Blog Archive

Wednesday, February 15, 2023

02-15-2023-1606 - POW

POW is "prisoner of war", a person, whether civilian or combatant, who is held in custody by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed conflict. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW_(disambiguation)

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610.[a]

Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of legitimate and illegitimate reasons, such as isolating them from the enemy combatants still in the field (releasing and repatriating them in an orderly manner after hostilities), demonstrating military victory, punishing them, prosecuting them for war crimes, exploiting them for their labour, recruiting or even conscripting them as their own combatants, collecting military and political intelligence from them, or indoctrinating them in new political or religious beliefs.[1] 

Ancient times

Engraving of Nubian prisoners, Abu Simbel, Egypt, 13th century BC

For most of human history, depending on the culture of the victors, enemy fighters on the losing side in a battle who had surrendered and been taken as prisoners of war could expect to be either slaughtered or enslaved.[2] Early Roman gladiators could be prisoners of war, categorised according to their ethnic roots as Samnites, Thracians, and Gauls (Galli).[3] Homer's Iliad describes Greek and Trojan soldiers offering rewards of wealth to opposing forces who have defeated them on the battlefield in exchange for mercy, but their offers are not always accepted; see Lycaon for example.

Typically, victors made little distinction between enemy combatants and enemy civilians, although they were more likely to spare women and children. Sometimes the purpose of a battle, if not of a war, was to capture women, a practice known as raptio; the Rape of the Sabines involved, according to tradition, a large mass-abduction by the founders of Rome. Typically women had no rights, and were held legally as chattels.[citation needed][4][need quotation to verify]

In the fourth century AD, Bishop Acacius of Amida, touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war with the Roman Empire, who were held in his town under appalling conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative in ransoming them by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels and letting them return to their country. For this he was eventually canonized.[5]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

Engraving of Nubian prisoners, Abu Simbel, Egypt, 13th century BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and Cathars following the projected capture (1209) of the city of Béziers, the papal legate Arnaud Amalric allegedly replied, "Kill them all, God will know His own".[b]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

Mongol riders with prisoners, 14th century

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

Likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during Christians' Crusades against Muslims in the 11th and 12th centuries. Noblemen could hope to be ransomed; their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the social status of the captive.

Feudal Japan had no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, who could expect for the most part summary execution.[9]

Aztec sacrifices, as depicted in the Codex Mendoza (c.  1541)

In the 13th century the expanding Mongol Empire famously distinguished between cities or towns that surrendered (where the population was spared but required to support the conquering Mongol army) and those that resisted (in which case the city was ransacked and destroyed, and all the population killed). In Termez, on the Oxus: "all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain, and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all slain".[10]

The Aztecs warred constantly with neighbouring tribes and groups, aiming to collect live prisoners for sacrifice.[11] For the re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed.[12][13]

During the early Muslim conquests of 622–750, Muslims routinely captured large numbers of prisoners. Aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or enslaved.[14][15] Christians captured during the Crusades were usually either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom.[16] During his lifetime (c.  570 – 632), Muhammad made it the responsibility of the Islamic government to provide food and clothing, on a reasonable basis, to captives, regardless of their religion; however, if the prisoners were in the custody of a person, then the responsibility was on the individual.[17] The freeing of prisoners was highly recommended[by whom?] as a charitable act.[18] On certain occasions where Muhammad felt the enemy had broken a treaty with the Muslims he endorsed the mass execution of male prisoners who participated in battles, as in the case of the Banu Qurayza in 627. The Muslims divided up the females and children of those executed as ghanima (spoils of war).[19]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

Russian and Japanese prisoners being interrogated by Chinese officials during the Boxer Rebellion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

Union Army soldier on his release from a Confederate POW camp, c. 1865

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–5

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

The Russian Civil War (Russian: Гражданская война в России, tr. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii; 7 November 1917 — 16 June 1923)[1] was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the monarchy and the new republican government's failure to maintain stability, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. It resulted in the formation of the RSFSR and later the Soviet Union in most of its territory. Its finale marked the end of the Russian Revolution, which was one of the key events of the 20th century.  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War

An improvised camp for Soviet POWs. Between June 1941 and January 1942, the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war, whom they viewed as "subhuman".[82]

Naked Soviet prisoners of war in Mauthausen concentration camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_F._Krivosheev

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_(2007_film)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_march

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD_special_camps_in_Germany_1945%E2%80%931950

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_No._270

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railway_Man_(film)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wooden_Horse


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Psychological_Operations_Battalion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_prisoners_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Prisoner_of_war_mail

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_chaplain#Noncombatant_status

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_for_civilian_prisoners,_deportees_and_hostages_of_the_1914-1918_Great_War

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_of_war


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prominenten

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perozdukht

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_airmen_at_Buchenwald_concentration_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Lewis_(surgeon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_internee

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_accorded_Special_Category_Status

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Captives_of_Native_Americans


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monarchs_taken_prisoner_in_wartime

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoner_of_war_massacres

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concentration_camps

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internments


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_trains

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_ghettos


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps#Types_of_camps

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawniki_men

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisko_Plan

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chamber#Germany

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_trains

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp


History

Main articles: The Final Solution, Nazi ghettos, and Holocaust train
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp
 
 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_van
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter


The use of gas vans had two disadvantages:

  1. It was slow – some victims took twenty minutes to die.
  2. It was not quiet – the drivers could hear the victims' screams, which they found distracting and disturbing.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_van

Nazi Germany

The use of gas vans by the Germans to murder Jews, Poles, Romani people, mentally ill people, and prisoners in occupied territories during World War II originated with the Nazi Euthanasia Program in 1939. Ordered to find a suitable method of killing, the Technical Institute for the Detection of Crime ("Kriminaltechnisches Institut der Sicherheitspolizei", abbreviated KTI) of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) decided to gas victims with Carbon monoxide.[4] In October 1939 the Nazis started gassing prisoners in Fort VII near Posen. The first victims were Polish and Jewish inmates of asylums for the mentally ill.[5] Witnesses report that from December 1939, mobile gas chambers were used to murder the inmates of asylums in Pomerania, Eastern Prussia and Poland.[6] The vans were built for the Sonderkommando Lange and their use was supposed to speed up the killings. Instead of transporting the victims to the gas chambers, the gas chambers were transported to the victims. They were most likely devised by specialists from the Referat II D of the RSHA. These mobile gas chambers worked under the same principles as the stationary gas chambers: through a rubber hose the driver released pure CO from steel cylinders into the air tight special construction that was shaped like a box and placed on the carrier. The vans resembled moving vans or delivery lorries and they were labelled Kaiser's Kaffee Geschäft (de) ("Kaiser's Coffee Shop") for camouflage. They were not called "gas vans" at the time, but "Sonder-Wagen", "Spezialwagen" (special vans) and "Entlausungswagen" (delousing vans).[7][6] The Lange commando killed patients in numerous hospitals in the Wartheland in 1940. They drove to the hospitals, collected patients, loaded them into the vans and gassed them while they were driving them away.[8] From 21 May to 8 June 1940 the Sonderkommando Lange murdered 1558 sick people from Soldau concentration camp.[9]

In August 1941, SS chief Heinrich Himmler attended a demonstration of a mass-shooting of Jews in Minsk that was arranged by Arthur Nebe, after which he vomited. Regaining his composure, Himmler decided that alternative murder techniques should be found.[10] He ordered Nebe to explore more "convenient" ways of killing that were less stressful for the killers. Nebe decided to conduct his experiments by murdering Soviet mental patients, first with explosives near Minsk, and then with automobile exhaust at Mogilev.[11] Nebe's experiments led to the development of the gas van.[12] This vehicle had already been used in 1940 for the gassing of East Prussian and Pomeranian mental patients in the Soldau concentration camp.[13]

Gas vans were used, particularly at the Chełmno extermination camp, until gas chambers were developed as a more efficient method for murdering large numbers of people. Two types of gas vans were used by the Einsatzgruppen in the East. The Opel-Blitz, which weighed 3.5 tons, and the larger Saurerwagen, which weighed 7 tons.[14] In Belgrade, the gas van was known as "Dušegupka" and in the occupied parts of the USSR similarly as "душегубка" (dushegubka, literally "soul killer" or "exterminator"). The SS used the euphemisms Sonderwagen, Spezialwagen or S-wagen ("special vehicle") for the vans.[15] The gas vans were specifically designed to direct deadly exhaust fumes via metal pipes into the airtight cargo compartments, where the intended victims had been forcibly stuffed to capacity. In most cases the victims were suffocated and poisoned from carbon monoxide and other toxins in the exhaust as the vans were transporting them to fresh pits or ravines for mass burial.[citation needed]

The use of gas vans had two disadvantages:

  1. It was slow – some victims took twenty minutes to die.
  2. It was not quiet – the drivers could hear the victims' screams, which they found distracting and disturbing.[citation needed]

By June 1942 the main producer of gas vans, Gaubschat Fahrzeugwerke GmbH, had delivered 20 gas vans in two models (for 30–50 and 70–100 individuals) to Einsatzgruppen, out of 30 that were ordered from that company.[citation needed] Not one gas van was extant at the end of the war. The existence of gas vans first came to light in 1943 during the trial of Nazi collaborators who had been involved in the murder of civilians in Krasnodar. A group of 30 to 60 civilians were gassed on August 21 and 22, 1942 by members of Sonderkommando (special unit) 10a of Einsatzgruppe D, who were supported by local collaborators. Subsequently, gas vans were used for murder of Roma people and ill persons.[16][failed verification] The total number of gas van killings is unknown.[17]

The gas vans are extensively discussed in some of the interviews in Claude Lanzmann's film Shoah.[citation needed]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_van


Soviet Union

During the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, NKVD officer Isaj D. Berg used a specially adapted airtight van for gassing prisoners to death on an experimental basis.[18] The prisoners were gassed on the way to Butovo, a phony firing range, where the NKVD executed its prisoners and buried them.[19] According to testimony given by NKVD officer Nikolai Kharitonov in 1956, Isaj Berg had been instrumental in the production of gas vans.[20] Berg had become chief of the administrative economic department in Moscow’s NKVD in the summer of 1937.[21] In October 1937 he was charged with the supervision of the Butovo firing range.[20] Berg had to prepare Butovo for the mass execution of people from greater Moscow and to ensure that these executions would take place smoothly.[22] According to testimony given by Fjodor Tschesnokov, a member of Berg’s execution team, in 1956, trucks were used, which were equipped with valves through which the gas could be directed inside the vehicles. The interrogations revealed that the prisoners were stripped naked, tied up, gagged and thrown into the trucks. Their property was stolen.[20] Berg was arrested on 3 August 1938[23] and sentenced to death for participating in a "counter-revolutionary conspiracy within the NKVD" and executed on 3 March 1939.[20]

The scale at which these trucks were used is unknown. Author Tomas Kizny assumes that they were in use while Berg oversaw the executions (October 1937 to 4 August 1938). He points to archaeological excavations conducted in 1997. Then 59 corpses were exhumed who most likely had been murdered during Berg's tenure. Only four of these victims had been shot in the head, which leads Kizny to conclude that at least some of them had been gassed.[20]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_van

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust

 

Charcoal-burning suicide is suicide by burning charcoal in a closed room or area. Death occurs by carbon monoxide poisoning.

Mechanism of action

Main article: Carbon monoxide poisoning

As the charcoal burns, the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon, gradually increases. CO concentrations of as little as one part per thousand can be fatal if inhaled over a period of two hours.[1]

History

One of the earliest known suicides by inhalation of charcoal fumes may have been that of Seneca (65 AD) as well as Amédée Berthollet (1811), son of Claude Louis Berthollet.[2] The suicide method also appears in nineteenth-century literature such as Eugène Sue's The Wandering Jew (1844).[3]

Incidents

Two students of Taipei First Girls' High School ended their lives by charcoal-burning in a hotel in Su'ao, Yilan in July 1994. They left a note that did not state the reason for killing themselves clearly, even though that it was suspected in some mass media that they were a lesbian couple.[4]

A middle-aged woman in Hong Kong took her own life using this method inside her small, sealed bedroom in November 1998. She had a chemical engineering background.[5] She was suffering from an economic depression at the time, and suicide in general was increasing. After the details of this suicide were highly publicised by local mass media, many others killed themselves in this way (an example of the Werther effect). Within two months, charcoal-burning had become the third major suicide killer in Hong Kong.[6] Charcoal-burning suicide accounted for 1.7% of Hong Kong suicides in 1998 and 10.1% in 1999.[7] By 2001, it had surpassed hanging as the second most-common method of suicide in Hong Kong (second only to jumping), accounting for about 25% of all suicide deaths.[6] The method has since spread to mainland China, Taiwan and Japan.[8]

Starting in 2003, authorities in Japan have seen a series of group suicides committed by strangers who met in suicide chat rooms online. Such a group will typically use sleeping pills and charcoal stoves in a van parked in a remote area.[9]

On July 26, 2006, 16-year-old Brazilian musician Vinícius Gageiro Marques, known by his alias Yoñlu, locked himself in his bathroom with two barbecue grills, and posted on a forum asking for help killing himself. While some people in the thread pleaded him to stop, others gave him the advice he wanted. A Canadian online friend of Marques's learned of the suicide attempt and called the Brazilian authorities. Although the police and paramedics were able to enter the apartment and clear the smoke, Marques was pronounced dead after multiple attempts at resuscitation.[10]

Brad Delp, the lead singer of the American rock band Boston, killed himself using this method on March 9, 2007.[11]

Kim Jong-hyun, a member of the South Korean idol group Shinee, was found unconscious in a Gangnam residential hotel on December 18, 2017. He was later pronounced dead in the ICU, aged 27. The police ultimately ruled his death a suicide through the earlier text messages sent to his sister, after the discovery of charcoal briquette remnants in a frying pan at the scene.[12][13]

Du Yuwei, an ex-member of GNZ48, ended her life at on October 16, 2018 using this method.[14]

References

  • "Carbon Monoxide and Health Effects". The Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 22 February 2021.

  • Hopper, Christopher P.; Zambrana, Paige N.; Goebel, Ulrich; Wollborn, Jakob (June 2021). "A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins". Nitric Oxide. 111–112: 45–63. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001. PMID 33838343. S2CID 233205099.

  • "Father Arsene did cut his stick; that evening, he and his old wife suffocated themselves with charcoal." Ch 3. The Carouse Full Text

  • 管仁健 (1 June 2012), 你不知道的台灣．校園奇案, 文經社, ISBN 9789576636691

  • Chan KP, Yip PS, Au J, Lee DT (January 2005). "Charcoal-burning suicide in post-transition Hong Kong". Br J Psychiatry. 186 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1192/bjp.186.1.67. PMID 15630126.

  • "Media coverage boosts 'charcoal burning' suicides". February 28, 2003. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2021.

  • Leung CM, Chung WS, So EP (May 2002). "Burning charcoal: an indigenous method of committing suicide in Hong Kong". J Clin Psychiatry. 63 (5): 447–50. doi:10.4088/JCP.v63n0512. PMID 12019670.

  • Parry, Simon (January 9, 2005). "Taking the easy way out?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.

  • Samuels, David (1 May 2007). "Let's Die Together". The Atlantic. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

  • Mendes, Viviane (30 June 2013). "Breve história de Yoñlu" [Brief history of Yoñlu]. Domicílio Literário (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 June 2019.

  • "Brad Delp: Details Emerge About His Tragic Suicide". Guitar World. 27 April 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2021.

  • Chen, Joyce (18 December 2017). "SHINee Singer, K-pop Star Kim-Jonghyun Dead at 27 of Possible Suicide". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 22 February 2021.

  • Wang, Amy. "K-pop fans 'devastated' after SHINee singer Jonghyun dies in possible suicide". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 January 2018.

    1. "又一女星患抑郁症离世，曾被指插足黄嘉伟婚姻，年仅19岁". www.yule.sohu.com (in Chinese). 20 October 2018. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal-burning_suicide

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_van

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Execution_equipment

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_dress

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffold_(execution_site)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sparky

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_(guillotine)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrote

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_chamber

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_pit

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux_simplex

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Poisons

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Guillotine

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gallows

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Execution_equipment

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Living

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor


    Methods

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squad

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_march

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Fields

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_14f13

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_camps

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafkompanie

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellplatz

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Abteilung

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revier_(Nazi_concentration_camps)


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:War_casualties

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_damage

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptable_loss

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_in_action

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million-dollar_wound

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Pershing_WWI_casualty_list

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Observances_honoring_victims_of_war

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilian_casualties

    Anzac Day (/ˈænzæk/; Māori: Rā Whakamahara ki ngā Hōia o Ahitereiria me Aotearoa[2] or Rā o ngā Hōia)[1] is a national day of remembrance in Australia and New Zealand that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served".[3][4] Observed on 25 April each year, Anzac Day was originally devised to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who served in the Gallipoli Campaign, their first engagement in the First World War (1914–1918). 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-minute_silence

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstrauertag


    Buß- und Bettag (Day of Repentance and Prayer) was a public holiday in Germany, and is still a public holiday in Saxony. In Germany, Protestant church bodies of Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist) and United denominations celebrate a day of repentance and prayer. It is now celebrated on the penultimate Wednesday before the beginning of the Protestant liturgical year on the first Sunday of Advent; in other words, it is the Wednesday that falls between 16 and 22 November. However, it is not a statutory non-working holiday any more, except in the Free State of Saxony. In the Free State of Bavaria, it is a school holiday only. 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%9F-_und_Bettag

     

    Meaning and origin

    The tradition of repentance and prayer is rooted in the Book of Jonah of the Bible,[citation needed] where God sends out the prophet Jonah (יוֹנָה) in order to announce to the inhabitants of Nineveh that God is to overthrow the city (Book of Jonah 3:4–10):

    4And Jonah began to enter into the city a day's journey, and he cried, and said, Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown. 5So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them. 6For word came unto the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, and he laid his robe from him, and covered him with sackcloth, and sat in ashes. 7And he caused it to be proclaimed and published through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not feed, nor drink water: 8But let man and beast be covered with sackcloth, and cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands. 9Who can tell if God will turn and repent, and turn away from his fierce anger, that we perish not? 10And God saw their works, that they turned from their evil way; and God repented of the evil, that he had said that he would do unto them; and he did it not.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%9F-_und_Bettag

     

     In Protestant Christianity, a day of humiliation or fasting was a publicly proclaimed day of fasting and prayer in response to an event thought to signal God's judgement. A day of thanksgiving was a day set aside for public worship in thanksgiving for events believed to signal God's mercy and favor. Such a day might be proclaimed by the civil authority or the church.[1]

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_humiliation_and_thanksgiving

     

    Heldengedenktag (1934–45)

    On 27 February 1934, the National Socialists introduced national holiday legislation to create Heldengedenktag ("Day of Commemoration of Heroes"), cementing the observance. In the process, they completely changed the character of the holiday: the emphasis shifted to hero worship rather than remembering the dead. Furthermore, five years later the Nazis abolished Buß- und Bettag as a non-working day and moved its commemoration to the following Sunday, to further the war effort.[4]

    On 21 March 1943, Adolf Hitler visited the Zeughaus Berlin, the old armory on Unter den Linden, to inspect captured Soviet weapons as part of his Heldengedenktag speech and ceremony in the wake of the catastrophic German defeat at Battle of Stalingrad.[5] A group of top Nazi and leading military officials—among them Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, and Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz—were present as well. As an expert, Oberst Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff was to guide Hitler on a tour of the exhibition. Moments after Hitler entered the museum, Gersdorff set off two ten-minute delayed fuses on explosive devices hidden in his coat pockets. His plan was to throw himself around Hitler in a death embrace that would blow them both up.[6] A detailed plan for a coup d'état had been worked out and was ready to go; but, contrary to expectations, Hitler raced through the museum in less than ten minutes. After he had left the building, Gersdorff was able to defuse the devices in a public bathroom "at the last second." After the attempt, he was immediately transferred back to the Eastern Front where he managed to evade suspicion.[7]

    Joseph Goebbels, as Propaganda Minister, issued guidelines on content and implementation, instructing that flags no longer be flown at half-mast. The last Heldengedenktag was celebrated in 1945.

     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstrauertag

     

     

    Modern form

    After the end of World War II, Volkstrauertag was observed in its original form in West Germany, beginning in 1948.[8] The first central meeting of the German War Graves Commission took place in 1950 in the Bundestag in Bonn. In 1952, in an effort to distinguish Volkstrauertag from Heldengedenktag, its date was changed to the end of the liturgical year, a time traditionally devoted to thoughts of death, time and eternity. Its scope was also broadened to include those who died due to the violence of an oppressive government, not just those who died in war. 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstrauertag

     

     

    Observation

    An official observation of Volkstrauertag takes place in the German Bundestag. The President of Germany traditionally gives a speech with the Chancellor, the cabinet and the diplomatic corps present.[9] The national anthem and the song "Ich hatt' einen Kameraden" ("I had a comrade") are then played.[10] Most Länder also hold their own ceremonies; veterans usually organize ceremonies that include a procession from the respective Church service to a war memorial, prayer by the pastor, speeches by the mayor and the veterans' chairmen, a military guard of honor, several wreaths are laid, and "Ich hatt' einen Kameraden"; where available, also with the attendance of a Bundeswehr officer as official representative.

    Because of the relation to Advent, the date is the Sunday nearest 16 November, i.e. in the period from 13 November to 19 November.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstrauertag

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilians_killed_in_the_Bosnian_War

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilian_casualties_in_the_Kosovo_War

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilians_killed_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_from_U.S._drone_strikes

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_Second_Intifada

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_C._Fiebelkorn

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Loring_Jr.




    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_of_war_held_at_Colditz_Castle

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airey_Neave

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hope,_3rd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow

     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Obstin%C3%A9e

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Tkhor


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Gehre


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Aghayev_(lieutenant)




    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_of_war_held_at_Colditz_Castle

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Tkhor


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Gehre


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Aghayev_(lieutenant)


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Chubb


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Grey-Smith


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Philpot


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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Musketoon

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTB_345

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mszczon%C3%B3w

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_in_Zakroczym

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Kos

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Paradis_massacre

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Waldfest

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III_murders

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim_massacre

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II_prisoner_of_war_massacres_by_Nazi_Germany


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dojan-Sur%C3%B3wka

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     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Senyavin

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople

     

     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:15th-century_Scottish_clan_battles

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inverlochy_(1431)

     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Russo-Kazan_Wars

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hundred_Years%27_War

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Era_of_Northern_Domination

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khillia_and_White_Fortresses

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_War

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_and_Cod_wars

     


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_Schism


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian-Serbian_War_(c._960)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Arab_wars_(780%E2%80%931180)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_of_the_Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_Wars


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_I


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Finnsburg

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War


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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jebus

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Three_Guards

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bitter_Lakes

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wood_of_Ephraim

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite%E2%80%93Aramean_War

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_860_BC

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suru

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_reliefs

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu%E2%80%93Assyria_War

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Ephraimite_War

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Messenian_War

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Azekah

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eclipse

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Silva_Arsia

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Opis

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sagra

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Wars

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(586%E2%80%93573_BC)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_between_Clusium_and_Aricia

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad#Nippur_inscription







    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suru
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Azekah
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu%E2%80%93Assyria_War
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Ephraimite_War
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sacred_War
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Opis
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basus_War
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_and_Cod_wars
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskrieg_(1311%E2%80%931312)
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Peters
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_reliefs

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Philadelphia

     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringian_Counts%27_War

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalite%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mithridatic_Wars


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptolemus_(Pontic_army_officer)


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Orchomenus


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(73_BCE)



    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_860_BC

     

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapygian%E2%80%93Tarentine_wars

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporan_wars_of_expansion

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporan%E2%80%93Heracleote_War

     

     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_revolts_(484_BC)


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Babylon_(626_BC)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Migdol_(601_BC)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Great_Foss


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nineveh_(612_BC)

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian%E2%80%93Bactrian_War

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Dian

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_invasion_of_the_Sasanian_Empire

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perso-Roman_wars_of_337%E2%80%93361


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(363)

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chrysopolis

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_on_the_Ice_of_Lake_V%C3%A4nern

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_son_of_Erbin

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish%E2%80%93Novgorodian_wars

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anund_Jacob


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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters

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    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon

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