CONSTRAINTS, CONFLICT OF INTEREST, EXTERNAL CONFLICT, INFINTESIMAL, ZERO, UNDEFINED, NOT REAL, IMAGINARY, INFINITE, ETC.. DRAFT
THE MEANING OF INFINITE. DRAFT
DRAFT
EXAMPLE PIANO KEY ; PIANO KEY SERIES ; PIANO KEY SEQUENCE ; PIANO KEY ARRANGEMENT ; PIANO KEY MUSIC ; ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT
IMPORTANCE OF LIE ALGEBRA. DRAFT
BEYOND INTEGRITY AND THE TRUTH. DRAFT
THE ATMOSPHERE OF UNCERTAINTY. DRAFT
A NEVER STAR. STORY OF A STAR SEEN, UNSEEN, ETC.. THE LIMITATION OF A NOTE, MEMORY AND TIME. DRAFT.
DRAFT
LIE ALGEBRA. DRAFT
CHINI DRAFT.
CHINEE DRAFT.
CHAINEE BEGINNINGS. DRAFT (EXPELLED FROM CHIN FOR CHIN) (DRAFT)
DRAFT
THE STORY OF THE ILLYO.
DRAFT
THE STORY OF THE DARYO.
DRAFT
DARYO THE NESTING DOLL WITH NO PARENTS, NO RAISING PARENTS, NO BIOLOGICAL PARENTS KNOWN, ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT
VERY LONG YOUTH. DRAFT
DRAFT
PUFF THE GHOST.
DRAFT
MAGIC MAN
DRAFT
MAGIC MIRROR
DRAFT
ANCESTOR OF THE CHINEY PEOPLE. DRAFT
UNKNOWN, UNCERTAIN, UNKNOWN UNKNOWN, ETC.. DRAFT
UNIVERSE, ETC.. DRAFT
ILLYO, DACTA DIOBEATLES, MONGO, WHITE HORSE BLACK MAIN AND TAIL, BRONTOSAURUS, PERSIAN CAT, WATTLE BATTEN, FURMUR, HOOSIER, ALBINO, ANOREXIC, TREE, AIR, MOUNTAIN, HORSE, PLANT, STAR, MIRROR, ETC.. DRAFT
ZERO, ETC.. DRAFT
DRAFT