Nikiya Anton Bettey 2021: 02/13/23

Monday, February 13, 2023

02-13-2023-1853 - Anthrozoology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrozoology

02-13-2023-1845 - Anthropology

Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species.^[1]^[2]^[3] Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values.^[1]^[2]^[3] A portmanteau term sociocultural anthropology is commonly used today.^[4] Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Archaeological anthropology, often termed as “anthropology of the past,” studies human activity through investigation of physical evidence.^[5]^[6] It is considered a branch of anthropology in North America and Asia, while in Europe archaeology is viewed as a discipline in its own right or grouped under other related disciplines, such as history and palaeontology.^[7]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology

02-13-2023-1844 - Humans Homo Sapiens (Self Self, Clone)

Humans (Homo sapiens) are the most abundant and widespread species of primate. They are a type of great ape that is characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. Humans are highly social and tend to live in complex social structures composed of many cooperating and competing groups, from families and kinship networks to political states. As such, social interactions between humans have established a wide variety of values, social norms, languages, and rituals, each of which bolsters human society. The desire to understand and influence phenomena has motivated humanity's development of science, technology, philosophy, mythology, religion, and other fields of study.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human

02-13-2023-1844 - Spontaneous order

Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. The term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders in human social networks from the behavior of a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. Proposed examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order or self-organization include the evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet, Wikipedia, and a free market economy.^[1]^[2]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_order

02-13-2023-1843 - Self-Organization in Cybernetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization#Self-organization_in_cybernetics

02-13-2023-1819 - Church of Euthanasia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia

02-13-2023-1604 - secret society Captain Rock Ribbonism Whiteboys Irish Black Donneyls (Donnellys) Ancient order of freesmiths germany {ireland, france, finland, africa, russia, siberia, albania, germany, etc.)

Captain Rock was a mythical Irish folk hero, and the name used for the agrarian rebel group he represented in the south-west of Ireland from 1821 to 1824.^[1]

Arising following the harvest failures in 1816 and 1821, the drought in 1818 and the fever epidemic of 1816-19. Rockites, similar to the earlier Whiteboys, targeted landlords who were members of the Protestant Ascendancy. Captain Rock (or Rockites) were responsible for up to a thousand incidents of beatings, murder, arson and mutilation in the short time they were active. The rebel actions waned from 1824 onwards, with the return of "a bearable level of subsistence". Captain Rock was the symbol for retaliation by "an underclass which had nothing left to lose".^[2]

Over this period and in subsequent years, well into the nineteenth century, threatening letters signed by "Captain Rock" (as well as other symbolic nicknames, such as "Captain Steel" or "Major Ribbon") issued warnings of violent reprisals against landlords and their agents who tried to arbitrarily put up rents, collectors of tithes for the Anglican Church of Ireland, government magistrates who tried to evict tenants, and informers who fingered out Rockites to the authorities.^[3]

Notable contemporary representations in popular culture include a hand-colored lithograph of "Captain Rock's Banditti swearing in a new Member", caricatures of "Lady Rock" depicting Rockites cross-dressing as women when committing act of violence, and the painting "The Installation of Captain Rock" by the celebrated romantic artist Daniel Maclise (exhibited in London in 1834). The notable poet and author Thomas Moore wrote a popular book titled Memoirs of Captain Rock (1824) and the lesser-known female author Elizabeth Charlotte Tonna wrote The Rockite: An Irish Story (1829).^[4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Rock

Ribbonism, whose supporters were usually called Ribbonmen, was a 19th-century popular movement of poor Catholics in Ireland. The movement was also known as Ribandism. The Ribbonmen were active against landlords and their agents, and opposed "Orangeism", the ideology of the Protestant Orange Order.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbonism

The Whiteboys (Irish: na Buachaillí Bána) were a secret Irish agrarian organisation in 18th-century Ireland which defended tenant-farmer land-rights for subsistence farming. Their name derives from the white smocks that members wore in their nighttime raids. Because they levelled fences at night, they were usually called "Levellers" by the authorities, and by themselves "Queen Sive Oultagh's children" ("Sive" or "Sieve Oultagh" being anglicised from the Irish Sadhbh Amhaltach, or Ghostly Sally),^[1] "fairies", or followers of "Johanna Meskill" or "Sheila Meskill" (symbolic figures supposed to lead the movement). They sought to address rack-rents, tithe-collection, excessive priests' dues, evictions, and other oppressive acts. As a result, they targeted landlords and tithe collectors. Over time, Whiteboyism became a general term for rural violence connected to secret societies. Because of this generalization, the historical record for the Whiteboys as a specific organisation is unclear. Three major outbreaks of Whiteboyism occurred: in 1761–1764, 1770–1776, and 1784–1786.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiteboys

The "Black" Donnellys were an Irish Catholic immigrant family who settled in Biddulph township, Upper Canada (later the province of Ontario), about 15 km northwest of London, in the 1840s. The family settled on a concession road which became known as the Roman Line due to its high concentration of Irish Catholic immigrants in the predominantly Protestant area. Many Irish Canadians arrived in the 19th-century, many fleeing the Great Famine of Ireland (1845-52). The Donnellys' ongoing feuds with local residents culminated in an attack on the family's homestead by a vigilante mob on 4 February 1880, leaving five of the family dead and their farm burned to the ground. No one was convicted of the murders, despite two trials and a reliable eyewitness.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Donnellys

A secret society is an organization whose activities, events, inner functioning, or membership are concealed. The society may or may not attempt to conceal its existence. The term usually excludes covert groups, such as intelligence agencies or guerrilla warfare insurgencies, that hide their activities and memberships but maintain a public presence.^[1]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_society}

The Simo society is a secret society in West Africa (esp. Ghana, Mali, Sierra Leone) also described as a "masked cult".^[1] It hails, according to a UNESCO report, from among either the Temne people or the Baga people at the time of the Mali Empire.^[2] The Susu people's political organization "assigned an important role to the Simo initiation society", and it "dominated" the organization of the Baga and the Landuma people.^[3]

Initiation and other rites included masks, and of particular importance were fertility rites.^[4] The Simo were also one of many secret "cultic groups" (whose priests "possessed immense knowledge of herbs and roots") that practiced medicine to cure specific ailments.^[5]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simo_(society)

The Hai San Society (Chinese: 海山; pinyin: Hǎi Shān; Jyutping: Hoi2 Saan1; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Hái-san), which had its origins in Southern China,^[1] was a Penang-based Chinese secret society established around 1820 and in 1825 led by Low, Ah Chong^[2] and Hoh Akow (also spelt Ho Ah Kow or Hok Ah Keow), its titular head. At that time the society's headquarters was located at Beach Street (Ujong Passir).^[3]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hai_San_Secret_Society}

The Ancient Order of Freesmiths, or Alte Orden der Freischmiede is a secret society originating in Europe during the Middle Ages. Since around 1864 the order has established an international membership but it does not publicly disclose the number of current members. The order is against publicity and refuses media interviews.

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Freesmiths}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladesmith}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_the_Polish_Youth_%22Zet%22}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Apocalypse}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thule_Society}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_New_Templars}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Team}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethniki_Etaireia}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonari}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_Due}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Hand_(Serbia)}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Disinherited_(group)}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Climbers_of_Oxford}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gormogons}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_Hertford_Street}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederacy_(British_political_group)}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calves%27_Head_Club}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horseman%27s_Word}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Maguires}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Action_(UK)}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odd_Fellows}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin_Brotherhood}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Druids}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Free_Gardeners}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_16%27_Club}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_School_of_Night}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_Knot}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tong_(organization)}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Knights_of_Columbus}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunters%27_Lodges}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry_in_the_United_States}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_Spangled_Banner}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminine_Brigades_of_St._Joan_of_Arc}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Order_of_Oddfellows_Manchester_Unity}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_United_Order_of_Oddfellows}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_is_dead}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_blue_black_flag}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Map}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ice_age}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ghost}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTR}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_Witchcraft_Brother_The_Second_1900s_1500s_<~1500s, etc.}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Sign_Codes_Most_Old}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/apologies_coincidence_foundations_commons}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_childhood_education}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_studies}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Curriculum_Education}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWIII}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cloak}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mass_psychosis_americans}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/euthanasia_caucasian_geoffeson_vars}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/euthanasia_inferior_genetics_disease_non_war_able}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetic_disease_spread_euthanasia}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common_education_euthanasia}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common_education_date_mate_procreate_progeny}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/common_education_direction_toward_procreation_death_no_violence}

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_Waits_1940_1960

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WW0_Firefighters_WCBTII/2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWIII_cloak_don

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Men_Locate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_Surgeons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_swaps

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_Efforts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Pay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_change_no_build

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insufficient_evidence_Flawed_Foundation_Insufficient_Competence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Miners_1900s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civilians_Ribbons_Girls_Saint_Petersburg_1800s_1700s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Age_1600

02-13-2023-1557 - William III ("William of Orange") King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands

William III ("William of Orange") King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order

02-13-2023-1540 - Vicarious, Labor Battalion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_battalion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicariousness

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticides

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mairanovsky

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stalin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/russia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanovka_(inhabited_locality)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/petersen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Pride

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-Superiorist

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Ribbon_Day

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbonism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leperchaun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/agent_blue

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/arsenic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/white_lead

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/black_powder

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pumpkin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/faceplate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/black_black

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/don

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/igor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gris

------------------------------------------------------------

Rank

Black Bow Reactor Girls 0000/1400/1800-1900/1500/500/-8500/-10000/etc.

02-13-2023-0252 - WWII Europe {Slavery, Medieval, Norman Conquest, Saint Patrick, Pope Zachary, Eurasia, etc.}

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hywel_Dda

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zachary

The Mongol invasions and conquests in the 13th century added a new force in the slave trade. The Mongols enslaved skilled individuals, women and children and marched them to Karakorum or Sarai, whence they were sold throughout Eurasia. Many of these slaves were shipped to the slave market in Novgorod.^[42]^[43]^[44]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_medieval_Europe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Negroes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_labor_in_the_United_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison%E2%80%93industrial_complex

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison

Private immigration prisons

Several Australian immigration prisons are privately operated, including the Nauru Regional Processing Centre which is located on the pacific island country of Nauru and operated by Broadspectrum on behalf of the Australian Government, with security sub-contracted to Wilson Security.^[7] Immigration prisons typically hold people who have overstayed or lack a visa, or otherwise broken the terms of their visas.^[8] Some, such as the facility on Nauru, hold asylum seekers, refugees and even young children who can be detained indefinitely. In many cases people have been detained for years without charge or trial.^[9]^[10] This, as well as poor conditions, neglect,^[11] harsh treatment^[12] and deaths^[13] in some of the centers, has been the source of controversy in Australia and internationally.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison

United States

Private prisons are operated in the United States of America. In 2018, 8.41% of prisoners in the United States were housed in private prisons.^[46] On January 25, 2021, President Joe Biden issued an executive order to stop the United States Department of Justice from renewing further contracts with private prisons. As most facilities are run by their respective states, the order only will apply to small fraction of private prisoners, about 14,000 inmates housed in federal prisons.^[47]

Early history

This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (June 2021)

The privatization of prisons can be traced to the contracting out of confinement and care of prisoners after the American Revolution. Deprived of the ability to ship criminals and undesirables to the Colonies, Great Britain began placing them on hulks (used as prison ships) moored in English ports.^[48]

In 1852, on the northwest San Francisco Bay in California, inmates of the prison ship Waban began building a contract facility to house themselves at Point Quentin. The prison became known as San Quentin, which is still in operation today. Its partial transfer of prison administration from private to public did not mark the end of privatization.^[49]

The next phase began with the Reconstruction Period (1865–1876) in the south, after the end of the Civil War. Plantations and businessmen needed to find replacements for the labor force once their slaves had been freed. In 1865, the United States ratified the 13th Amendment, which abolished all forms of slavery "except as punishment for a crime". This exception allowed plantation owners and businessmen to find the unpaid labor they desired. Beginning in 1868, convict leases were issued to private parties to supplement their workforce.^[50]^[51] This system remained in place until the early 20th century.

Development

1980s–2009

Federal and state governments have a long history of contracting out specific services to private firms, including medical services, food preparation, vocational training, and inmate transportation. However, the 1980s ushered in a new era of prison privatization. With a burgeoning prison population resulting from the War on Drugs and increased use of incarceration, prison overcrowding and rising costs became increasingly problematic for local, state, and federal governments. In response to this expanding criminal justice system, private business interests saw an opportunity for expansion, and consequently, private-sector involvement in prisons moved from the simple contracting of services to contracting for the complete management and operation of entire prisons.^[52]

The modern private prison business first emerged and established itself publicly in 1984 when the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), now known as CoreCivic, was awarded a contract to take over operation of a facility in Shelby County, Tennessee. This marked the first time that any government in the country had contracted out the complete operation of a jail to a private operator.^[53] The following year, CCA gained further public attention when it offered to take over the entire state prison system of Tennessee for $200 million. The bid was ultimately defeated due to strong opposition from public employees and the skepticism of the state legislature.^[54] Despite that initial defeat, CCA since then has successfully expanded, as have other for-profit prison companies.

CCA's $52 million January 1997 purchase of Washington, D.C.'s $100 million Central Treatment Facility was "the first time a prison has been sold outright (although under a lease-back arrangement, ownership is supposed to revert to D.C. after 20 years)."^[55]

2010s

Statistics from the U.S. Department of Justice show that, as of 2019, there were 116,000 state and federal prisoners housed in privately owned prisons in the U.S., constituting 8.1% of the overall U.S. prison population. Broken down to prison type, 15.7% of the federal prison population in the United States is housed in private prisons and 7.1% of the U.S. state prison population is housed in private prisons.^[56]

As of 2017, after a period of steady growth, the number of inmates held in private prisons in the United States has declined modestly and continues to represent a small share of the nation's total prison population.^[57] Companies operating such facilities include the Corrections Corporation of America (CCA), the GEO Group, Inc. (formerly known as Wackenhut Securities), Management and Training Corporation (MTC), and Community Education Centers. In the past two decades CCA has seen its profits increase by more than 500 percent.^{[citation needed]} The prison industry as a whole took in over $5 billion in revenue in 2011.^[58]

According to journalist Matt Taibbi, Wall Street banks took notice of this influx of cash, and are now some of the prison industry's biggest investors. Wells Fargo has around $100 million invested in GEO Group and $6 million in CCA. Other major investors include Bank of America, Fidelity Investments, General Electric and The Vanguard Group. CCA's share price went from a dollar in 2000 to $34.34 in 2013.^[58] Sociologist John L. Campbell and activist and journalist Chris Hedges respectively assert that prisons in the United States have become a "lucrative" and "hugely profitable" business.^[59]^[60]

In June 2013, students at Columbia University discovered that the institution owned $8 million worth of CCA stock. Less than a year later, students formed a group called Columbia Prison Divest, and delivered a letter to the president of the University demanding total divestment from CCA and full disclosure of future investments.^[61] By June 2015, the board of trustees at Columbia University voted to divest from the private prison industry.^[62]

CoreCivic (previously CCA) has a capacity of more than 80,000 beds in 65 correctional facilities. The GEO Group operates 57 facilities with a capacity of 49,000 offender beds.^[63] The company owns or runs more than 100 properties that operate more than 73,000 beds in sites across the world.^[64]

Most privately run facilities are located in the southern and western portions of the United States and include both state and federal offenders.^[65] For example, Pecos, Texas is the site of the largest private prison in the world, the Reeves County Detention Complex, operated by the GEO Group.^[66] It has a capacity of 3,763 prisoners in its three sub-complexes,^[67]

Private prison firms, reacting to reductions in prison populations, are increasingly looking away from mere incarceration and are seeking to maintain profitability by expanding into new markets previously served by non-profit behavioral health and treatment-oriented agencies, including prison medical care, forensic mental hospitals, civil commitment centers, halfway houses and home arrest.^[68]^[69]^[70]

A 2016 report by the U.S. Department of Justice asserts that privately operated federal facilities are less safe, less secure and more punitive than other federal prisons.^[71] Shortly thereafter, the DoJ announced it will stop using private prisons.^[72] Nevertheless, a month later the Department of Homeland Security renewed a controversial contract with the CCA to continue operating the South Texas Family Residential Center, an immigrant detention facility in Dilley, Texas.^[73]

Stock prices for CCA and GEO Group surged following Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 elections.^[74]^[75] On February 23, the DOJ under Attorney General Jeff Sessions overturned the ban on using private prisons. According to Sessions, "the (Obama administration) memorandum changed long-standing policy and practice, and impaired the bureau's ability to meet the future needs of the federal correctional system. Therefore, I direct the bureau to return to its previous approach."^[76] Additionally, both CCA and GEO Group have been expanding into the immigrant detention market. Although the combined revenues of CCA and GEO Group were about $4 billion in 2017 from private prison contracts, their number one customer was ICE.^[77]

Impact

According to a 2021 study, private prison inmates serve longer time in prison than comparable inmates in public prisons.^[78]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison}

Media coverage in the United States

Documentary

Kids for cash scandal was featured in Capitalism: A Love Story, the 2009 documentary by Michael Moore.^[145]
A full-length documentary covering the kids for cash scandal entitled Kids for Cash was released in February 2014.^[146]
13th is an Oscar-nominated 2016 documentary that examines the role of private prison contracts in the mass incarceration of blacks and Latinos, primarily, in the United States. The name refers to the Thirteenth Amendment which abolished slavery, yet allows for involuntary servitude as a punishment for crime.

Drama

Kids for Cash scandal has also led to several portrayals in fictional works. Both the Law & Order: SVU episode "Crush" and an episode of The Good Wife featured corrupt judges sending children to private detention centers. An episode of Cold Case titled "Jurisprudence" is loosely based on this event.^[147]^[148]^[149]
Season 3 of Orange Is the New Black portrays the transformation of the prison from federally owned to a privately owned prison for-profit.
An episode of Elementary focuses on private prisons competing with each other in New Jersey to win a bid for another prison.
An episode of Boston Legal sees a 15-year-old former inmate suing a private prison over an alleged rape by one of its corrections officers.^[150]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_prison}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_prison_experiment}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_site}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_conscience}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage}

02-13-2023-0251 - fiction activities objects philosophies science society history, etc., fandom, alternate, etc..

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_elements,_materials,_isotopes_and_subatomic_particles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Elements_of_fiction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_events

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_activities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_objects

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_philosophies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_society

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Words_originating_in_fiction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternate_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Secret_histories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternate_history_fandom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterfactual_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_space_bats

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alternate_histories_diverging_at_the_American_Civil_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_I_alternate_histories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternate_history_by_medium

02-13-2023-0240 - plot twist foreshadowing spoiler anagnorisis Anagnorisis flashback cliffhanger unreliable narrator Peripeteia red herring false protagonist non-linear narrative reverse chronology deus ex machina noir fiction etc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plot_twist

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreshadowing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_(media)

Anagnorisis

Anagnorisis, or discovery, is the protagonist's sudden recognition of his or her own or another character's true identity or nature.^[6] Through this technique, previously unforeseen character information is revealed. A notable example of anagnorisis occurs in Oedipus Rex: Oedipus kills his father and marries his mother in ignorance, learning the truth only toward the climax of the play.^[7] The earliest use of this device as a twist ending in a murder mystery was in "The Three Apples", a medieval Arabian Nights tale, where the protagonist Ja'far ibn Yahya discovers by chance a key item towards the end of the story that reveals the culprit behind the murder to have been his own slave all along.^[8]^[9]

Flashback

Flashback, or analepsis, a sudden, vivid reversion to a past event,^[10] surprises the reader with previously unknown information that solves a mystery, places a character in a different light, or reveals the reason for a previously inexplicable action. The Alfred Hitchcock film Marnie employed this type of surprise ending. Sometimes this is combined with the above category, as the flashback may reveal the true identity of one of the characters, or that the protagonist is related to one of the villain's past victims, as Sergio Leone did with Charles Bronson's character in Once Upon a Time in the West or Frederick Forsyth's The Odessa File.

Cliffhanger

A cliffhanger or cliffhanger ending, is a plot device in fiction which features a main character in a precarious or difficult dilemma or confronted with a shocking revelation at the end of an episode of serialized fiction. A cliffhanger is hoped to incentivize the audience to return to see how the characters resolve the dilemma.

Unreliable narrator

An unreliable narrator twists the ending by revealing, almost always at the end of the narrative, that the narrator has manipulated or fabricated the preceding story, thus forcing the reader to question his or her prior assumptions about the text.^[11] This motif is often used within noir fiction and films, notably in the film The Usual Suspects. An unreliable narrator motif was employed by Agatha Christie in The Murder of Roger Ackroyd, a novel that generated much controversy due to critics' contention that it was unfair to trick the reader in such a manipulative manner.^[12] Another example of unreliable narration is a character who has been revealed to be insane and thus causes the audience to question the previous narrative; notable examples of this are in the Terry Gilliam film Brazil, Chuck Palahniuk's Fight Club (and David Fincher's film adaptation), Gene Wolfe's novel Book of the New Sun, the second episode of Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Premonition, the 1920 German silent horror film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Iain Pears's An Instance of the Fingerpost, Shutter Island and Kim Newman's Life's Lottery.

Peripeteia

Peripeteia is a sudden reversal of the protagonist's fortune, whether for good or ill, that emerges naturally from the character's circumstances.^[13] Unlike the deus ex machina device, peripeteia must be logical within the frame of the story. An example of a reversal for ill would be Agamemnon's sudden murder at the hands of his wife Clytemnestra in Aeschylus' The Oresteia or the inescapable situation Kate Hudson's character finds herself in at the end of The Skeleton Key. This type of ending was a common twist ending utilised by The Twilight Zone, most effectively in the episode "Time Enough at Last" where Burgess Meredith's character is robbed of all his hope by a simple but devastating accident with his eyeglasses. A positive reversal of fortune would be Nicholas Van Orton's suicide attempt after mistakenly believing himself to have accidentally killed his brother, only to land safely in the midst of his own birthday party, in the film The Game.

Deus ex machina

Deus ex machina is a Latin term meaning "god from the machine." It refers to an unexpected, artificial or improbable character, device or event introduced suddenly in a work of fiction to resolve a situation or untangle a plot.^[14] In Ancient Greek theater, the "deus ex machina" ('ἀπὸ μηχανῆς θεός') was the character of a Greek god literally brought onto the stage via a crane (μηχανῆς—mechanes), after which a seemingly insoluble problem is brought to a satisfactory resolution by the god's will. The term is now used pejoratively for any improbable or unexpected contrivance by which an author resolves the complications of the plot in a play or novel, and which has not been convincingly prepared for in the preceding action; the discovery of a lost will was a favorite resort of Victorian novelists.^[15]

Red herring

A red herring is a false clue intended to lead investigators toward an incorrect solution.^[16] This device usually appears in detective novels and mystery fiction. The red herring is a type of misdirection, a device intended to distract the protagonist, and by extension the reader, away from the correct answer or from the site of pertinent clues or action. The Indian murder mystery film Gupt: The Hidden Truth cast many veteran actors who had usually played villainous roles in previous Indian films as red herrings in this film to deceive the audience into suspecting them. In the bestselling novel The Da Vinci Code, the misdeeds of a key character named "Bishop Aringarosa" draw attention away from the true master villain ("Aringarosa" literally translates as "pink herring"). In the William Diehl novel Primal Fear (also adapted into a film), a defendant named Aaron Stampler is accused of brutally murdering the Archbishop of Chicago. He is revealed to have a dissociative identity disorder, and is not executed on plea of insanity. Near the end, Aaron's lawyer discovers that he feigned his insanity to avoid the death penalty. Agatha Christie's classic And Then There Were None is another famous example and includes the term as well in a murder ploy where the intended victims are made to guess that one of them will be killed through an act of treachery. The complete second timeline of the sixth season of the television series Lost is a red herring. Until the end it seems like a way that could happen, but in fact it takes place after they were all dead. A red herring can also be used as a form of false foreshadowing.

False protagonist

A false protagonist is a character presented at the start of the story as the main character, but then disposed of, usually killed to emphasize that they will not return. An example is Psycho's Marion Crane (portrayed by Janet Leigh), who is brutally murdered about halfway through the film. Another instance is 'the film Executive Decision, in which the special-forces team leader, played by highly-billed action star Steven Seagal, is killed shortly after the mission begins. The character of Casey Becker (played by then A-list actress Drew Barrymore) in Scream is killed in the first fifteen minutes. An example in literature is Ned Stark in A Game of Thrones, who is killed before the end of the first book in the series, despite receiving the most focus of the ensemble of characters.

Non-linear narrative

A non-linear narrative works by revealing plot and character in non-chronological order.^[17] This technique requires the reader to attempt to piece together the timeline in order to fully understand the story. A twist ending can occur as the result of information that is held until the climax and which places characters or events in a different perspective. Some of the earliest known uses of non-linear story telling occur in The Odyssey, a work that is largely told in flashback via the narrator Odysseus. The Aeneid, another epic poem, uses a similar approach; it begins with the main protagonist, Aeneas, telling stories about the end of the Trojan War and the first half of his journey to Dido, queen of Carthage. The nonlinear approach has been used in works such as the films Mulholland Drive, Sin City, Premonition, Arrival, Pulp Fiction, Memento, Babel, the television shows Lost, How to Get Away with Murder, How I Met Your Mother (especially in many episodes in the later seasons), Heroes, Westworld, the book Catch-22, and WandaVision.^[18]^[19]

Reverse chronology

Reverse chronology works by revealing the plot in reverse order, i.e., from final event to initial event.^[20] Unlike chronological storylines, which progress through causes before reaching a final effect, reverse chronological storylines reveal the final effect before tracing the causes leading up to it; therefore, the initial cause represents a "twist ending". Examples employing this technique include the films Irréversible, Memento, Happy End and 5x2, the play Betrayal by Harold Pinter, and Martin Amis' Time's Arrow. Stephen Sondheim and George Furth's Merrily We Roll Along and the 1934 Kaufman and Hart play that inspired it both tell the story of the main characters in reverse order.

Ethical classification and origin of term

Situational ethics is a form of consequentialism (though distinct from utilitarianism in that the latter's aim is "the greatest good for the greatest number") that focuses on creating the greatest amount of love. Situational ethics can also be classed under the ethical theory genre of "proportionalism" which says that "It is never right to go against a principle unless there is a proportionate reason which would justify it."^[6] J. A. T. Robinson, a situational ethicist, considered the approach to be a form of ethical relativism.^{[citation needed]}

There was an active debate in the mid-twentieth century around situational ethics, which was being promoted by a number of primarily Protestant theologians. The English term "situation ethics" was taken from the German Situationsethik. It is unclear who first coined the term either in German or in its English variant.^{[citation needed]}

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_ethics

In addition, virtue epistemology, similar to virtue ethics, is based on the intellectual qualities in relation to the individual as opposed to the quality of the belief; virtue epistemology is person-based, rather than belief-based. Consequently, virtue epistemology can also stress "epistemic responsibility", that is, an individual is held responsible for the virtue of their knowledge-gathering faculties.

For example, Massimo Pigliucci applies virtue epistemology to critical thinking and suggests the virtuous individual will consider the following:

Non-dismissive consideration of arguments
Charitable interpretation of opposing arguments
Awareness of one's own presuppositions and potential for being mistaken
Consultation of expert knowledge
Reliability of source material
Knowledge of what one is talking about rather than merely repeating others' opinions.^[6]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_epistemology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_knowledge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_knowledge#Justified_true_belief

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denying_the_antecedent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazverstka

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_forfeiture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism#I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Punishments

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Exile

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deportation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Compulsory_sterilization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_removed_from_office

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_stripped_of_awards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sentencing_(law)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_rejection

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_Internet_suspensions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Punishments

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrkoplikt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_ban

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_detention

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(law)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_money_(restitution)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_camp_(correctional)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amercement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_punishment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance_fee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castigation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_castration

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_death

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comminatory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condemnation_to_the_mines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postenpflicht

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura_infamante

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day-fine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyphonism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_surcharge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(punishment)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_sentence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_cell

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalping

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_(law)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_a_rail

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbons_of_shame

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_in_rank

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_sentence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gating_(punishment)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_tagging

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(sentence)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumming_out

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Punishments

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9gradation_nationale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement#Based_on_criminal_conviction

An outlaw, in its original and legal meaning, is a person declared as outside the protection of the law. In pre-modern societies, all legal protection was withdrawn from the criminal, so that anyone was legally empowered to persecute or kill them. Outlawry was thus one of the harshest penalties in the legal system. In early Germanic law, the death penalty is conspicuously absent, and outlawing is the most extreme punishment, presumably amounting to a death sentence in practice. The concept is known from Roman law, as the status of homo sacer, and persisted throughout the Middle Ages.

A secondary meaning of outlaw is a person who systematically avoids capture by evasion and violence to deter capture. These meanings are related and overlapping but not necessarily identical. A fugitive who is declared outside protection of law in one jurisdiction but who receives asylum and lives openly and obedient to local laws in another jurisdiction is an outlaw in the first meaning but not the second (example - William Bankes, detailed below). A fugitive who remains formally entitled to a form of trial if captured alive but avoids capture because of high risk of conviction and severe punishment if tried is an outlaw in the second sense but not first (example - Rozsa Sandor, tried and sentenced merely to a term of imprisonment when captured.).

In the common law of England, a "writ of outlawry" made the pronouncement Caput lupinum ("Let his be a wolf's head"), equating that person with a wolf in the eyes of the law. Not only was the subject deprived of all legal rights, being outside the "law", but others could kill him on sight as if he were a wolf or other wild animal.^{[citation needed]} Women were declared "waived" rather than outlawed but it was effectively the same punishment.^[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compurgation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_combat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_combat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_conduct

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_servant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misconduct

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom#Villeins

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesse_oblige

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armiger

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_combat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_fighting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_duello

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Honor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfighter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_royal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloping

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dog%27s_Will

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_standoff

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(cinema)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22_(logic)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_of_Chernigov

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nobility

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzhina

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_elephant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfight

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mard_o_mard

Hans Talhoffer in his 1459 Thott codex names seven offences that in the absence of witnesses were considered grave enough to warrant a judicial duel, viz. murder, treason, heresy, desertion of one's lord, "imprisonment" (possibly in the sense of abduction), perjury/fraud, and rape.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_combat

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_right

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_le_Gris

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_(military)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_leave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_(U.S._military)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_warfare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_warfare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_warfare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_warfare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_operation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(term)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_the_military

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overmatch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_crimes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Committee_for_Human_Rights_in_Serbia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_crimes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Rif_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs

Nikiya Anton Bettey 2021

Blog Archive

Monday, February 13, 2023

02-13-2023-1853 - Anthrozoology

02-13-2023-1845 - Anthropology

02-13-2023-1844 - Humans Homo Sapiens (Self Self, Clone)

02-13-2023-1844 - Spontaneous order

02-13-2023-1843 - Self-Organization in Cybernetics

02-13-2023-1819 - Church of Euthanasia

02-13-2023-1604 - secret society Captain Rock Ribbonism Whiteboys Irish Black Donneyls (Donnellys) Ancient order of freesmiths germany {ireland, france, finland, africa, russia, siberia, albania, germany, etc.)

02-13-2023-1557 - William III ("William of Orange") King of England, Scotland and Ireland, Stadtholder of the Netherlands

02-13-2023-1540 - Vicarious, Labor Battalion

02-13-2023-0252 - WWII Europe {Slavery, Medieval, Norman Conquest, Saint Patrick, Pope Zachary, Eurasia, etc.}

Private immigration prisons

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Media coverage in the United States

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02-13-2023-0251 - fiction activities objects philosophies science society history, etc., fandom, alternate, etc..

02-13-2023-0240 - plot twist foreshadowing spoiler anagnorisis Anagnorisis flashback cliffhanger unreliable narrator Peripeteia red herring false protagonist non-linear narrative reverse chronology deus ex machina noir fiction etc.

Anagnorisis

Flashback

Cliffhanger

Unreliable narrator

Peripeteia

Deus ex machina

Red herring

False protagonist

Non-linear narrative

Reverse chronology

See also

02-13-2023-0238 - plot device plot mechanism

02-13-2023-0237 - mexican standoff (confrontation type)

02-13-2023-0205 - Variety Penalties USA NAC DOM et al. draft

Ethical classification and origin of term