10-01-2021-1746 - 4472/3-4,5
Friday, October 1, 2021
10-01-2021-1745 - Biden Budget Must Be Measured in Human Suffering | Opinion
OPINION
Biden Budget Must Be Measured in Human Suffering | Opinion
DAVID MCINTOSH , PRESIDENT, CLUB FOR GROWTH
ON 10/1/21 AT 7:00 AM EDT
But the most appropriate way to measure the Biden plan is in terms of the human suffering it would produce.
https://www.newsweek.com/biden-budget-must-measured-human-suffering-opinion-1634003
10-01-2021-1706 - Carl Linnaeus Carl von Linné 1707 1778
Carl Linnaeus (/lɪˈniːəs, lɪˈneɪəs/;[1][2] 23 May[note 1] 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement as Carl von Linné[3] (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈkɑːɭ fɔn lɪˈneː] (listen)), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the modern system of naming organisms. He is known as the "father of modern taxonomy".[4]Many of his writings were in Latin, and his name is rendered in Latin as Carolus Linnæus (after 1761 Carolus a Linné).
Linnaeus was born in Råshult, the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published the first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and 1760s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, while publishing several volumes. He was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe at the time of his death.
Philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau sent him the message: "Tell him I know no greater man on earth."[5] Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wrote: "With the exception of Shakespeare and Spinoza, I know no one among the no longer living who has influenced me more strongly."[5] Swedish author August Strindberg wrote: "Linnaeus was in reality a poet who happened to become a naturalist."[6] Linnaeus has been called Princeps botanicorum (Prince of Botanists) and "The Pliny of the North".[7] He is also considered one of the founders of modern ecology.[8]
In botany and zoology, the abbreviation L. is used to indicate Linnaeus as the authority for a species' name.[9] In older publications, the abbreviation "Linn." is found. Linnaeus's remains constitute the type specimen for the species Homo sapiens following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, since the sole specimen that he is known to have examined was himself.[note 2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 23 May 1707[note 1] |
| Died | 10 January 1778 (aged 70) Hammarby (estate), Danmark parish (outside Uppsala), Sweden |
Statue as a university student in Lund
10-01-2021-1703 - taxonomic rank
In biological classification, taxonomic rank is the relative level of a group of organisms (a taxon) in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain, etc.
A given rank subsumes under it less general categories, that is, more specific descriptions of life forms. Above it, each rank is classified within more general categories of organisms and groups of organisms related to each other through inheritance of traits or features from common ancestors. The rank of any species and the description of its genus is basic; which means that to identify a particular organism, it is usually not necessary to specify ranks other than these first two.[1]
Consider a particular species, the red fox, Vulpes vulpes: the next rank above, the genus Vulpes, comprises all the "true" foxes. Their closest relatives are in the immediately higher rank, the family Canidae, which includes dogs, wolves, jackals, and all foxes; the next higher rank, the order Carnivora, includes caniforms (bears, seals, weasels, skunks, raccoons and all those mentioned above), and feliforms (cats, civets, hyenas, mongooses). Carnivorans are one group of the hairy, warm-blooded, nursing members of the class Mammalia, which are classified among animals with backbones in the phylum Chordata, and with them among all animals in the kingdom Animalia. Finally, at the highest rank all of these are grouped together with all other organisms possessing cell nuclei in the domain Eukarya.
The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature defines rank as: "The level, for nomenclatural purposes, of a taxon in a taxonomic hierarchy (e.g. all families are for nomenclatural purposes at the same rank, which lies between superfamily and subfamily)."[2]
The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomic_rank
10-01-2021-1633 - Glossary of scientific naming
This is a list of terms and symbols used in scientific names for organisms, and in describing the names. For proper parts of the names themselves, see List of Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names. Note that many of the abbreviations are used with or without a stop.
Naming standards and taxonomic organizations and their codes and taxonomies[edit]
- ICTV - International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- ICSP - International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes
- formerly the ICSB - International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology
- publishes the ICNP - International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes
- formerly the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) or Bacteriological Code (BC)
- ICZN - International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature
- publishes ICZN the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or "ICZN Code"
- IBC - International Botanical Congress
- publishes ICN the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
- formerly ICBN or the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (current version the Shenzen Code)
- also publishes ICNCP or the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
- publishes ICN the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
- IAPT - International Association for Plant Taxonomy
- publishes Taxon
- also publishes Regnum Vegetabile which contains the IBC's ICN, the Index Nominum Genericorum, and the Index Herbariorum
General terms[edit]
- clade, cladistics
- phylum, phylogeny
- taxon, taxonomy; Taxon is a journal of the IAPT, where proposals are made
- synonym : a name for a taxon different from the currently accepted name
- pro parte (abbreviation p. p.; "for part" in Latin)
- senior synonym, (zoology) : the earliest (correctly published) name
- junior synonym, (zoology) : any later name
- homotypic synonym (botany)
- heterotypic synonym (botany) : (or taxonomic synonym) a synonym that comes into being when a taxon is reduced in status ("reduced to synonymy") and becomes part of a different taxon; the zoological equivalent is "subjective synonym"
- objective synonym (zoology)
- subjective synonym (zoology): see taxonomic synonym
- taxonomic synonym (botany): see taxonomic synonym
- basionym or basyonym (botany), or protonym or original combination (zoology): original name on which the current name is based; in bacteriology "basonym"
- combinatio nova (comb. nov.) : new combination; when a taxon has been given a new name, preserving one of the previous components
- status novus (abbr. stat. nov.) : new status; when a taxon has been given a new rank
- homonym : names spelled identically, but, in some codes, names spelled similarly, as defined by the code
- senior homonym (zoology) : the first legitimate use of the name which generally takes priority
- junior homonym (zoology), later homonym (botany) : a later and generally illegitimate use, though in some circumstances the later name is allowed to stand
- hemihomonym: a homonym across naming authorities that is permitted because any confusion is improbable
- parahomonym: names that are similar enough to be likely to be confused
- isonym (botany) an identical name based on the same type, but published later
- Principle of the First Reviser
- Principle of Priority
- Principle of Typification
- taxonomic authority
- binomial authority
- binomial nomenclature (also "binominal")
- trinomial nomenclature (also "trinominal")
- hybrid name (botany) : either two parent binomials, separated by a "×" (q.v.) or a given binomial, with or without an intercalated "×"
- chresonym published usage of a name.
- taxon (plural "taxa")
- wastebasket taxon (also "wastebin taxon", "dustbin taxon" or "catch-all taxon")
- form taxon
- Lazarus taxon
- Elvis taxon
- sister taxon
- zombie taxon
- node-based taxon
- parataxon
- ichnotaxon (ichnogenus (igen.), ichnospecies (isp.), etc.) : a taxon (genus, species, etc.) only known by its work, e.g. footprints, nests, or bite marks
- ootaxon (oospecies, etc.) : a taxon known from fossil eggs
- sciotaxon a taxon known from partial evidence but believed to be identical to an orthotaxon
- polyphyletic taxon
- monophyletic taxon : a taxon consisting of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants; a clade
- paraphyletic taxon
- species complex : a group of closely related species very similar in appearance, generally constituting a monophyletic taxon
- species aggregate or aggregate species : a grouping of closely related species that are treated like a single species for practical purposes
- alliance : a group of species or genera that have at some time been considered provisionally related
- conspecific : of the same species; e. g. of two taxa previously thought to be different species
- congeners : items of the same genus
- circumscription : the limits of a taxon as laid down by its description
- sensu ("sense" in Latin) : as in sensu stricto (s. s.) (in the strict sense), sensu lato (in a broad sense), etc.; see sensu for more variants and details
- secundum ("following" in Latin) : e. g. "secundum Smith"
- form classification
Types[edit]
- Type
- Type genus
- Type series
- Type species
- Type specimen
- Allotype : a designated type of opposite sex to the holotype
- Clonotype
- Epitype : an additional or clarifying type
- Ergatotype
- Hapantotype
- Holotype
- Isotype : a type identical to the holotype
- Isolectotype :
- Lectotype a type specimen selected from a group of syntypes
- Name-bearing type
- Neotype : a replacement for the holotype
- Paralectotype : a remaining syntype once the lectotype and any isolectotypes are excluded (bot.)
- Paratype : a member of a type series apart from the holotype or isotype (zoology); a syntype that is not a member of the type series(botany)
- Syntype : a specimen cited in the original description of the taxon (botany)
- Type locality or location: where the type specimen was found
- Type host: in parasitology, the host species from which the type specimen was recovered
Rank names[edit]
The main ranks are kingdom (regnum), phylum or division (divisio), class (classis), order (ordo), family (familia), genus and species. The ranks of section and series are also used in botany for groups within genera, while section is used in zoology for a division of an order. Further levels in the hierarchy can be made by the addition of prefixes such as sub-, super-, infra-, and so on.
Divisions such as "morph", "form", "variety", "strain", "breed", "cultivar", hybrid (nothospecies) and "landrace" are used to describe various sub-specific groups in different fields.
It is possible for a clade to be unranked, for example Psoroptidia (Yunker, 1955) and the SAR supergroup. Sometimes a rank is described as clade where the traditional hierarchy cannot accommodate them..
Latin descriptions of names or taxa[edit]
Note that in zoology the English descriptions, such as "conserved name", for example, are acceptable and generally used. These descriptions can be classified between accepted names (nom. cons., nom. nov., nom. prot.) and unaccepted combinations for different reasons (nom. err., nom. illeg., nom. nud., nom. rej., nom. supp., nom. van.), with some cases in between regarding the use (nom. dub.: used but not fully accepted; nom. obl.: accepted but not fully used, so it yields precedence to a nom. prot).
- Candidatus (Ca.) - a taxon proposed from incomplete information, such as uncultured bacteria known from metagenomics
- ex errore – made in error
- incertae sedis – of uncertain placement
- nomen alternativum (nom. alt.; plural: nomina alternativa) – an alternative name, as for certain plant families
- nomen conservandum (nom. cons.; plural: nomina conservanda) – a conserved name
- nomen dubium (nom. dub.; plural: nomina dubia) (zoo. bact. bot.(informal)) – a name of questionable application[1]
- nomen ambiguum (plural: nomina ambigua), (bot.) a name that has been used with more than one meaning
- nomen confusum (plural: nomina confusa), (bact.) a name based on a mixed bacterial culture
- nomen perplexum (plural: nomina perplexa), a name confusingly similar to another name or names
- nomen periculosum (plural: nomina periculosa), an name which can lead to dangerous outcomes, through confusion
- nomen erratum (nom. err.; plural: nomina errata) - a name given in error
- nomen illegitimum (nom. illeg.; plural: nomina illegitima) – an illegitimate name
- nomen invalidum (nom. inval.; plural: nomina invalida) – an invalid name
- nomen manuscriptum - a name that appears in a manuscript
- nomen monstrositatum (nom. monstr.) – a name based on a monstrosity (fasciation, phyllody or similar deformities)
- nomen novum (nom. nov.; plural: nomina nova) – a replacement name
- nomen nudum (nom. nud.; plural: nomina nuda) – a name published without an accompanying description
- nomen oblitum (nom. obl.; plural: nomina oblita) – a name which has been overlooked (literally, forgotten) and is no longer valid
- nomen protectum (nom. prot.; plural: nomina protecta) – a name granted protection
- nomen rejiciendum (nom. rej.; plural: nomina rejicienda) – a name that has been rejected and cannot be used
- nomen suppressum (nom. supp.; plural: nomina suppressa) – a name that has been suppressed and cannot be used
- nomen vanum (plural: nomina vana) - not a useful term, has been used to mean either a nomen dubium (see above in this list), or an invalid change in spelling, better called an unjustified emendation[2]
- species inquirenda, a species of doubtful identity requiring further investigation
Latin abbreviations[edit]
- cf. : confer; literally "compare", indicates approximate placement
- f. : forma; form
- nothovar. : nothovarietas; hybrid variety
- nob. : nobis): by us, indicates the writers are the authority of a scientific name
- p. p. : pro parte; "for part"
- pro syn. : pro synonymo; "as synonym"
- sensu auct. : sensu auctorum; in the sense of certain authors (generally referring to an invalid usage)
- s.l. : sensu lato; in the broad (loose) sense
- sp. (plural spp.) : species (identical in English)
- sp. nov. (plural spp. nov.) : species nova (species novae) : new species (singular)
- s.s. : sensu stricto; in the strict (narrow or precise) sense
- ssp. (plural sspp. or subspp) : subspecies (identical in English)
- subf. : subforma; subform
- subsp. (plural subspp.) : subspecies (identical in English)
- subvar. : subvarietas; subvariety
- var. : varietas; variety
English abbreviations[edit]
- bot. - botany
- zoo. - zoology
Symbols[edit]
See also[edit]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming
10-01-2021-1631 - Single-wire earth return (SWER) or single-wire ground return
Single-wire earth return (SWER) or single-wire ground return is a single-wire transmission linewhich supplies single-phase electric power from an electrical grid to remote areas at low cost. Its distinguishing feature is that the earth (or sometimes a body of water) is used as the return path for the current, to avoid the need for a second wire (or neutral wire) to act as a return path.
Single-wire earth return is principally used for rural electrification, but also finds use for larger isolated loads such as water pumps. It is also used for high-voltage direct current over submarine power cables. Electric single-phase railway traction, such as light rail, uses a very similar system. It uses resistors to earth to reduce hazards from rail voltages, but the primary return currents are through the rails.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return
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