05-13-2023-1736 - anthropogenic hazard biological weapon stampede natural hazard explosions Flame_fougasse smokescreen white phosphorous munitions early weapons incendiary weapons fires heat nuclear blackout radiological weapons nuclear weapons biological weapons chemical weapons tectonic weapons mythological weapons air vortex cannon dynamite gun vacuum bazooka pneumatic weapons steam cannon hand axe sabre mer talan sven helen christos MAC flash bomb rad flash blinders black magic etc. (Draft)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolith

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudstone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelite

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate_rock

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramafic_rock

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magma

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal%27s_mugging

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering_risks

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Risk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_risk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imminent_peril

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_perception

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruin_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer%27s_risk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Existential_risk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_extinction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Doomsday_scenarios

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fictional_doomsday_scenarios

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocertainty_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aviation_risks

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_excursion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_archaeology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weather_hazards_to_aircraft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_resonance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_loop_(aviation)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-g_condition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(fluid_dynamics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbine_engine_failure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstart

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_ring

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch-up

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_error

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flameout

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_envelope_protection

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fume_event

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graveyard_spiral

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_Collision

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deicing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_rollover

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_of_control_(aeronautics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_reversal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Core_lock

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownout_(aeronautics)

 

Southwest Airlines Flight 1248 after a runway excursion at Chicago Midway Airport.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway_excursion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hazards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Firelighting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_glass

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purging_(gas)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smouldering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft_of_fire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash_copper

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lp0_on_fire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_flammability_limit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_Component

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inerting_(gas)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilover

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_liquid_expanding_vapor_explosion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_lava

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bride_burning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney_crane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflagration

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_flame

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_flame

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ember

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_and_carbon_cycling_in_boreal_forests

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_carbon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_mapping

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoignition_temperature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_challenge

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Future_problems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_obsolescence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_basalt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2038_problem

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_meridional_overturning_circulation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_hazards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_disasters

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Geological_hazards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biological_hazards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-lethal_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Crew_served_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_crew-served_weapons_of_the_U.S._Armed_Forces

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M249_light_machine_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_on_Blinding_Laser_Weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosively_pumped_flux_compression_generator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_bomb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vircator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Project_K_nuclear_tests

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioflash

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_energy_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_energy_projectile

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Denial_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMT-7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Flexible_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Police_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Black-powder_pistols

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_G36

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.442_Webley

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beretta_92

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_9mm_SMG

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_1851_Navy_Revolver

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Delta_Elite

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Diamondback

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_CM901

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracal_pistol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Model_1871%E2%80%9372_Open_Top

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Model_1903_Pocket_Hammerless

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_New_Police_Revolver

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Python

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CornerShot

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazer_Laser

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_carbine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Police_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash-ball

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN_Five-seven

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasser_M1870

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glock

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruger_Police_Carbine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruger_Security-Six

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_shield

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Model_700

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rast_%26_Gasser_M1898

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Model_1100

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vektor_SP1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_79_submachine_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT_pistol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_PT92

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Model_85

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taser

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_compliance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mossberg_500

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauser_Model_1889

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martini%E2%80%93Henry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martini%E2%80%93Enfield

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manurhin_MR_73

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stun_belt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steyr_SSG_69

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stechkin_automatic_pistol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Model_BM

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SR-25

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_Armory_XD

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Triple_Lock

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_SW99

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_SD

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_6904

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_carbine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M24_Sniper_Weapon_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M50_Reising

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1911_pistol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_pistol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC-10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_pistol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarov_pistol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinnov_M1P

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_60

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Model_10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_%26_Wesson_Ladysmith

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ithaca_37

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HS2000

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIG_P210

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_P30

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Primitive_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_axe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Railway_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Cloghoge_checkpoint

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_General_(locomotive)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuteman_Mobility_Test_Train

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railcar-launched_ICBM

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_plough

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Texas_(locomotive)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yonah_(locomotive)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoured_train

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Recreational_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pneumatic_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BB_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosman_Nightstalker

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_cannon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_bazooka

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umarex_air_pistol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel_blaster

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daystate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosman_Pumpmaster_760

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosman

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_LGR

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TG-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Toy_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Outdoor_Products

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Laser_tag

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Seven_OMA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spud_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracer_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelguns

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_vortex_cannon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_U.N.C.L.E._gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertech

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapons_of_mass_destruction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weapon_of_mass_destruction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonic_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biological_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Radiological_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mythological_weapons 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_gun

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Inuit_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_knife

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Insurgency_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abingdon_Sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechowiec-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Insurgency_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_firearm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cooker_bomb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FP-45_Liberator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S4M

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSA_Welgun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagi_M-91

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_bomb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleter_91_submachine_gun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrack_buster

 

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Individual_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Individual_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxborough_Dirk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn_Lane_Hand_Axe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Lance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A6b%C3%B8_sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_of_Charlemagne

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulen_sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preah_Khan_Reach

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger_(13th%E2%80%9312th_centuries_BC,_Artik)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilling_sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_saber_of_San_Mart%C3%ADn

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawood_sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Grimston_sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narmer_Macehead

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_State_(Isle_of_Man)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-Branched_Sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Peter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_of_Saints_Cosmas_and_Damian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kris_of_Knaud

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Incendiary_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Incendiary_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_device

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astragalus_sarcocolla

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_bomb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcass_(projectile)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geletrol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Village_(Dugway_Proving_Ground)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handflammpatrone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano-thermite

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OP-2_(thickener)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_material

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triethylaluminium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_pig

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-200_mine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketchum_Grenade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_flame_fuel_thickening_compound

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M69_incendiary

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M202_FLASH

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M202_FLASH

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_77_bomb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_on_Incendiary_Weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_bread_basket

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falarica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FHJ-84

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_pot

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebombing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_fougasse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamethrower

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fougasse_(weapon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapon_history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_gunpowder_and_gun_transmission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vira_bruk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapons_countermeasures

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Penetration_aids

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_blackout

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapons_countermeasures

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_jamming_and_deception

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Passive_Infrared_Defeat_System

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Kill

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanfare_(decoy)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_signature

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfire_locator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/ALE-55_Fiber-Optic_Towed_Decoy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_(countermeasure)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold_(decoy)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukovel_(counter_unmanned_aircraft_system)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Dome

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-in_weapon_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-IED_equipment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LEDS-150

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetis_(decoy)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophy_(countermeasure)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_screen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglinde_(decoy)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSTD

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozh_(explosive_reactive_armour)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain_(countermeasure)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavach_(anti-missile_system)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M58_MICLIC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorpius_electronic_warfare_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Blade_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Blade_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Guillotine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Single-edged_swords

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Knives

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Axes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bayonets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Daggers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_axe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bladesmith

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollock_dagger

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolo_knife

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_knife

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knife_bayonet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_sickles

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_swords

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_knife

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machete

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagger-axe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_knife

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_scythe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vechevoral

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchblade

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiletto

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorocaban_Knife

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seax_of_Beagnoth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythed_chariot

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scabbard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scimitar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampuri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qama

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_welding

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_(weapon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_(fencing)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisau_raut

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Area_denial_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cluster_munition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Land_mines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mine_warfare

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapons_by_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapons_by_war

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapons_by_target

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weapons_by_year_of_introduction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biological_weapons

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampede

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_hazards

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Explosions

Flame fougasse
A demonstration of 'Fougasse', somewhere in Britain. A car is surrounded in flames and a huge cloud of smoke. c 1940.
Type	Anti-personnel and anti-tank mine
Place of origin	United Kingdom
Service history
In service	1940–present
Used by	British Army and Home Guard
Wars	Second World War
Production history
Designer	Petroleum Warfare Department and William Howard Livens
Designed	1940-41
No. built	50,000 in Britain
Specifications
Rate of fire	Single shot
Effective firing range	30 yd (27 m)[1]
Sights	None

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_fougasse

05-13-2023-1638 - A protolith

A protolith (from Ancient Greek πρωτο (prōto) 'first', and λίθος (líthos) 'stone') is the original, unmetamorphosed rock from which a given metamorphic rock is formed.^[1][2]

For example, the protolith of a slate is a shale or mudstone. Metamorphic rocks can be derived from any other kind of non-metamorphic rock and thus there is a wide variety of protoliths. Identifying a protolith is a major aim of metamorphic geology.

Protoliths are non-metamorphic rocks and have no protoliths themselves. The non-metamorphic rocks fall into two classes: sedimentary rocks, formed from sediment, and igneous rocks, formed from magma. The source of the sediment of a sedimentary rock is termed its provenance.

Magmatic protoliths can be further divided into three categories: ultramafic rock, mafic rock, and quartzo-feldspathic rock. Similarly, sedimentary protoliths can be classified as quartzo-feldspathic, pelitic, carbonate rocks, or some mixture of the three.^[3]

On a geological time scale, the first protoliths were first formed shortly after the formation of the Earth during the Hadean eon. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protolith

05-13-2023-1638 - Mount Narodnaya (also known as Naroda and Poenurr; Russian: гора Народная, Komi: Народа-Из ("People's Mountain"[2]), Mansi: Поэӈ-ур, Поэн-урр)

Mount Narodnaya (also known as Naroda and Poenurr; Russian: гора Народная, Komi: Народа-Из ("People's Mountain"^[2]), Mansi: Поэӈ-ур, Поэн-урр) is the highest peak of the Urals in Russia. Its elevation is 1,894 metres (6,214 ft). It is located on the border between Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug in Tyumen Oblast and Komi Republic, the highest point being 0.5 km to the east from the border.^{[citation needed]} The name may refer to Naroda River, which originates from the mount, located in the Research Range.

It is the highest point in European Russia outside the Caucasus. This leads to its large topographic prominence of 1,772 metres (5,814 ft). Narodnaya is located in the Ural mountains water divide, and therefore on the border between Europe and Asia: the Naroda river flows south-east from the summit into the Ob river in Siberia, and the Kos'yu river flows north-west from the summit into the Pechora river in Europe.

The mountain is formed with quartzites and metamorphosed slates of the Proterozoic Eon and Cambrian Period. There are some glaciers on the mountain. Also, there are sparse forests of larch and birch in the deep valleys at the foot of the mountain. The slopes of the mountain are covered with highland tundra.

The easiest route to the summit is a technically easy hike on the moderate north-west slope. Depending on snow and ice conditions, crampons may be required.^[3] The south wall of Narodnaya is steeper and less commonly used to reach the summit.

See also

• List of highest points of Russian federal subjects
• List of European ultra prominent peaks

References

1. 
   

"European Russia and the Caucasian States: Ultra-Prominence Page". Peaklist.org. Retrieved 2013-06-24.

"Физико-географическая статистика России". Archived from the original on 2014-05-25. Retrieved 2008-07-08.

3. "The Circumpolar Urals". Risk Online.

External links

• "Gora Narodnaya, Russia" on Peakbagger
• Mountain Narodnaya (People’s)

v t e Ultra-prominent peaks of Europe

This Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

This Komi Republic location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Categories:

• Ural Mountains
• Landforms of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
• Mountains of the Komi Republic
• Highest points of Russian federal subjects
• Urals Federal District geography stubs
• Northwestern Russia geography stubs
• Komi Republic stubs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Narodnaya

05-13-2023-1637 - Ural Mountains

This article is about the land formation. For other uses, see Ural (disambiguation).

Ural Mountains
Landscape in the northern part of the Ural Mountains (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug)
Highest point
Peak	Mount Narodnaya
Elevation	1,895 m (6,217 ft)
Dimensions
Length	2,500 km (1,600 mi)
Width	150 km (93 mi)
Geography
Countries	Russia and Kazakhstan
Range coordinates	60°N 59°ECoordinates: 60°N 59°E
Geology
Orogeny	Uralian orogeny
Age of rock	Carboniferous
Type of rock	Metamorphic, igneous, sedimentary

The Ural Mountains (/ˈjʊərəl/ YOOR-əl; Russian: Ура́льские го́ры, tr. Uralskiye gory, IPA: [ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ]; Bashkir: Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, is a mountain range in Asia that runs north-south mostly through Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.^[1] The mountain range forms part of the conventional boundary between the regions of Europe and Asia. Vaygach Island and the islands of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic Ocean. The average altitudes of the Urals are around 1,000–1,300 metres (3,300–4,300 ft), the highest point being Mount Narodnaya, which reaches a height of 1,894 metres (6,214 ft).^[2]

The mountains lie within the Ural geographical region and significantly overlap with the Ural Federal District and the Ural economic region. Their resources include metal ores, coal, and precious and semi-precious stones. Since the 18th century the mountains have contributed significantly to the mineral sector of the Russian economy. The region is one of the largest centres of metallurgy and heavy industry production in Russia.^[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains

 

 

05-13-2023-1636 - urgric, ugrian, etc. (draft)

The Ugric or Ugrian languages (/ˈjuːɡrɪk, ˈuː-/^[1] or /ˈjuːɡriən, ˈuː-/^[2]) are a proposed branch of the Uralic language family. The name Ugric is derived from Ugrians, an archaic exonym for the Magyars (Hungarians) and Yugra, a region in northern Russia.

Ugric includes three subgroups: Hungarian, Khanty, and Mansi. The last two have traditionally been considered single languages, though their main dialects are sufficiently distinct that they may also be considered small subfamilies of three to four languages each. A common Proto-Ugric language is posited to have been spoken from the end of the 3rd millennium BC until the first half of the 1st millennium BC, in Western Siberia, east of the southern Ural Mountains. Of the three languages, Khanty and Mansi have traditionally been set apart from Hungarian as Ob-Ugric, though features uniting Mansi and Hungarian in particular are known as well.

The Ugric language family was first noticed by Pope Pius II in his Cosmographia (1458), when he wrote that the Ostyaks (Khanty) and Voguls (Mansi) spoke a language like that of the Hungarians.^[3] 

Ugric
Ugrian
(controversial)
Geographic distribution	Hungary and Western Siberia
Linguistic classification	Uralic Finno-Ugric Ugric
Subdivisions	Hungarian Khanty Mansi
Glottolog	None
The Ugric languages

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugric_languages

 

05-13-2023-1633 - Thermal runaway, Risk, Hazard (technology), Technological hazards, etc. (draft)

Thermal runaway describes a process that is accelerated by increased temperature, in turn releasing energy that further increases temperature. Thermal runaway occurs in situations where an increase in temperature changes the conditions in a way that causes a further increase in temperature, often leading to a destructive result. It is a kind of uncontrolled positive feedback.

In chemistry (and chemical engineering), thermal runaway is associated with strongly exothermic reactions that are accelerated by temperature rise. In electrical engineering, thermal runaway is typically associated with increased current flow and power dissipation. Thermal runaway can occur in civil engineering, notably when the heat released by large amounts of curing concrete is not controlled.[citation needed] In astrophysics, runaway nuclear fusion reactions in stars can lead to nova and several types of supernova explosions, and also occur as a less dramatic event in the normal evolution of solar-mass stars, the "helium flash".

Some climate researchers have postulated that a global average temperature increase of 3–4 degrees Celsius above the preindustrial baseline could lead to a further unchecked increase in surface temperatures. For example, releases of methane, a greenhouse gas more potent than CO2, from wetlands, melting permafrost and continental margin seabed clathrate deposits could be subject to positive feedback.[1][2]
Chemical engineering

Chemical reactions involving thermal runaway are also called thermal explosions in chemical engineering, or runaway reactions in organic chemistry. It is a process by which an exothermic reaction goes out of control: the reaction rate increases due to an increase in temperature, causing a further increase in temperature and hence a further rapid increase in the reaction rate. This has contributed to industrial chemical accidents, most notably the 1947 Texas City disaster from overheated ammonium nitrate in a ship's hold, and the 1976 explosion of zoalene, in a drier, at King's Lynn.[3] Frank-Kamenetskii theory provides a simplified analytical model for thermal explosion. Chain branching is an additional positive feedback mechanism which may also cause temperature to skyrocket because of rapidly increasing reaction rate.

Chemical reactions are either endothermic or exothermic, as expressed by their change in enthalpy. Many reactions are highly exothermic, so many industrial-scale and oil refinery processes have some level of risk of thermal runaway. These include hydrocracking, hydrogenation, alkylation (SN2), oxidation, metalation and nucleophilic aromatic substitution. For example, oxidation of cyclohexane into cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone and ortho-xylene into phthalic anhydride have led to catastrophic explosions when reaction control failed.

Thermal runaway may result from unwanted exothermic side reaction(s) that begin at higher temperatures, following an initial accidental overheating of the reaction mixture. This scenario was behind the Seveso disaster, where thermal runaway heated a reaction to temperatures such that in addition to the intended 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, poisonous 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin was also produced, and was vented into the environment after the reactor's rupture disk burst.[4]

Thermal runaway is most often caused by failure of the reactor vessel's cooling system. Failure of the mixer can result in localized heating, which initiates thermal runaway. Similarly, in flow reactors, localized insufficient mixing causes hotspots to form, wherein thermal runaway conditions occur, which causes violent blowouts of reactor contents and catalysts. Incorrect equipment component installation is also a common cause. Many chemical production facilities are designed with high-volume emergency venting, a measure to limit the extent of injury and property damage when such accidents occur.

At large scale, it is unsafe to "charge all reagents and mix", as is done in laboratory scale. This is because the amount of reaction scales with the cube of the size of the vessel (V ∝ r³), but the heat transfer area scales with the square of the size (A ∝ r²), so that the heat production-to-area ratio scales with the size (V/A ∝ r). Consequently, reactions that easily cool fast enough in the laboratory can dangerously self-heat at ton scale. In 2007, this kind of erroneous procedure caused an explosion of a 2,400 U.S. gallons (9,100 L)-reactor used to metalate methylcyclopentadiene with metallic sodium, causing the loss of four lives and parts of the reactor being flung 400 feet (120 m) away.[5][6] Thus, industrial scale reactions prone to thermal runaway are preferably controlled by the addition of one reagent at a rate corresponding to the available cooling capacity.

Some laboratory reactions must be run under extreme cooling, because they are very prone to hazardous thermal runaway. For example, in Swern oxidation, the formation of sulfonium chloride must be performed in a cooled system (−30 °C), because at room temperature the reaction undergoes explosive thermal runaway.[6]
Microwave heating

Microwaves are used for heating of various materials in cooking and various industrial processes. The rate of heating of the material depends on the energy absorption, which depends on the dielectric constant of the material. The dependence of dielectric constant on temperature varies for different materials; some materials display significant increase with increasing temperature. This behavior, when the material gets exposed to microwaves, leads to selective local overheating, as the warmer areas are better able to accept further energy than the colder areas—potentially dangerous especially for thermal insulators, where the heat exchange between the hot spots and the rest of the material is slow. These materials are called thermal runaway materials. This phenomenon occurs in some ceramics.
Electrical engineering

Some electronic components develop lower resistances or lower triggering voltages (for nonlinear resistances) as their internal temperature increases. If circuit conditions cause markedly increased current flow in these situations, increased power dissipation may raise the temperature further by Joule heating. A vicious circle or positive feedback effect of thermal runaway can cause failure, sometimes in a spectacular fashion (e.g. electrical explosion or fire). To prevent these hazards, well-designed electronic systems typically incorporate current limiting protection, such as thermal fuses, circuit breakers, or PTC current limiters.

To handle larger currents, circuit designers may connect multiple lower-capacity devices (e.g. transistors, diodes, or MOVs) in parallel. This technique can work well, but is susceptible to a phenomenon called current hogging, in which the current is not shared equally across all devices. Typically, one device may have a slightly lower resistance, and thus draws more current, heating it more than its sibling devices, causing its resistance to drop further. The electrical load ends up funneling into a single device, which then rapidly fails. Thus, an array of devices may end up no more robust than its weakest component.

The current-hogging effect can be reduced by carefully matching the characteristics of each paralleled device, or by using other design techniques to balance the electrical load. However, maintaining load balance under extreme conditions may not be straightforward. Devices with an intrinsic positive temperature coefficient (PTC) of electrical resistance are less prone to current hogging, but thermal runaway can still occur because of poor heat sinking or other problems.

Many electronic circuits contain special provisions to prevent thermal runaway. This is most often seen in transistor biasing arrangements for high-power output stages. However, when equipment is used above its designed ambient temperature, thermal runaway can still occur in some cases. This occasionally causes equipment failures in hot environments, or when air cooling vents are blocked.
Semiconductors

Silicon shows a peculiar profile, in that its electrical resistance increases with temperature up to about 160 °C, then starts decreasing, and drops further when the melting point is reached. This can lead to thermal runaway phenomena within internal regions of the semiconductor junction; the resistance decreases in the regions which become heated above this threshold, allowing more current to flow through the overheated regions, in turn causing yet more heating in comparison with the surrounding regions, which leads to further temperature increase and resistance decrease. This leads to the phenomenon of current crowding and formation of current filaments (similar to current hogging, but within a single device), and is one of the underlying causes of many semiconductor junction failures.
Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs)

Leakage current increases significantly in bipolar transistors (especially germanium-based bipolar transistors) as they increase in temperature. Depending on the design of the circuit, this increase in leakage current can increase the current flowing through a transistor and thus the power dissipation, causing a further increase in collector-to-emitter leakage current. This is frequently seen in a push–pull stage of a class AB amplifier. If the pull-up and pull-down transistors are biased to have minimal crossover distortion at room temperature, and the biasing is not temperature-compensated, then as the temperature rises both transistors will be increasingly biased on, causing current and power to further increase, and eventually destroying one or both devices.

One rule of thumb to avoid thermal runaway is to keep the operating point of a BJT so that Vce ≤ 1/2Vcc

Another practice is to mount a thermal feedback sensing transistor or other device on the heat sink, to control the crossover bias voltage. As the output transistors heat up, so does the thermal feedback transistor. This in turn causes the thermal feedback transistor to turn on at a slightly lower voltage, reducing the crossover bias voltage, and so reducing the heat dissipated by the output transistors.

If multiple BJT transistors are connected in parallel (which is typical in high current applications), a current hogging problem can occur. Special measures must be taken to control this characteristic vulnerability of BJTs.

In power transistors (which effectively consist of many small transistors in parallel), current hogging can occur between different parts of the transistor itself, with one part of the transistor becoming more hot than the others. This is called second breakdown, and can result in destruction of the transistor even when the average junction temperature seems to be at a safe level.
Power MOSFETs

Power MOSFETs typically increase their on-resistance with temperature. Under some circumstances, power dissipated in this resistance causes more heating of the junction, which further increases the junction temperature, in a positive feedback loop. As a consequence, power MOSFETs have stable and unstable regions of operation.[7] However, the increase of on-resistance with temperature helps balance current across multiple MOSFETs connected in parallel, so current hogging does not occur. If a MOSFET transistor produces more heat than the heatsink can dissipate, then thermal runaway can still destroy the transistors. This problem can be alleviated to a degree by lowering the thermal resistance between the transistor die and the heatsink. See also Thermal Design Power.
Metal oxide varistors (MOVs)

Metal oxide varistors typically develop lower resistance as they heat up. If connected directly across an AC or DC power bus (a common usage for protection against voltage spikes), a MOV which has developed a lowered trigger voltage can slide into catastrophic thermal runaway, possibly culminating in a small explosion or fire.[8] To prevent this possibility, fault current is typically limited by a thermal fuse, circuit breaker, or other current limiting device.
Tantalum capacitors

Tantalum capacitors are, under some conditions, prone to self-destruction by thermal runaway. The capacitor typically consists of a sintered tantalum sponge acting as the anode, a manganese dioxide cathode, and a dielectric layer of tantalum pentoxide created on the tantalum sponge surface by anodizing. It may happen that the tantalum oxide layer has weak spots that undergo dielectric breakdown during a voltage spike. The tantalum sponge then comes into direct contact with the manganese dioxide, and increased leakage current causes localized heating; usually, this drives an endothermic chemical reaction that produces manganese(III) oxide and regenerates (self-heals) the tantalum oxide dielectric layer.

However, if the energy dissipated at the failure point is high enough, a self-sustaining exothermic reaction can start, similar to the thermite reaction, with metallic tantalum as fuel and manganese dioxide as oxidizer. This undesirable reaction will destroy the capacitor, producing smoke and possibly flame.[9]

Therefore, tantalum capacitors can be freely deployed in small-signal circuits, but application in high-power circuits must be carefully designed to avoid thermal runaway failures.
Digital logic

The leakage current of logic switching transistors increases with temperature. In rare instances, this may lead to thermal runaway in digital circuits. This is not a common problem, since leakage currents usually make up a small portion of overall power consumption, so the increase in power is fairly modest — for an Athlon 64, the power dissipation increases by about 10% for every 30 degrees Celsius.[10] For a device with a TDP of 100 W, for thermal runaway to occur, the heat sink would have to have a thermal resistivity of over 3 K/W (kelvins per watt), which is about 6 times worse than a stock Athlon 64 heat sink. (A stock Athlon 64 heat sink is rated at 0.34 K/W, although the actual thermal resistance to the environment is somewhat higher, due to the thermal boundary between processor and heatsink, rising temperatures in the case, and other thermal resistances.[citation needed]) Regardless, an inadequate heat sink with a thermal resistance of over 0.5 to 1 K/W would result in the destruction of a 100 W device even without thermal runaway effects.
Batteries

When handled improperly, or if manufactured defectively, some rechargeable batteries can experience thermal runaway resulting in overheating. Sealed cells will sometimes explode violently if safety vents are overwhelmed or nonfunctional.[11] Especially prone to thermal runaway are lithium-ion batteries, most markedly in the form of the lithium polymer battery.[citation needed] Reports of exploding cellphones occasionally appear in newspapers. In 2006, batteries from Apple, HP, Toshiba, Lenovo, Dell and other notebook manufacturers were recalled because of fire and explosions.[12][13][14][15] The Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation has established regulations regarding the carrying of certain types of batteries on airplanes because of their instability in certain situations. This action was partially inspired by a cargo bay fire on a UPS airplane.[16] One of the possible solutions is in using safer and less reactive anode (lithium titanates) and cathode (lithium iron phosphate) materials — thereby avoiding the cobalt electrodes in many lithium rechargeable cells — together with non-flammable electrolytes based on ionic liquids.
Astrophysics

Runaway thermonuclear reactions can occur in stars when nuclear fusion is ignited in conditions under which the gravitational pressure exerted by overlying layers of the star greatly exceeds thermal pressure, a situation that makes possible rapid increases in temperature through gravitational compression. Such a scenario may arise in stars containing degenerate matter, in which electron degeneracy pressure rather than normal thermal pressure does most of the work of supporting the star against gravity, and in stars undergoing implosion. In all cases, the imbalance arises prior to fusion ignition; otherwise, the fusion reactions would be naturally regulated to counteract temperature changes and stabilize the star. When thermal pressure is in equilibrium with overlying pressure, a star will respond to the increase in temperature and thermal pressure due to initiation of a new exothermic reaction by expanding and cooling. A runaway reaction is only possible when this response is inhibited.
Helium flashes in red giant stars

When stars in the 0.8–2.0 solar mass range exhaust the hydrogen in their cores and become red giants, the helium accumulating in their cores reaches degeneracy before it ignites. When the degenerate core reaches a critical mass of about 0.45 solar masses, helium fusion is ignited and takes off in a runaway fashion, called the helium flash, briefly increasing the star's energy production to a rate 100 billion times normal. About 6% of the core is quickly converted into carbon.[17] While the release is sufficient to convert the core back into normal plasma after a few seconds, it does not disrupt the star,[18][19] nor immediately change its luminosity. The star then contracts, leaving the red giant phase and continuing its evolution into a stable helium-burning phase.
Novae

A nova results from runaway hydrogen fusion (via the CNO cycle) in the outer layer of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf star. If a white dwarf has a companion star from which it can accrete gas, the material will accumulate in a surface layer made degenerate by the dwarf's intense gravity. Under the right conditions, a sufficiently thick layer of hydrogen is eventually heated to a temperature of 20 million K, igniting runaway fusion. The surface layer is blasted off the white dwarf, increasing luminosity by a factor on the order of 50,000. The white dwarf and companion remain intact, however, so the process can repeat.[20] A much rarer type of nova may occur when the outer layer that ignites is composed of helium.[21]
X-ray bursts

Analogous to the process leading to novae, degenerate matter can also accumulate on the surface of a neutron star that is accreting gas from a close companion. If a sufficiently thick layer of hydrogen accumulates, ignition of runaway hydrogen fusion can then lead to an X-ray burst. As with novae, such bursts tend to repeat and may also be triggered by helium or even carbon fusion.[22][23] It has been proposed that in the case of "superbursts", runaway breakup of accumulated heavy nuclei into iron group nuclei via photodissociation rather than nuclear fusion could contribute the majority of the energy of the burst.[23]
Type Ia supernovae

A type Ia supernova results from runaway carbon fusion in the core of a carbon-oxygen white dwarf star. If a white dwarf, which is composed almost entirely of degenerate matter, can gain mass from a companion, the increasing temperature and density of material in its core will ignite carbon fusion if the star's mass approaches the Chandrasekhar limit. This leads to an explosion that completely disrupts the star. Luminosity increases by a factor of greater than 5 billion. One way to gain the additional mass would be by accreting gas from a giant star (or even main sequence) companion.[24] A second and apparently more common mechanism to generate the same type of explosion is the merger of two white dwarfs.[24][25]
Pair-instability supernovae

A pair-instability supernova is believed to result from runaway oxygen fusion in the core of a massive, 130–250 solar mass, low to moderate metallicity star.[26] According to theory, in such a star, a large but relatively low density core of nonfusing oxygen builds up, with its weight supported by the pressure of gamma rays produced by the extreme temperature. As the core heats further, the gamma rays eventually begin to pass the energy threshold needed for collision-induced decay into electron-positron pairs, a process called pair production. This causes a drop in the pressure within the core, leading it to contract and heat further, causing more pair production, a further pressure drop, and so on. The core starts to undergo gravitational collapse. At some point this ignites runaway oxygen fusion, releasing enough energy to obliterate the star. These explosions are rare, perhaps about one per 100,000 supernovae.
Comparison to nonrunaway supernovae

Not all supernovae are triggered by runaway nuclear fusion. Type Ib, Ic and type II supernovae also undergo core collapse, but because they have exhausted their supply of atomic nuclei capable of undergoing exothermic fusion reactions, they collapse all the way into neutron stars, or in the higher-mass cases, stellar black holes, powering explosions by the release of gravitational potential energy (largely via release of neutrinos). It is the absence of runaway fusion reactions that allows such supernovae to leave behind compact stellar remnants.
See alsoCascading failure
Frank-Kamenetskii theory
Safety of Lithium-ion batteries Boeing 787 Dreamliner battery problems
UPS Flight 6 (a 2010 jet crash related to lithium-ion batteries in the cargo)
Plug-in electric vehicle fire incidents
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Dilday, B.; Howell, D. A.; Cenko, S. B.; Silverman, J. M.; Nugent, P. E.; Sullivan, M.; Ben-Ami, S.; Bildsten, L.; Bolte, M.; Endl, M.; Filippenko, A. V.; Gnat, O.; Horesh, A.; Hsiao, E.; Kasliwal, M. M.; Kirkman, D.; Maguire, K.; Marcy, G. W.; Moore, K.; Pan, Y.; Parrent, J. T.; Podsiadlowski, P.; Quimby, R. M.; Sternberg, A.; Suzuki, N.; Tytler, D. R.; Xu, D.; Bloom, J. S.; Gal-Yam, A.; Hook, I. M.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Law, N. M.; Ofek, E. O.; Polishook, D.; Poznanski, D. (2012-08-24). "PTF 11kx: A Type Ia Supernova with a Symbiotic Nova Progenitor". Science. 337 (6097): 942–945. arXiv:1207.1306. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..942D. doi:10.1126/science.1219164. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 22923575. S2CID 38997016.


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External links
Safetycenter.navy.mil: Thermal runaway at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2004-02-23)
Thermal runaway and How to prevent it
Categories: Chemical process engineering
Chemical reaction engineering
Electronic engineering
Semiconductor device defects
Technology hazards
Cataclysmic variable stars



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_runaway
 

Category:Technology hazards

 
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also the categories Existential risk and Future problems

Subcategories

This category has the following 11 subcategories, out of 11 total.

A

Anti-patterns‎ (33 P)

C

Computer security exploits‎ (9 C, 138 P)

E


Environmental impact of nuclear power‎ (6 C, 19 P)


Existential risk from artificial general intelligence‎ (35 P)

H

Hazardous materials‎ (3 C, 39 P)


Hazardous waste‎ (2 C, 29 P)

R

Radioactive contamination‎ (4 C, 21 P)


Railway accidents and incidents‎ (14 C, 14 P)


Road hazards‎ (42 P)

S

Space debris‎ (1 C, 33 P)

T

Technological failures‎ (7 C, 13 P)

Pages in category "Technology hazards"

The following 21 pages are in this category, out of 21 total. This list may not reflect recent changes.

B Biological effects of high-energy visible light

C Confined space

D Dam failure
List of diving hazards and precautions

E Existential risk from artificial general intelligence

H Health hazards of air travel
High resistance connection
High voltage

I IPv4 address exhaustion

L Leap year problem
List of space debris fall incidents
Low-temperature thermal desorption

O Oil Mines Regulations-1984
Oil spill

P Pinch point hazard

S Space debris
Suffering risks

T Thermal runaway
Toilet-related injuries and deaths
Transhumanism

Y Year 2000 problem
Categories: Technology
Hazards
Risk



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology_hazards


Category:Risk


Help
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The main article for this category is Risk.
See also the categories Safety and Disasters


Risk is included in the JEL classification codes as JEL: D81 For information about the game called Risk see Category:Risk (game)



Wikimedia Commons has media related to Risk.

Subcategories

This category has the following 14 subcategories, out of 14 total.



Risk analysis‎ (6 C, 60 P)


Risk management‎ (11 C, 90 P)

A

Aviation risks‎ (1 C, 63 P)

C

Crisis‎ (7 C, 15 P)

E

Existential risk‎ (8 C, 5 P)

F

Financial risk‎ (6 C, 54 P)

G

Gambling‎ (19 C, 2 P)

H

Hazards‎ (17 C, 7 P)


Health risk‎ (2 C, 18 P)

N

Natural hazards‎ (9 C, 8 P)

O

Operational risk‎ (18 P)

P

Public liability‎ (4 C, 34 P)

T

Technology hazards‎ (11 C, 21 P)

V

Vulnerability‎ (3 C, 15 P)

Pages in category "Risk"

The following 47 pages are in this category, out of 47 total. This list may not reflect recent changes.

Risk

A Accident-proneness

C Cautionary tale
Certainty effect
Consumer's risk
Cultural cognition
Cultural theory of risk

D Decision theory
Disappointment
Disruptive innovation

E Economics of security
Extreme risk

G Glossary of chemistry terms
Glossary of economics

H Heavy-tailed distribution

I Imminent peril
Instrumental convergence

K Knife game
Knightian uncertainty

M Manufactured risk
Murphy's law

N Natural risk

P Pascal's mugging
Policy uncertainty
Pseudocertainty effect

R Residual risk
Risk aversion (psychology)
Risk compensation
Risk inclination formula
Risk inclination model
Risk perception
Risk quotient
Risk society
RISKS Digest
Risks of genome editing
Ruin theory

S Safety instrumented system
Safety integrity level
The Shock Doctrine
Square root biased sampling
Stunt performer
Suffering risks

T Tax uncertainty

V Vulnerability

W Weighted product model
Weighted sum model

Z Zeuthen strategy
Categories: Issues in ethics
Security
Safety
Probability
Hidden categories: Categories which are included in the JEL classification codes
Commons category link is on Wikidata



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Risk