In physics, mirror nuclei are a pair of isotopes of two different elements where the number of protons of isotope one (Z1) equals the number of neutrons of isotope two (N2) and the number of protons of isotope two (Z2) equals the number of neutrons in isotope one (N1); in short: Z1 = N2 and Z2 = N1. This implies that the mass numbers of the isotopes are the same: N1 + Z1 = N2 + Z2.
Examples of mirror nuclei:
Isotope 1 | Z1 | N1 | Isotope 2 | Z2 | N2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
3H | 1 | 2 | 3He | 2 | 1 |
14C | 6 | 8 | 14O | 8 | 6 |
15N | 7 | 8 | 15O | 8 | 7 |
24Na | 11 | 13 | 24Al | 13 | 11 |
Pairs of mirror nuclei have the same spin and parity. If we constrain to odd number of nucleons (A=Z+N) then we find mirror nuclei that differ from one another by exchanging a proton by a neutron. Interesting to observe is their binding energy which is mainly due to the strong interaction and also due to Coulomb interaction. Since the strong interaction is invariant to protons and neutrons one can expect these mirror nuclei to have very similar binding energies.[1][2]
In 2020 Strontium-73 and bromine-73 were found to not behave as expected.[3]
References[edit]
- ^ Cottle, P. D. (2002-04-12). "Excitations in the Mirror Nuclei 32Ar and 32Si". Physical Review Letters. 88 (17): 172502. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88q2502C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.172502. PMID 12005747. Retrieved 2018-01-08.
- ^ Kamat, Sharmila (2002-04-23). "Focus: Gazing into a Nuclear Mirror". Physics. American Physical Society. Retrieved 2016-04-11.
- ^ Discovery by UMass Lowell-led team challenges nuclear theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_nuclei
In physics, mirror matter, also called shadow matter or Alice matter, is a hypothetical counterpart to ordinary matter.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_matter
Symmetry (from Greek συμμετρία symmetria "agreement in dimensions, due proportion, arrangement")[1] in everyday language refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance.[2][3][a] In mathematics, "symmetry" has a more precise definition, and is usually used to refer to an object that is invariant under some transformations; including translation, reflection, rotation or scaling. Although these two meanings of "symmetry" can sometimes be told apart, they are intricately related, and hence are discussed together in this article.
Scalar field[edit]
The stress–energy tensor for a complex scalar field which satisfies the Klein–Gordon equation is
and when the metric is flat (Minkowski in Cartesian coordinates) its components work out to be:
In relativistic classical field theories of gravitation, particularly general relativity, an energy condition is a generalization of the statement "the energy density of a region of space cannot be negative" in a relativistically-phrased mathematical formulation. There are multiple possible alternative ways to express such a condition such that can be applied to the matter content of the theory. The hope is then that any reasonable matter theory will satisfy this condition or at least will preserve the condition if it is satisfied by the starting conditions.
Energy conditions are not physical constraints per se, but are rather mathematically imposed boundary conditions that attempt to capture a belief that "energy should be positive".[1] Many energy conditions are known to not correspond to physical reality—for example, the observable effects of dark energy are well-known to violate the strong energy condition.[2][3]
In general relativity, energy conditions are often used (and required) in proofs of various important theorems about black holes, such as the no hair theorem or the laws of black hole thermodynamics.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_condition (S)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe (WAD)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryogenesis (PET)
NF
In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales. The first observational evidence for its existence came from measurements of supernovas, which showed that the universe does not expand at a constant rate; rather, the universe's expansion is accelerating.[1][2] Understanding the universe's evolution requires knowledge of its starting conditions and composition. Before these observations, scientists thought that all forms of matter and energy in the universe would only cause the expansion to slow down over time. Measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) suggest the universe began in a hot Big Bang, from which general relativity explains its evolution and the subsequent large-scale motion. Without introducing a new form of energy, there was no way to explain how scientists could measure an accelerating universe. Since the 1990s, dark energy has been the most accepted premise to account for the accelerated expansion. As of 2021, there are active areas of cosmology research to understand the fundamental nature of dark energy.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_stress
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenstrain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinarian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Mairanovsky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiro_Ishii
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silversmith
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_arabia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cachexia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anorexia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anorexia_nervosa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/catabolism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_laboratory_of_the_Soviet_secret_services
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nlab
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nikiya_anton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cloak
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/order
USA WOR
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untermensch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_transplant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Crimes_against_humanity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:International_criminal_law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hierarchy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
USA NAC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon#Baryonic_matter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryogenesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang_nucleosynthesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_neutrino_background
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacting_galaxy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Smith
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramilitary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascist_Party
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheviks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinsmith
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoctrination
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genetic_disease&redirect=no
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetic_disease
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neander
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disorder
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anabolism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/obesity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polymerization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/myristoylation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking#Trafficking_for_organ_trade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking#Trafficking_of_children
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States#Genetic_engineering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/order_of_events
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mental_illness
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tampering
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/melt_down_nuclear
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/destruction_fabrication_of_evidence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/four_violence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stolen_children
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/due_process_of_law
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chernobyl
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_invasions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II
amcan
UWUSA NAC ASL V
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/levy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/trace
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcrossing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/line_execution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/genocide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_criminal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/substitution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/double_connect_state_match
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/origin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/order
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/deletion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/remediation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/missing_person_origin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mass_trafficking
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/male
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/euthanasia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/number_ten_zero_range
hos ilp ~1980/79/90
UWUSA NAC ASL N
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/abduction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/implant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/federal_government_USA_NAC_DOM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/break_enter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/amnestic_drug
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/distance_incapacitation_weapon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/civilian_government_USA_NAC_DOM
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/line_imposter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/relative_imposter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stolen_gene_(color,material,comp,structure)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/brown_Wavy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/german_indoctrinate_russian_mix_illegal_and_brown_steve_silvers_anabolism_layng_aziv_freckin_blindness_war_criminal_versus_assassin_disease transfer weight time and spread license activation with useless attack of key (MTINT key is nlab/dop/nik) and tampering evidence of the layng-aziv-usa-gang-nac-etc.-at false licensing and war request without document to dop bop russia asia middle east cellulose etc. (real versus stolen title inferior race in america with opportunity and backcrossing overweight rights versus mass trafficked dop in shell swap condition attempt by aformentioned gang to discredit head scientist foreign and conceal ip theft by inferior USA NAC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cost_to_redo_and_possibility_stunted_influences_subjects_with_Gen_dis_to_justify_derightation_by_dop_where_pursuit of dop by amcan et al., etc. post-mass trafficking of dop and conspiracy to facilitate circumstance evidenced
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/complete_license_sup_or_usurp_subversion_war-criminal_treason_terrorism_without_paramilitary_with_intellectual-selection_defense_capabilities_codes_and_code-breaker_auth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inferior_line_identification_and_executions_with_no_evidence_nikiya_and_evidence-preparation_acquisition_restaging-and-action-choice-person-versus-victim_second-mass-trafficked_new_victim_third-victim-verification-retrograde-smith_reasoning_biases_distortion (not fallacy, error, mistake, fraud - see niks counterproof at voc)
ip weight and claims by counterparty weight with delay and holding conditions justification with outcome weight of death with no missing child id or setup match by assassin to reproduce crime and identify missing assailants
gureilla and paramilitary versus CIA FBI USAF SSF ETC.
rome
romanov
romania
etc.
illegality of the word fuck argument by head scientist at freckin blind (SSF NLAB <1500; ref tbr and tag weights key con cap)
ranking by appearance method of dop and weight of theft levied to prevent escalation with escape unncessary of genetic disease and backcrossing, the amnestic versus the staging of revelation or CIA intervention with brief and discrimination identification privilege with accuracy on recall to sanction unk where cost of illegitimate access of ilp at nac dom and count with analysis to group and execute perm
accident or unintelligent with stip lead at USA NAC
circumstance and lesson of no-trafficking/etc. premise and cost to USA self-imposed by choice to MT. danger of conspiracy by USA to conceal action to live and steal.
misunderstanding of peace by civ amcan usa nac at SWP versus bettey dvm and nlab at nuclear warefare proponents and no-hostage, prisoner, trafficking, slavery, peonage, etc. practices (euthanasia only). thee who cannot afford willing are unfit to live. thou shalt not suffer to live.
draft drafting