08-27-2021-1758 - Trehalose

 Trehalose (from Turkish 'trehala' – a sugar derived from insect cocoons + -ose)^[3] is a sugar consisting of two molecules of glucose. It is also known as  mycose or tremalose. Some bacteria, fungi, plants and invertebrate animals synthesize it as a source of energy, and to survive freezing and lack of water.

Extracting trehalose was once a difficult and costly process, but around 2000, the Hayashibara company (Okayama, Japan) discovered an inexpensive extraction technology from starch.^[4][5] Trehalose has high water retention capabilities, and is used in food, cosmetics and as a drug. A procedure developed in 2017 and using trehalose allows sperm storage at room temperatures.^[6]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehalose

Above. Henry Burr - When I Lost You (1913)

08-27-2021-1757 - Extremophiles

Extremophiles
Types	Acidophile Alkaliphile Capnophile Endolith Halophile Hypolith Lipophile Lithoautotroph Lithophile Methanogen Metallotolerant Oligotroph Osmophile Piezophile Polyextremophile Psammophile Psychrophile Radioresistant Thermophile / Hyperthermophile Thermoacidophile Xerophile
Notable extremophiles	Bacteria Chloroflexus aurantiacus Deinococcus radiodurans Deinococcus–Thermus Snottite Thermus aquaticus Thermus thermophilus Spirochaeta americana GFAJ-1 Archaea Pyrococcus furiosus Strain 121 Pyrolobus fumarii Thermococcus gammatolerans Eukaryota Cyanidioschyzon merolae Galdieria sulphuraria Paralvinella sulfincola Halicephalobus mephisto Pompeii worm
Related articles	Abiogenic petroleum origin Acidithiobacillales Acidobacteria Acidophiles in acid mine drainage Archaeoglobaceae Berkeley Pit Blood Falls Crenarchaeota Grylloblattidae Halobacteria Halobacterium Helaeomyia petrolei Hydrothermal vent Methanopyrus Movile Cave Radiotrophic fungus Rio Tinto Tardigrada Taq polymerase Thermostability Thermotogae

Categories: 

• Microbial growth and nutrition
• Psychrophiles

Cryobiology

Further reading[edit]

• Bej, Asim K.; Jackie Aislabie; Ronald M. Atlas (15 December 2009). Polar Microbiology: The Ecology, Biodiversity and Bioremediation Potential of Microorganisms in Extremely Cold Environments. Crc Pr Inc. ISBN 978-1420083842.
• Murata, Yoshinori; et al. (2006). "Genome-wide expression analysis of yeast response during exposure to 4C". Extremophiles. 10 (2): 117–128. arXiv:1109.6589. doi:10.1007/s00792-005-0480-1. PMID 16254683.
• Mikucki, J. A.; et al. (2009). "A contemporary microbially maintained subglacial ferrous 'ocean'". Science. 324 (5925): 397–400. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..397M. doi:10.1126/science.1167350. PMID 19372431.
• Sandle, T.; Skinner, K. (2013). "Study of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant microorganisms isolated in cold rooms used for pharmaceutical processing". Journal of Applied Microbiology. 114 (4): 1166–1174. doi:10.1111/jam.12101. PMID 23216715.

Genome Compression

2006

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychrophile

above. Bobby Darin - Dream Lover

08-27-2021-1754 - Heat shock proteins (HSP)

 Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a family of proteins that are produced by cells in response to exposure to stressful conditions. They were first described in relation to heat shock,^[1] but are now known to also be expressed during other stresses including exposure to cold,^[2] UV light^[3] and during wound healing or tissue remodeling.^[4] Many members of this group perform chaperone functions by stabilizing new proteins to ensure correct folding or by helping to refold proteins that were damaged by the cell stress.^[5] This increase in expression is transcriptionally regulated. The dramatic upregulation of the heat shock proteins is a key part of the heat shock response and is induced primarily by heat shock factor (HSF).^[6] HSPs are found in virtually all living organisms, from bacteria to humans.

Heat-shock proteins are named according to their molecular weight. For example, Hsp60, Hsp70 and Hsp90 (the most widely studied HSPs) refer to families of heat shock proteins on the order of 60, 70 and 90 kilodaltons in size, respectively.^[7] The small 8-kilodalton protein ubiquitin, which marks proteins for degradation, also has features of a heat shock protein.^[8] A conserved protein binding domain of approximately 80 amino-acid alpha crystallins are known as small heat shock proteins (sHSP).^[9]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_shock_protein

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Put Your Head On My Shoulder

08-27-2021-1753 - Gynaephora groenlandica, the Arctic woolly bear moth

Gynaephora groenlandica, the Arctic woolly bear moth, is an erebid moth native to the High Arctic in the Canadian archipelago, Greenland and Wrangel Island in Russia.^[2][4] It is known for its slow rate of development, as its full caterpillar life cycle may extend up to 7 years, with moulting occurring each spring.^[5] This species remains in a larval state for the vast majority of its life.^[4][6] Rare among Lepidoptera, it undergoes an annual period of diapause that lasts for much of the calendar year, as G. groenlandica is subject to some of the longest, most extreme winters on Earth.^[7][8] In this dormant state, it can withstand temperatures as low as −70 °C.^[7] The Arctic woolly bear moth also exhibits basking behavior, which aids in temperature regulation and digestion and affects both metabolism and oxygen consumption.^[4][6] Females generally do not fly, while males usually do.^[7]

This species has an alpine subspecies which is notable for its geographic distribution south of the High Arctic.^[9] 

Arctic woolly bear moth
Scientific classificatio
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Superfamily:	Noctuoidea
Family:	Erebidae
Genus:	Gynaephora
Species:	G. groenlandica
Binomial name
Gynaephora groenlandica (Wocke ex. Homeyer, 1874)
Synonyms[3]
Dasychira groenlandica Wocke ex. Homeyer, 1874[1] Dicallomera kusnezoviLukhtanov et Khruliova, 1989[2]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaephora_groenlandica

above. strangers in the night frank sinatra

08-27-2021-1751 - Belgica antarctica, the Antarctic midge

Belgica antarctica, the Antarctic midge, is a species of flightless midge, endemic to the continent of Antarctica. At 2–6 mm (0.079–0.24 in) long, it is the largest purely terrestrial animal native to the continent.^[2][3] It also has the smallest known insect genome as of 2014, with only 99 million base pairs of nucleotides (and about 13,500 genes). It is the only insect that can survive year-round in Antarctica.^[4][5] 

Belgica antarctica
Two Belgica antarctica adults
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Superorder:	Panorpida
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Infraorder:	Culicomorpha
Superfamily:	Chironomoidea
Family:	Chironomidae
Genus:	Belgica
Species:	B. antarctica
Binomial name
Belgica antarctica Jacobs, 1900[1]

The flightlessness of B. antarctica may be an adaptation to prevent wind from blowing it into inhospitable areas.^[3] It can survive freezing, but though local air temperatures may reach as low as −40 °C, this insect cannot survive temperatures below −15 °C. This is comparatively milder than other cold-adapted insects. The reason for this relatively low freezing tolerance is due to thermal buffering: just burrowing at a depth of 1 cm, temperature is stable between 0 and −2 °C for 10 months out of 12, and it seldom goes lower than −7 °C all year round. Ice and snow cover also helps keeping the temperature stable.^[6] Freezing tolerance is enhanced by cold hardening.^[6]

To adapt to the cold temperatures, B. antarctica accumulates trehalose, glucose, and erythritol. These compounds help the insect survive freezing by reducing the amount of ice that forms within the body. They also stabilize proteins and membranes, binding to them by means of hydrogen bonds. Heat shock proteins also help the tolerance to both high and low temperatures.^[7]

B. antarctica not only tolerates, but also requires a freezing climate to survive: exposure of larvae to such mild temperatures as 10 °C is enough to kill them within a week.^[6] Exposure to temperatures of 30 °C kills individuals in a few hours.^[7] It can, however, resist partial desiccation, surviving the loss of up to 70% of body water.^[7]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgica_antarctica

08-27-2021-1751 - Grylloblattidae, the icebugs, or ice crawlers

 Grylloblattidae, the icebugs, or ice crawlers, is a family of extremophile (psychrophile) and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains and the edges of glaciers. They belong, along with Mantophasmatidae (rock crawlers), to the order Notoptera.^[2] Grylloblattids are tiny, most being less than 3 cm long, wingless insects with a head resembling that of a cockroach, with long antennae and having elongated cerci arising from the tip of their abdomen. They cannot tolerate warmth (most species will die at 10 °C) and many species have small distribution ranges.

Grylloblattidae Temporal range: Triassic–Recent  PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N [1]
Galloisiana nipponensis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Notoptera
Suborder:	Grylloblattodea
Family:	Grylloblattidae E. M. Walker, 1914
Genera
Galloisiana Grylloblatta Grylloblattella Grylloblattina Namkungia

Grylloblattids, ice crawlers or icebugs puzzled the scientists who discovered them in 1914, E.M. Walker and T.B. Kurata; the first species named was Grylloblatta campodeiformis, which means "cricket-cockroach shaped like a Campodea" (a kind of two-pronged bristletail). Most are nocturnal and appear to feed on detritus. They have long antennae (23–45 segments) and long cerci(5–8 segments), but no wings. Their eyes are either missing or reduced and they have no ocelli (simple eyes).^[3] Their closest living relatives are the recently discovered Mantophasmatodea.^[4] Most species are less than 3 cm long, the largest being Namkungia magnus.^[5]

The family has its own suborder, Grylloblattodea (formerly^[2] its own order). It contains 5 genera and about 34 extant species.^[6][7]

Most species have restricted distributions and small populations and with increased warming their habitats are threatened, making them endangered. In North America some species like Grylloblatta barberi and G. oregonensis are known from single sites.^[8]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grylloblattidae

Above. 

Sean Kingston - Beautiful Girls