Nikiya Anton Bettey 2021

Wednesday, December 29, 2021

12-29-2021-0547 - radiation electron linear accelerator radio frequency power orbital accelerator radioisotope decay injector cavity series beta ray x ray gamma ray cathode belts belt van allen magnetic field earth electron acceleration in magnetic field oscillator wave beam current linacs linac rf

Radiation Physics

John H. Hubbell, in Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003

II.C Electrons

Electron beams for research and for irradiation purposes are produced by a variety of orbital and linear accelerators, with output energies from the keV to the GeV regions, and beam currents from microamperes to kiloamperes. Linear accelerators (linacs) consist of an electron gun injector at one end, followed by a series of accelerating cavities containing rf (radio frequency) power. Natural sources of high-energy electrons include β rays from radioisotope decay, and also from electrons in space which have been accelerated in magnetic fields. There is a particularly high concentration of electrons trapped around planets that have high magnetic fields, such as Earth and Jupiter. These trapped-electron concentrations, called Van Allen belts, offer a radiation damage hazard to components in unmanned space vehicles traversing these altitudes, and are avoided as much as possible in the case of manned flights.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/electron-guns

Resonance assisted hydrogen bond[edit]

The resonance assisted hydrogen bond (commonly abbreviated as RAHB) is a strong type of hydrogen bond. It is characterized by the π-delocalization that involves the hydrogen and cannot be properly described by the electrostatic model alone. This description of the hydrogen bond has been proposed to describe unusually short distances generally observed between O=C-OH∙∙∙ or ∙∙∙O=C-C=C-OH.^{[citation needed]}

Structural details[edit]

The X−H distance is typically ≈110 pm, whereas the H···Y distance is ≈160 to 200 pm. The typical length of a hydrogen bond in water is 197 pm. The ideal bond angle depends on the nature of the hydrogen bond donor. The following hydrogen bond angles between a hydrofluoric acid donor and various acceptors have been determined experimentally:^[23]

Acceptor···donor	VSEPR geometry	Angle (°)
HCN···HF	linear	180
H₂CO···HF	trigonal planar	120
H₂O···HF	pyramidal	46
H₂S···HF	pyramidal	89
SO₂···HF	trigonal	142

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond#Resonance_assisted_hydrogen_bond

Chemical bonds
Intramolecular
(strong)
CovalentElectron deficiency 3c–2e
4c–2e
Hypervalence 3c–4e
Agostic
Bent
Coordinate (dipolar)
Pi backbond
Metal–ligand multiple bond
Charge-shift
Hapticity
Conjugation
Hyperconjugation
Aromaticity homo
bicyclo
MetallicMetal aromaticity
Ionic
Intermolecular
(weak)
Van der Waals
forcesLondon dispersion
HydrogenLow-barrier
Resonance-assisted
Symmetric
Dihydrogen bonds
C–H···O interaction
Noncovalent
otherMechanical
Halogen
Chalcogen
Metallophilic
Intercalation
Stacking
Cation–pi
Anion–pi
Salt bridge
Bond cleavageHeterolysis
Homolysis
Electron counting rulesAromaticity Hückel's rule
Baird's rule
Möbius
spherical
Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory
Jemmis mno rules

Categories:

Chemical bonding

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_bond

08/18/2021

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08/08/2021

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08/17/2021

08/14/2021

09/25/2021

09/21/2021

09/27/2021

09/18/2021

https://www.beamtec.de/en/electron-emitter/

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20040086006

https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Metal+Propellant

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269216009_Indium_-_An_alternative_propellant_for_FEEP-thrusters

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-propellant_rocket

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion-propelled_aircraft

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_thruster

low barrier resonance hydrogen

photon phonon

History and uses[edit]

The BGT was invented in the 1980s, originally intended to study positron transport in tokamak (fusion) plasmas.^[8] Subsequently, the technique was refined and is now used in laboratories worldwide for a variety of applications. They include study of positron interactions with atoms and molecules, materials, and material surfaces;^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] the creation of antihydrogen,^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16] the positroniummolecule (i.e., Ps₂, e⁺e⁻e⁺e⁻),^[17] and novel positron^[18] and positronium beams.^[19] BGTs are also expected to play similarly important roles in efforts to create and study positoronium atom Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC)^[20] and a classical electron-positron “pair” plasmas.^[4]^[21]^[22]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer-gas_trap

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning_trap

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_condensate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihydrogen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high_vacuum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_production

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nucleosynthesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_tetrafluoride

n particle physics, annihilation is the process that occurs when a subatomic particle collides with its respective antiparticle to produce other particles, such as an electroncolliding with a positron to produce two photons.^[1] The total energy and momentum of the initial pair are conserved in the process and distributed among a set of other particles in the final state. Antiparticles have exactly opposite additive quantum numbers from particles, so the sums of all quantum numbers of such an original pair are zero. Hence, any set of particles may be produced whose total quantum numbers are also zero as long as conservation of energy and conservation of momentum are obeyed.^[2]

During a low-energy annihilation, photon production is favored, since these particles have no mass. High-energy particle colliders produce annihilations where a wide variety of exotic heavy particles are created.

The word "annihilation" takes use informally for the interaction of two particles that are not mutual antiparticles – not charge conjugate. Some quantum numbers may then not sum to zero in the initial state, but conserve with the same totals in the final state. An example is the "annihilation" of a high-energy electron antineutrino with an electron to produce a
W−
.

If the annihilating particles are composite, such as mesons or baryons, then several different particles are typically produced in the final state.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation

09/20/2021

09/14/2021

Charge conjugation[edit]

In the formalism of particle theories, charge-like quantum numbers can sometimes be inverted by means of a charge conjugation operator called C. Charge conjugation simply means that a given symmetry group occurs in two inequivalent (but still isomorphic) group representations. It is usually the case that the two charge-conjugate representations are complex conjugate fundamental representations of the Lie group. Their product then forms the adjoint representation of the group.

Thus, a common example is that the product of two charge-conjugate fundamental representations of SL(2,C) (the spinors) forms the adjoint rep of the Lorentz group SO(3,1); abstractly, one writes

2\otimes \overline {2}=3\oplus 1.\

That is, the product of two (Lorentz) spinors is a (Lorentz) vector and a (Lorentz) scalar. Note that the complex Lie algebra sl(2,C) has a compact real form su(2) (in fact, all Lie algebras have a unique compact real form). The same decomposition holds for the compact form as well: the product of two spinors in su(2) being a vector in the rotation group O(3) and a singlet. The decomposition is given by the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients.

A similar phenomenon occurs in the compact group SU(3), where there are two charge-conjugate but inequivalent fundamental representations, dubbed $3$ and $\overline{3}$ , the number 3 denoting the dimension of the representation, and with the quarks transforming under $3$ and the antiquarks transforming under $\overline{3}$ . The Kronecker product of the two gives

3\otimes\overline{3}=8\oplus 1.\

That is, an eight-dimensional representation, the octet of the eight-fold way, and a singlet. The decomposition of such products of representations into direct sums of irreducible representations can in general be written as

\Lambda \otimes \Lambda' = \bigoplus_i \mathcal{L}_i \Lambda_i

for representations $\Lambda$ . The dimensions of the representations obey the "dimension sum rule":

d_\Lambda \cdot d_{\Lambda'} = \sum_i \mathcal{L}_i d_{\Lambda_i}.

Here, $d_\Lambda$ is the dimension of the representation $\Lambda$ , and the integers ${\mathcal {L}}$ being the Littlewood–Richardson coefficients. The decomposition of the representations is again given by the Clebsch–Gordan coefficients, this time in the general Lie-algebra setting.

References[edit]

^ Fuchs, Jurgen (1992), Affine Lie Algebras and Quantum Groups, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-48412-X

Categories:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_(physics)#Charge_conjugation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_boson

12-29-2021-0517 - drafting

https://www.ou.edu/research/electron/www-vl/vendors.shtml

https://www.fei.com/#gsc.tab=0

https://www.photonics.com/Buyers_Guide/Electron-Beam_Instruments/ca23250

https://www.sisweb.com

https://academic.microsoft.com/topic/179156687/publication/search?q=Electron%20gun&qe=And(Composite(F.FId%253D179156687)%252CTy%253D%270%27)&f=&orderBy=0

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https://www.thermofisher.com

https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/cloning.html?icid=HPAB-C1A-cloning-20150814-us

plasma cloning

https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Applied-Sciences-Medical-Handbooks/dp/0198510969

https://scitechdaily.com/atom-laser-creates-reflective-matter-wave-patterns-similar-to-light/

https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.2172

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.1138130

https://www.toptica.com/applications/fundamental-quantum-technology/atom-laser-cooling-trapping/

https://www.rp-photonics.com/single_atom_lasers.html

https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_3333477/component/file_3345392/content

https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/1755610

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Electron-Gun-Using-a-Field-Emission-Source-Crewe-Eggenberger/3fd124cd7b8a1311679be6751ff49b31428f0a48

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-guard-ring-for-a-field-emission-gun-Denizart-Sonier/e20bc9f95e9abf86aa390ddf561dc731a539a34f

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Oxygen%E2%80%90Processed-Field-Emission-Source-Veneklasen-Siegel/027939dc84230f29f771bcf99a4c5041b0546d2d

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Influence-of-energy-spread-of-field-emitted-on-in-Bauer-Speidel/804f88924a42e2c47e753bca228d00df6d802685

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Field-emission%2C-developments-and-possibilities-Mast/07bbb24bc5ba68bd0c61f39d3016d8fd5b8ee49a

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Field-emission-gun-for-microengineering-application-Delong-Kolarik/0a4fef04f0a99d994e308b5f845ec420af0f2b1f

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/NANO-MODIFICATION-OF-THE-W(100)%2FZrO-ELECTRON-TIP-Horáček-Matějka/5143a26928e6aa3241288d7363b0bee9b37cbebc

https://www.purdue.edu/ehps/rem/laboratory/equipment%20safety/Research%20Equipment/sem.html

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/electron-guns

https://thermionics.com/2020/07/22/e-guns/

https://www.kimballphysics.com/shop/electron-gun-systems

12-29-2021-0511 - J. Rettenmaier UDA LP, Solvaira Specialties, Solka-Floc

Solvaira Specialties, J. Rettenmaier UDA LP

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http://www.solvaira.com

https://trademarks.justia.com/715/21/solka-71521320.html

https://jfs.ohio.gov/labordisputes/INTLFIBERCO.stm

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