Eventually, Freeze took Nora's inside her container to the Arctic,
where they spent a few months of peace. When an unfortunate accident
broke Nora's container, Freeze took her back to Gotham City, where he
learned that Nora had only 2 weeks to live unless an organ transplant
was performed. Freeze kidnapped Barbara Gordon with help from Gregory Belson and attempted to perform the transplant that would kill Barbara, but their plan failed when Batman and Robin
showed up. Freeze's hideout collapsed and Nora was taken to safety by
Batman, while Freeze was presumed dead. Days later, Nora was finally
cured thanks to Wayne Enterprises and the technology created by Freeze himself.
Nora
is an attractive and gentle girl. She meets Victor Fries in a strict
boarding school and later marries him. Shortly after their marriage,
Nora falls terminally ill. Victor discovers a way to put Nora into cryostasis, hoping to sustain her until a cure can be found. In time her husband will become one of Batman's well-known enemies, Mr. Freeze.[1] Over time she falls to pieces in her ice state, but Freeze puts her back together again.
Lazara
Freeze helps Nyssa al Ghul by creating a machine for the Society that can also be used to capture Batgirl.
In return, Nyssa has offered to help him restore his wife using the
Lazarus Pit. Though Nyssa has told him the pit needs to be adjusted for
Nora, Batgirl convinces Freeze that Nyssa has no intention of reviving
her at all, and he throws Nora into the pit himself.[2]
Because of all the years of being altered and broken, Nora
absorbs the pit's alchemy, acquiring the powers to conjure flame and
reanimate the dead. She becomes a supervillainess, calling herself Lazara. Mr. Freeze manages to stop her by freezing her once again.[3]
The New 52
Nora's history was revised as of DC Comics' 2011 reboot of its continuity, The New 52. Nora Fries is now Nora Fields,
a woman born in 1943 and placed in cryostasis by her parents at age 23
due to her being diagnosed with incurable heart disease. Her case was
taken on by Wayne Enterprises employee Victor Fries,
who fell in love with her, becoming obsessed to such a degree that he
began believing that she was his wife. The project was terminated by
Bruce Wayne, and in rage, Victor threw a chair at him. Wayne dodged the
chair, which hit a freezing chemical tank and left Fries's body
permanently ruined due to the blistering cold while also causing him to
become Mr. Freeze.[volume & issue needed]
Sometime later, Mr. Freeze escapes his cell and tries to steal
Nora's body and flee Gotham while also vowing to kill Bruce Wayne.
Batman intervenes and ultimately tells Freeze the truth concerning
Freeze's "wife" with Freeze reacting angrily, saying that it's all lies.
The two later engage in a fight with Batman eventually emerging as the
victor and stopping Freeze.[volume & issue needed]
This version of Victor and Nora's relationship has been
acknowledged as far more disturbing than previous adaptions, to the
point of actually bothering Batman, who comments to Freeze that Nora is
old enough to be his grandmother.[4]
DC Rebirth
The Nora from New 52 had been retconned, thereby making her history more similar to the animated series and post-Zero Hour.
She was the wife of Victor Fries (having a career as a talented
ballerina) but discovered she had an incurable type of cancer. She had
wanted to live the last years of the life of her own free will, but her
husband forced her into the cryogenic storage.
Several years later due to the events in "Year of the Villain", Lex Luthor
gives Mr. Freeze a vial that would cure and furthermore revive his
frozen wife. Mr. Freeze had to kidnap several women who matched his late
wife's characteristics, in both mental and physical states, going as
far as modifying their DNA to hers to experiment with the vial before
reviving his wife. In the end, it worked, and his wife came back to life
cured. She soon took up the name Mrs. Freeze.[5]
DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults
Nora and Victor's backgrounds and the beginnings of their romance serve as the premise of the DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults novel, Victor and Nora: A Gotham Love Story, written by Lauren Myracle and with art by Isaac Goodhart, released in November 2020.[6] Nora's full maiden name is Elinor Grace Faria in this version.
Powers and abilities
After
emerging from the Lazarus Pit, Nora Fries becomes Lazara. Lazara is a
supervillainess who can summon fire and raise the dead. She blames her
husband Victor Fries for her transformation.
In Rebirth, she is given same chemicals that caused Mr. Freeze's
transformation, leaving her to survive in Sub-zero temperatures.
To publish is to make content available to the general public.[1][2] While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content, including paper (newspapers, magazines, catalogs, etc.). Publication means the act of publishing, and also any copies issued for public distribution.
Legal definition and copyright
Publication is a technical term in legal contexts and especially important in copyright legislation. An author of a work generally is the initial owner of the copyright on the work. One of the copyrights granted to the author of a work is the exclusive right to publish the work.
any reading, broadcasting, exhibition of works using any means,
either electronically or nonelectronically, or performing in any way so
that works can be read, heard, or seen by others.
—Article 1, Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28 of 2014[3]
the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the
public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or
lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of
people for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or
public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display
of a work does not of itself constitute publication.
To perform or display a work "publicly" means –
(1) to perform or display it at a place open to the public or at
any place where a substantial number of people outside a normal circle
of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; or
(2) to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or display of
the work to a place specified by clause (1) or to the public, by means
of any device or process, whether the members of the public capable of
receiving the performance or display receive it in the same place or in
separate places and at the same time or at different times.
When the work is reproduced in multiple copies, such as in
reproductions of a painting or castings of a statue, the work is
published when the reproductions are publicly distributed or offered to a
group for further distribution or public display.
Generally, the right to publish a work is an exclusive right of copyright owner (17 USC 106), and violating this right (e.g. by disseminating copies of the work without the copyright owner's consent) is a copyright infringement (17 USC 501(a)),
and the copyright owner can demand (by suing in court) that e.g. copies
distributed against their will be confiscated and destroyed (17 USC 502, 17 USC 503).
Exceptions and limitations are written into copyright law, however; for
example, the exclusive rights of the copyright owner eventually expire,
and even when in force, they do not extend to publications covered by fair use or certain types of uses by libraries and educational institutions.
The definition of "publication" as "distribution of copies to the
general public with the consent of the author" is also supported by the
Berne Convention, which makes mention of "copies" in article 3(3), where "published works" are defined.[1]
In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in
article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general
distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read
or otherwise visually perceived."[2]
Many countries around the world follow this definition, although some
make some exceptions for particular kinds of works. In Germany, §6 of
the Urheberrechtsgesetz additionally considers works of the
visual arts (such as sculptures) "published" if they have been made
permanently accessible by the general public (i.e., erecting a sculpture
on public grounds is publication in Germany).[5]
Australia and the UK (as the U.S.) do not have this exception and
generally require the distribution of copies necessary for publication.
In the case of sculptures, the copies must be even three-dimensional.[6][7]
Biological classification
In biological classification (taxonomy), the publication of the description of a taxon has to comply with some rules. The definition of the "publication" is defined in nomenclature codes. Traditionally there were the following rules:
The publication must be generally available.
The date of publication is the date the published material became generally available.
Electronic publication with some restrictions is permitted for publication of scientific names of fungi since 1 January 2013.[8]
Types
Material types
There are many material types of publication, some of which are:
Booklet: a leaflet of more than one sheet of paper, usually attached in the style of a book
Broadside:
a large single sheet of paper printed on one side, designed to be
plastered onto walls, produced from the 16th to 19th centuries, obsolete
with the development of newspapers and cheap novels
Flyer or handbill: a small sheet of paper printed on one side, designed to be handed out free
Leaflet: a single sheet of paper printed on both sides and folded
Types of publication can also be distinguished by content, for example:
Brochure: an informative document made for advertising products or services, usually in the form of a pamphlet or leaflet
Bulletin:
information written in short on a flyer or inside another publication
for public viewing, or a brief message or announcement broadcast to a
wide audience by way of television, radio, or internet
Magazine: a periodical publication, generally published on a regular schedule (often weekly or monthly), containing a variety of content
Monograph: a long research publication written by one person
Newsletter: a bulletin, leaflet, pamphlet, or newspaper distributed to a specific audience
Newspaper:
a periodical publication of several pages printed with news, sports,
information, and advertising, and which may be published and distributed
daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually
Tract:
a religious or political argument written by one person and designed to
be distributed free, usually in the form of a booklet or pamphlet, but
sometimes longer
ISO 690, a set of guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources, defines a publication
as a "message or document offered for general distribution or sale and
usually produced in multiple copies", and lists types of publications
including monographs and their components and serials and their components.[9] Common bibliographic softwarespecifications such as BibTeX and Citation Style Language also list types of publications,[10][11] as do various standards for library cataloging.[12] For example, RDA, a cataloging standard adopted by the Library of Congress in 2013 and by some other national libraries, differentiates between content types, media types, and carrier types of information resources.[13]
A work that has not undergone publication, and thus is not generally available to the public, or for citation in scholarly or legal contexts, is called an unpublished work. In some cases unpublished works are widely cited, or circulated via informal means.[14] An author who has not yet published a work may also be referred to as being unpublished.
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient".[2][3][4] Censorship can be conducted by governments,[5] private institutions and other controlling bodies.
Governments[5] and private organizations may engage in censorship. Other groups or institutions may propose and petition for censorship.[6] When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, it is referred to as self-censorship. General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel.
Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type,
location, and content. Many countries provide strong protections
against censorship by law, but none of these protections are absolute
and frequently a claim of necessity to balance conflicting rights is
made, in order to determine what could and could not be censored. There
are no laws against self-censorship.
An expurgation of a work, also known as a bowdlerization or fig-leaf edition, is a form of censorship that involves purging anything deemed noxious or offensive from an artistic work or other type of writing or media.
The term bowdlerization is a pejorative term for the practice, particularly the expurgation of lewd material from books. The term derives from Thomas Bowdler's 1818 edition of William Shakespeare's plays, which he reworked in ways that he felt were more suitable for women and children.[1] He similarly edited Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.[2]
A fig-leaf edition is a more satirical term for a
bowdlerized text, deriving from the practice of covering the genitals of
nudes in classical and Renaissance statues and paintings with fig leaves.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expurgation
The moralistic fallacy is the informal fallacy of assuming that an aspect of nature which has socially unpleasant consequences cannot exist. Its typical form is "if X were true, then Z would happen! Thus, X is false", where Z is a morally, socially or politically undesirable thing. What should be moral is assumed a priori to also be naturally occurring. The moralistic fallacy is sometimes presented as the inverse of the naturalistic fallacy.
However, it could be seen as a variation of the very same naturalistic
fallacy; the difference between them could be considered pragmatical,
depending on the intentions of the person who uses it: naturalistic
fallacy if the user wants to justify existing social practices with the
argument that they are natural; moralistic fallacy if the user wants to
combat existing social practices with the argument of denying that they
are natural.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy
Moralistic fallacy
"Warfare is destructive and tragic, and so it is not of human nature."
"Eating meat harms animals and the environment, and so eating meat is unnatural."
"Men and women ought to be given equal opportunities, and so women and men can do everything equally well."
"Unfaithfulness is immoral, and so it is unnatural to feel desire for others when in a monogamous relationship."
"The pill I am taking should have therapeutic effects on me, and so
it does have therapeutic effects on me." (An instance of the placebo effect.)
Naturalistic fallacy
"Warfare must be allowed because human violence is instinctive."
"Veganism is foolish because humans have eaten meat for thousands of years."
"Men and women should not have the same roles in society because men have more muscle mass and women can give birth."
"Adultery is acceptable because people can naturally want more sexual partners."
A tone argument (also called tone policing) is a type of ad hominem
aimed at the tone of an argument instead of its factual or logical
content in order to dismiss a person's argument. Ignoring the truth or
falsity of a statement, a tone argument instead focuses on the emotion
with which it is expressed. This is a logical fallacy because a person
can be angry while still being rational.[1]
Nonetheless, a tone argument may be useful when responding to a
statement that itself does not have rational content, such as an appeal
to emotion.[1]
The notion of tone policing became widespread in U.S. social
activist circles by the mid-2010s. It was widely disseminated in a 2015
comic issued by the Everyday Feminism website.[2] Activists have argued that tone policing has been regularly employed against feminist
and anti-racism advocates, criticizing the way that they presented
their arguments rather than engaging with the arguments themselves.[3][4][5][6]
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