Blog Archive

Tuesday, September 14, 2021

09-14-2021-0615 - Azole 3110/11-12,13

 This article is about the class of compounds. For the individual compound, see Pyrrole.

Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring.[1] Their names originate from the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature. The parent compounds are aromatic and have two double bonds; there are successively reduced analogs (azolines and azolidines) with fewer. One, and only one, lone pair of electrons from each heteroatom in the ring is part of the aromatic bonding in an azole. Names of azoles maintain the prefix upon reduction (e.g., pyrazoline, pyrazolidine). The numbering of ring atoms in azoles starts with the heteroatom that is not part of a double bond, and then proceeds towards the other heteroatom.

Imidazole and other five-membered aromatic heterocyclic systems with two nitrogens are extremely common in nature and form the core of many biomolecules, such as histidine.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azole

https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=nid%3D4143813-9


3110/11-12,13


 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolonitrile


  cyanohydrin, pruss
11. Debarrment of traversation to Russia, got, etc.. rev of all perm/right/right to steal/etc.. prohibition to receive immig and to emigrate f usa (& by any other stature/stat/etc.). Inc. Can, Lat, anywhere USA would go to two point cunt hop.
22. Phosphor lien, tantam; CHE Lien.
33. BW acv
44. Crit Frac Cas @ NAC dim/le; TP Ring Fracts (NAC DOM mal/dev no cal, plane/l/junctual collapsi, bone xray line etc.); DSwap, DTt, Def
55. Exec expat, usa foreign soil, running with stoch/stogen/stoco/stocol/stoper/stolpart/sto/etc.. ref. of/like/der/var/int/etc. birthright pruss/viv. @ for
66. Exec USA amcan gang, trafficker stolen child, clone, etc., at dom nac. ref. of/like/etc. birthright pruss/viv. @ dom
77. Agriculture, Plumming, Water Pipes, Air, Fields, deep seep, etc. - dist; point contact - double connect double blind 
88. Exec to niks/etc. missing and etc.; trafficker/USA/America/sto/etc. disinteri and  jail for exec.

11. Debarrment of traversation to Russia. 
22. Phosphor deg.
33. BW acv.
44. cfc @ NAC.
55. Exec for. 
66. Exec dom.
77. Agriculture, Pluming, sewers, glass/corner stone/studs/plates/block floor, Water Pipes, Air, Fields, deep seep, etc. - dist; point contact - double connect double blind [internal melt, atlantiti NAC - nuclea, nitro, oxyhydro sys]
88. Exec to missing and etc.; traff/sto/usa/etc. disinteri and jail for exec.


  neutron reflector is any material that reflects neutrons. This refers to elastic scattering rather than to a specular reflection. The material may be graphite, beryllium, steel, tungsten carbide, gold, or other materials. A neutron reflector can make an otherwise subcritical mass of fissile material critical, or increase the amount of nuclear fission that a critical or supercritical mass will undergo. Such an effect was exhibited twice in accidents involving the Demon Core, a subcritical plutonium pit that went critical in two separate fatal incidents when the pit's surface was momentarily surrounded by too much neutron reflective material.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_reflector

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_reflector

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamper_(nuclear_weapon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_reflector

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_supermirror

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallation_Neutron_Source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium_fuel_cycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power

https://nikiyaantonbettey.blogspot.com/search?q=Nuclear+transmutation


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetone_cyanohydrin


 gas penetrates the lipids of the brain's nerve cells, causing direct mechanical interference with the transmission of signals from one nerve cell to another.[15][16][20] 
The symptoms of narcosis may be caused by other factors during a dive: ear problems causing disorientation or nausea;[36] early signs of oxygen toxicity causing visual disturbances;[37] or hypothermia causing rapid breathing and shivering.[38]
For example, hydrogen at a given pressure has a narcotic effect equivalent to nitrogen at 0.55 times that pressure, so in principle it should be usable at more than twice the depth. Argon, however, has 2.33 times the narcotic effect of nitrogen, and is a poor choice as a breathing gas for diving (it is used as a drysuit inflation gas, owing to its low thermal conductivity).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_narcosis


The primitive skeleton is cartilage, a solid avascular (without blood vessels) tissue in which individual cartilage-matrix secreting cells, or chondrocytes, occur. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoblast


With the 19th-century development of various "nitro explosives", based on the reaction of nitric acid mixtures on materials such as cellulose and glycerine, a search began for a replacement for gunpowder.[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordite


BIOFUEL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol#Chemical_intermediate


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Glassforming_liquids_and_melts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamethylphosphoramide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide


Propylene glycol is expected to degrade rapidly in water from biological processes, but is not expected to be significantly influenced by hydrolysis, oxidation, volatilization, bioconcentration, or adsorption to sediment.[70] Propylene glycol is readily biodegradable under aerobic conditions in freshwater, in seawater and in soil. Therefore, propylene glycol is considered as not persistent in the environment.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propylene_glycol


Atari et al., established a protocol for isolating and identifying the subpopulations of dental pulp pluripotent-like stem cells (DPPSC). These cells are SSEA4+, OCT3/4+, NANOG+, SOX2+, LIN28+, CD13+, CD105+, CD34-, CD45-, CD90+, CD29+, CD73+, STRO1+, and CD146-, and they show genetic stability in vitro based on genomic analysis with a newly described CGH technique.[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_pulp_stem_cells



above. witch image ghost


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateliosis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_ionic_layer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectricity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_materials

zero dipole


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlattice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_mobility#Lattice_(phonon)_scattering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pnictogen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_compound

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocomposite

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_materials


Sodium cobaltate[edit]

Experiments on crystals of sodium cobaltate, using X-ray and neutron scattering experiments carried out at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) and the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble were able to suppress thermal conductivity by a factor of six compared to vacancy-free sodium cobaltate. The experiments agreed with corresponding density functional calculations. The technique involved large anharmonic displacements of Na
0.8CoO
2 contained within the crystals.[58][59]

Amorphous materials[edit]

In 2002, Nolas and Goldsmid have come up with a suggestion that systems with the phonon mean free path larger than the charge carrier mean free path can exhibit an enhanced thermoelectric efficiency.[60] This can be realized in amorphous thermoelectrics and soon they became a focus of many studies. This ground-breaking idea was accomplished in Cu-Ge-Te,[61] NbO2,[62] In-Ga-Zn-O,[63]Zr-Ni-Sn,[64] Si-Au,[65] and Ti-Pb-V-O[66] amorphous systems. It should be mentioned that modelling of transport properties is challenging enough without breaking the long-range order so that design of amorphous thermoelectrics is at its infancy. Naturally, amorphous thermoelectrics give rise to extensive phonon scattering, which is still a challenge for crystalline thermoelectrics. A bright future is expected for these materials.

Nanomaterials and superlattices[edit]

In addition to nanostructured Bi
2Te
3/Sb
2Te
3 superlattice thin films, other nanostructured materials, including silicon nanowires,[55]nanotubes and quantum dots show potential in improving thermoelectric properties.

Graphene[edit]

Graphene is known for its high electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient at room temperature.[71][72] However, from thermoelectric perspective, its thermal conductivity is notably high, which in turn limits its ZT.[73] Several approaches were suggested to reduce the thermal conductivity of graphene without altering much its electrical conductivity. These include, but not limited to, the following:

  • Doping with carbon isotopes to form isotopic heterojunction such as that of 12C and 13C. Those isotopes possess different phonon frequency mismatch, which leads to the scattering of the heat carriers (phonons). This approach has been shown to affect neither the power factor nor the electrical conductivity.[74]
  • Wrinkles and cracks in the graphene structure were shown to contribute to the reduction in the thermal conductivity. Reported values of thermal conductivity of suspended graphene of size 3.8 Âµm show a wide spread from 1500 to 5000 W/(m·K). A recent study attributed that to the microstructural defects present in graphene, such as wrinkles and cracks, which can drop the thermal conductivity by 27%.[75] These defects help scatter phonons.
  • Introduction of defects with techniques such as oxygen plasma treatment. A more systemic way of introducing defects in graphene structure is done through O2 plasma treatment. Ultimately, the graphene sample will contain prescribed-holes spaced and numbered according to the plasma intensity. People were able to improve ZT of graphene from 1 to a value of 2.6 when the defect density is raised from 0.04 to 2.5 (this number is an index of defect density and usually understood when compared to the corresponding value of the un-treated graphene, 0.04 in our case). Nevertheless, this technique would lower the electrical conductivity as well, which can be kept unchanged if the plasma processing parameters are optimized.[71]
  • Functionalization of graphene by oxygen. The thermal behavior of graphene oxide has not been investigated extensively as compared to its counterpart; graphene. However, it was shown theoretically by Density Functional Theory (DFT) model that adding oxygen into the lattice of graphene reduces a lot its thermal conductivity due to phonon scattering effect. Scattering of phonons result from both acoustic mismatch and reduced symmetry in graphene structure after doping with oxygen. The reduction of thermal conductivity can easily exceed 50% with this approach.[72]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_materials

Bibliography[edit]


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_vapor_deposition

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_converter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectricity


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_depolarizing_potential

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgranular_zone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subplate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guidepost_cells

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_cone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germinal_matrix


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_trioxide


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulant#Methamphetamine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorous_acid


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytolysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorous


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role_of_cell_adhesions_in_neural_development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostral_migratory_stream

connexins junctions matricing matrix components (usu prot, particle, phosphorous; scale/level/etc.)


segmentation, map

zone floor plate anchor/posts migratory follower


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_maps_and_brain_development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmentation_in_the_human_nervous_system


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganglion_mother_cell

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subependymal_zone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subventricular_zone

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptogenesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_plate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Follower_neuron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Developmental_neuroscience


Nkx 2.9 is a transcription factor responsible for the formation of the branchial and visceral motor neuron subtypes of cranial motor nerves in vertebrates. Nkx 2.9 works together with another transcription factor, Nkx 2.2, to direct neural progenitor cells to their cell fate.[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKX_2-9


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLIT1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reelin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKX6-1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_morphogenetic_protein
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrocyte


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JZ-IV-10

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators


FOUND!!!

Sunday, September 12, 2021

09-12-2021-0157 - Astrochemistry


The discovery of interstellar formaldehyde – and later, other molecules with potential biological significance such as water or carbon monoxide – is seen by some as strong supporting evidence for abiogenetic theories of life: specifically, theories which hold that the basic molecular components of life came from extraterrestrial sources. This has prompted a still ongoing search for interstellar molecules which are either of direct biological importance – such as interstellar glycine, discovered in 2009[10] – or which exhibit biologically relevant properties like Chirality – an example of which (propylene oxide) was discovered in 2016[11] – alongside more basic astrochemical research.

Moreover, such methods are completely blind to molecules that have no dipole. For example, by far the most common molecule in the universe is H2 (hydrogen gas), but it does not have a dipole moment, so it is invisible to radio telescopes. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrochemistry


The trihydrogen cation or protonated molecular hydrogen is a cation (positive ion) with formula H+
3, consisting of three hydrogen nuclei (protons) sharing two electrons.

The trihydrogen cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It is stable in the interstellar medium (ISM) due to the low temperature and low density of interstellar space. The role that H+
3 plays in the gas-phase chemistry of the ISM is unparalleled by any other molecular ion.

The trihydrogen cation is the simplest triatomic molecule, because its two electrons are the only valence electrons in the system. It is also the simplest example of a three-center two-electron bond system.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation


Plasmolysis is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution. The reverse process, deplasmolysis or cytolysis, can occur if the cell is in a hypotonic solution resulting in a lower external osmotic pressure and a net flow of water into the cell. Through observation of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis, it is possible to determine the tonicity of the cell's environment as well as the rate solute molecules cross the cellular membrane.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmolysis




above. lil wayne she will


Subcategories

This category has the following 20 subcategories, out of 20 total.

E

F

H

L

N

O

P

R

S

T

W

Pages in category "Energy conversion"

The following 139 pages are in this category, out of 139 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

 

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_conversion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion

A nuclear microreactor is a plug-and-play type of nuclear reactor which can be easily assembled and transported by road, rail or air.[1] Microreactors are 100 to 1,000 times smaller than conventional nuclear reactors, and when compared with small modular reactors (SMRs), their capacity is between 1 to 20 megawatts whereas SMRs comes in the range from 20 to 300 megawatts.[2] Due to their size, they can be deployed to locations such as isolated military bases or communities affected by natural disasters. They are designed to provide resilient, non-carbon emitting, and independent power in challenging environments.[3]

History[edit]

Nuclear microreactors originated in the United States Navy's nuclear submarine project, which was first proposed by Ross Gunn of United States Naval Research Laboratory in 1939.[4] The concept was adapted by Admiral Hyman Rickover to start American nuclear submarine program in 1950s. The first US nuclear submarine to be constructed was the USS Nautilus, which was launched in 1955. It was installed with Westinghouse's S2W reactor - a pressurized water type reactor which gave out 10 megawatts output.[5]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_microreactor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmotic_power
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon-intermediate_direct_energy_conversion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectrochemical_cell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_furnace
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductive_wireless_charging
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_heat_cell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnot_method
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_balancing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalous_photovoltaic_effect
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_conversion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_energy_conversion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulverized_coal-fired_boiler
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure–volume_diagram
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure-retarded_osmosis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piezoelectricity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor_safety_systems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoelectric_effect
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidized_bed_combustion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_tower_(downdraft)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrohydrodynamics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemical_energy_conversion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Shade_Control_Act
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercapacitor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell_fabric
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soiling_(solar_energy)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_salinity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-to-gas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_electrodialysis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(boiler)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_exchange_geothermal_heat_pump

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakoo_wave_energy_converter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grate_firing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchronous_condenser
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_condenser
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam-electric_power_station
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_synchronous_compensator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-based_solar_power
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Dish_(solar_thermal)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_engine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-photon_photovoltaic_effect
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoacoustics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermo-dielectric_effect
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermionic_emission
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump_(disambiguation)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_rate_(efficiency)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentherm_Incorporated

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_regulator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_gasification_fuel_cell_cycle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_water_and_power_plant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_band_photovoltaics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_condensor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_propulsion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaneless_ion_wind_generator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortex_engine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaw_drive
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mist_lift
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_generator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_converter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_conversion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Materials_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_materials
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect

Preparation[edit]

Classical oxazole synthetic methods in organic chemistry are


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxazole
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