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Wednesday, May 17, 2023

05-16-2023-2331 - Symmetric multiprocessing or shared-memory multiprocessing[1] (SMP)

Symmetric multiprocessing or shared-memory multiprocessing[1] (SMP) involves a multiprocessor computer hardware and software architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single, shared main memory, have full access to all input and output devices, and are controlled by a single operating system instance that treats all processors equally, reserving none for special purposes. Most multiprocessor systems today use an SMP architecture. In the case of multi-core processors, the SMP architecture applies to the cores, treating them as separate processors.

Professor John D. Kubiatowicz considers traditionally SMP systems to contain processors without caches.[2] Culler and Pal-Singh in their 1998 book "Parallel Computer Architecture: A Hardware/Software Approach" mention: "The term SMP is widely used but causes a bit of confusion. [...] The more precise description of what is intended by SMP is a shared memory multiprocessor where the cost of accessing a memory location is the same for all processors; that is, it has uniform access costs when the access actually is to memory. If the location is cached, the access will be faster, but cache access times and memory access times are the same on all processors."[3]

SMP systems are tightly coupled multiprocessor systems with a pool of homogeneous processors running independently of each other. Each processor, executing different programs and working on different sets of data, has the capability of sharing common resources (memory, I/O device, interrupt system and so on) that are connected using a system bus or a crossbar.

Design

SMP systems have centralized shared memory called main memory (MM) operating under a single operating system with two or more homogeneous processors. Usually each processor has an associated private high-speed memory known as cache memory (or cache) to speed up the main memory data access and to reduce the system bus traffic.

Processors may be interconnected using buses, crossbar switches or on-chip mesh networks. The bottleneck in the scalability of SMP using buses or crossbar switches is the bandwidth and power consumption of the interconnect among the various processors, the memory, and the disk arrays. Mesh architectures avoid these bottlenecks, and provide nearly linear scalability to much higher processor counts at the sacrifice of programmability:

Serious programming challenges remain with this kind of architecture because it requires two distinct modes of programming; one for the CPUs themselves and one for the interconnect between the CPUs. A single programming language would have to be able to not only partition the workload, but also comprehend the memory locality, which is severe in a mesh-based architecture.[4]

SMP systems allow any processor to work on any task no matter where the data for that task is located in memory, provided that each task in the system is not in execution on two or more processors at the same time. With proper operating system support, SMP systems can easily move tasks between processors to balance the workload efficiently.

History

The earliest production system with multiple identical processors was the Burroughs B5000, which was functional around 1961. However at run-time this was asymmetric, with one processor restricted to application programs while the other processor mainly handled the operating system and hardware interrupts. The Burroughs D825 first implemented SMP in 1962.[5][6]

IBM offered dual-processor computer systems based on its System/360 Model 65 and the closely related Model 67[7] and 67–2.[8] The operating systems that ran on these machines were OS/360 M65MP[9] and TSS/360. Other software developed at universities, notably the Michigan Terminal System (MTS), used both CPUs. Both processors could access data channels and initiate I/O. In OS/360 M65MP, peripherals could generally be attached to either processor since the operating system kernel ran on both processors (though with a "big lock" around the I/O handler).[10] The MTS supervisor (UMMPS) has the ability to run on both CPUs of the IBM System/360 model 67–2. Supervisor locks were small and used to protect individual common data structures that might be accessed simultaneously from either CPU.[11]

Other mainframes that supported SMP included the UNIVAC 1108 II, released in 1965, which supported up to three CPUs, and the GE-635 and GE-645,[12][13] although GECOS on multiprocessor GE-635 systems ran in a master-slave asymmetric fashion, unlike Multics on multiprocessor GE-645 systems, which ran in a symmetric fashion.[14]

Starting with its version 7.0 (1972), Digital Equipment Corporation's operating system TOPS-10 implemented the SMP feature, the earliest system running SMP was the DECSystem 1077 dual KI10 processor system.[15] Later KL10 system could aggregate up to 8 CPUs in a SMP manner. In contrast, DECs first multi-processor VAX system, the VAX-11/782, was asymmetric,[16] but later VAX multiprocessor systems were SMP.[17]

Early commercial Unix SMP implementations included the Sequent Computer Systems Balance 8000 (released in 1984) and Balance 21000 (released in 1986).[18] Both models were based on 10 MHz National Semiconductor NS32032 processors, each with a small write-through cache connected to a common memory to form a shared memory system. Another early commercial Unix SMP implementation was the NUMA based Honeywell Information Systems Italy XPS-100 designed by Dan Gielan of VAST Corporation in 1985. Its design supported up to 14 processors, but due to electrical limitations, the largest marketed version was a dual processor system. The operating system was derived and ported by VAST Corporation from AT&T 3B20 Unix SysVr3 code used internally within AT&T.

Earlier non-commercial multiprocessing UNIX ports existed, including a port named MUNIX created at the Naval Postgraduate School by 1975.[19]

Uses

Time-sharing and server systems can often use SMP without changes to applications, as they may have multiple processes running in parallel, and a system with more than one process running can run different processes on different processors.

On personal computers, SMP is less useful for applications that have not been modified. If the system rarely runs more than one process at a time, SMP is useful only for applications that have been modified for multithreaded (multitasked) processing. Custom-programmed software can be written or modified to use multiple threads, so that it can make use of multiple processors.

Multithreaded programs can also be used in time-sharing and server systems that support multithreading, allowing them to make more use of multiple processors.

Advantages/disadvantages

In current SMP systems, all of the processors are tightly coupled inside the same box with a bus or switch; on earlier SMP systems, a single CPU took an entire cabinet. Some of the components that are shared are global memory, disks, and I/O devices. Only one copy of an OS runs on all the processors, and the OS must be designed to take advantage of this architecture. Some of the basic advantages involves cost-effective ways to increase throughput. To solve different problems and tasks, SMP applies multiple processors to that one problem, known as parallel programming.

However, there are a few limits on the scalability of SMP due to cache coherence and shared objects.

Programming

Uniprocessor and SMP systems require different programming methods to achieve maximum performance. Programs running on SMP systems may experience an increase in performance even when they have been written for uniprocessor systems. This is because hardware interrupts usually suspends program execution while the kernel that handles them can execute on an idle processor instead. The effect in most applications (e.g. games) is not so much a performance increase as the appearance that the program is running much more smoothly. Some applications, particularly building software and some distributed computing projects, run faster by a factor of (nearly) the number of additional processors. (Compilers by themselves are single threaded, but, when building a software project with multiple compilation units, if each compilation unit is handled independently, this creates an embarrassingly parallel situation across the entire multi-compilation-unit project, allowing near linear scaling of compilation time. Distributed computing projects are inherently parallel by design.)

Systems programmers must build support for SMP into the operating system, otherwise, the additional processors remain idle and the system functions as a uniprocessor system.

SMP systems can also lead to more complexity regarding instruction sets. A homogeneous processor system typically requires extra registers for "special instructions" such as SIMD (MMX, SSE, etc.), while a heterogeneous system can implement different types of hardware for different instructions/uses.

Performance

When more than one program executes at the same time, an SMP system has considerably better performance than a uni-processor, because different programs can run on different CPUs simultaneously. Conversely, asymmetric multiprocessing (AMP) usually allows only one processor to run a program or task at a time. For example, AMP can be used in assigning specific tasks to CPU based to priority and importance of task completion. AMP was created well before SMP in terms of handling multiple CPUs, which explains the lack of performance based on the example provided.

In cases where an SMP environment processes many jobs, administrators often experience a loss of hardware efficiency. Software programs have been developed to schedule jobs and other functions of the computer so that the processor utilization reaches its maximum potential. Good software packages can achieve this maximum potential by scheduling each CPU separately, as well as being able to integrate multiple SMP machines and clusters.

Access to RAM is serialized; this and cache coherency issues causes performance to lag slightly behind the number of additional processors in the system.

Alternatives

Diagram of a typical SMP system. Three processors are connected to the same memory module through a system bus or crossbar switch

SMP uses a single shared system bus that represents one of the earliest styles of multiprocessor machine architectures, typically used for building smaller computers with up to 8 processors.

Larger computer systems might use newer architectures such as NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access), which dedicates different memory banks to different processors. In a NUMA architecture, processors may access local memory quickly and remote memory more slowly. This can dramatically improve memory throughput as long as the data are localized to specific processes (and thus processors). On the downside, NUMA makes the cost of moving data from one processor to another, as in workload balancing, more expensive. The benefits of NUMA are limited to particular workloads, notably on servers where the data are often associated strongly with certain tasks or users.

Finally, there is computer clustered multiprocessing (such as Beowulf), in which not all memory is available to all processors. Clustering techniques are used fairly extensively to build very large supercomputers.

Variable SMP

Variable Symmetric Multiprocessing (vSMP) is a specific mobile use case technology initiated by NVIDIA. This technology includes an extra fifth core in a quad-core device, called the Companion core, built specifically for executing tasks at a lower frequency during mobile active standby mode, video playback, and music playback.

Project Kal-El (Tegra 3),[20] patented by NVIDIA, was the first SoC (System on Chip) to implement this new vSMP technology. This technology not only reduces mobile power consumption during active standby state, but also maximizes quad core performance during active usage for intensive mobile applications. Overall this technology addresses the need for increase in battery life performance during active and standby usage by reducing the power consumption in mobile processors.

Unlike current SMP architectures, the vSMP Companion core is OS transparent meaning that the operating system and the running applications are totally unaware of this extra core but are still able to take advantage of it. Some of the advantages of the vSMP architecture includes cache coherency, OS efficiency, and power optimization. The advantages for this architecture are explained below:

  • Cache coherency: There are no consequences for synchronizing caches between cores running at different frequencies since vSMP does not allow the companion core and the main cores to run simultaneously.
  • OS efficiency: It is inefficient when multiple CPU cores are run at different asynchronous frequencies because this could lead to possible scheduling issues.[how?] With vSMP, the active CPU cores will run at similar frequencies to optimize OS scheduling.
  • Power optimization: In asynchronous clocking based architecture, each core is on a different power plane to handle voltage adjustments for different operating frequencies. The result of this could impact performance.[how?] vSMP technology is able to dynamically enable and disable certain cores for active and standby usage, reducing overall power consumption.

These advantages lead the vSMP architecture to considerably benefit[peacock prose] over other architectures using asynchronous clocking technologies.

See also

References


  • Patterson, David; Hennessy, John (2018). Computer Organisation and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface (RISC-V ed.). Cambridge, United States: Morgan Kaufmann. p. 509. ISBN 978-0-12-812275-4.

  • John Kubiatowicz. Introduction to Parallel Architectures and Pthreads. 2013 Short Course on Parallel Programming.

  • David Culler; Jaswinder Pal Singh; Anoop Gupta (1999). Parallel Computer Architecture: A Hardware/Software Approach. Morgan Kaufmann. p. 47. ISBN 978-1558603431.

  • Lina J. Karam, Ismail AlKamal, Alan Gatherer, Gene A. Frantz, David V. Anderson, Brian L. Evans (2009). "Trends in Multi-core DSP Platforms" (PDF). IEEE Signal Processing Magazine. 26 (6): 38–49. Bibcode:2009ISPM...26...38K. doi:10.1109/MSP.2009.934113. S2CID 9429714.

  • Gregory V. Wilson (October 1994). "The History of the Development of Parallel Computing".

  • Martin H. Weik (January 1964). "A Fourth Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems". Ballistic Research Laboratories, Aberdeen Proving Grounds. Burroughs D825.

  • IBM System/360 Model 65 Functional Characteristics (PDF). Fourth Edition. IBM. September 1968. A22-6884-3.

  • IBM System/360 Model 67 Functional Characteristics (PDF). Third Edition. IBM. February 1972. GA27-2719-2.

  • M65MP: An Experiment in OS/360 multiprocessing

  • Program Logic Manual, OS I/O Supervisor Logic, Release 21 (R21.7) (PDF) (Tenth ed.). IBM. April 1973. GY28-6616-9.

  • Time Sharing Supervisor Programs by Mike Alexander (May 1971) has information on MTS, TSS, CP/67, and Multics

  • GE-635 System Manual (PDF). General Electric. July 1964.

  • GE-645 System Manual (PDF). General Electric. January 1968.

  • Richard Shetron (May 5, 1998). "Fear of Multiprocessing?". Newsgroup: alt.folklore.computers. Usenet: 354e95a9.0@news.wizvax.net.

  • DEC 1077 and SMP

  • VAX Product Sales Guide, pages 1-23 and 1-24: the VAX-11/782 is described as an asymmetric multiprocessing system in 1982

  • VAX 8820/8830/8840 System Hardware User's Guide: by 1988 the VAX operating system was SMP

  • Hockney, R.W.; Jesshope, C.R. (1988). Parallel Computers 2: Architecture, Programming and Algorithms. Taylor & Francis. p. 46. ISBN 0-85274-811-6.

  • Hawley, John Alfred (June 1975). "MUNIX, A Multiprocessing Version Of UNIX" (PDF). core.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2018.

    1. Variable SMP – A Multi-Core CPU Architecture for Low Power and High Performance. NVIDIA. 2011.

    External links


    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing

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    05-16-2023-2329 - Non-uniform memory access

    For other people or places with the same name as this abbreviation, see Numa. 

    The motherboard of an HP Z820 workstation with two CPU sockets, each with their own set of eight DIMM slots surrounding the socket. 

    Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessing, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its own local memory faster than non-local memory (memory local to another processor or memory shared between processors). The benefits of NUMA are limited to particular workloads, notably on servers where the data is often associated strongly with certain tasks or users.[1] NUMA architectures logically follow in scaling from symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) architectures. They were developed commercially during the 1990s by Unisys, Convex Computer (later Hewlett-Packard), Honeywell Information Systems Italy (HISI) (later Groupe Bull), Silicon Graphics (later Silicon Graphics International), Sequent Computer Systems (later IBM), Data General (later EMC, now Dell Technologies), Digital (later Compaq, then HP, now HPE) and ICL. Techniques developed by these companies later featured in a variety of Unix-like operating systems, and to an extent in Windows NT. The first commercial implementation of a NUMA-based Unix system was[where?][when?] the Symmetrical Multi Processing XPS-100 family of servers, designed by Dan Gielan of VAST Corporation for Honeywell Information Systems Italy. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access 

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access

     

     "Aware" redirects here. For other uses, see Aware (disambiguation). In psychology,[1] awareness is a concept about knowing, perceiving and being cognizant of events. Another definition describes it as a state wherein a subject is aware of some information when that information is directly available to bring to bear in the direction of a wide range of behavioral actions.[2] The concept is often synonymous to consciousness and is also understood as being consciousness itself.[3] The states of awareness are also associated with the states of experience so that the structure represented in awareness is mirrored in the structure of experience.[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness Developed in his (1999) book, "The Feeling of What Happens", Antonio Damasio's theory of consciousness proposes that consciousness arises from the interactions between the brain, the body, and the environment. According to this theory, consciousness is not a unitary experience, but rather emerges from the dynamic interplay between different brain regions and their corresponding bodily states. Damasio argues that our conscious experiences are influenced by the emotional responses that are generated by our body's interactions with the environment, and that these emotional responses play a crucial role in shaping our conscious experience. This theory emphasizes the importance of the body and its physiological processes in the emergence of consciousness. Damasio's three layered theory is based on a hierarchy of stages, with each stage building upon the last. The most basic representation of the organism is referred to as the Protoself, Core Consciousness, and Extended Consciousness. Damasio's approach to explaining the development of consciousness relies on three notions: emotion, feeling, and feeling a feeling. Emotions are a collection of unconscious neural responses that give rise to feelings. Emotions are complex reactions to stimuli that cause observable external changes in the organism. A feeling arises when the organism becomes aware of the changes it is experiencing as a result of external or internal stimuli.[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damasio%27s_theory_of_consciousness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-organization https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness Self-awareness Main article: Self-awareness Popular ideas about consciousness suggest the phenomenon describes a condition of being aware of oneself (self-awareness).[11] Modern systems theory, which offers insights into how the world works through an understanding that all systems follow system rules, approach self-awareness within its understanding of how large complex living systems work. According to Gregory Bateson, the mind is the dynamics of self-organization and that awareness is crucial in the existence of this process.[12][13] Modern systems theory maintains that humans, as living systems, have not only awareness of their environment but also self-awareness particularly with their capability for logic and curiosity.[14] Efforts to describe consciousness in neurological terms have focused on describing networks in the brain that develop awareness of the qualia developed by other networks.[15] As awareness provides the materials from which one develops subjective ideas about their experience, it is said that one is aware of one's own awareness state.[3] This organization of awareness of one's own inner experience is given a central role in self-regulation.[16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness Neuroscience Neural systems that regulate attention serve to attenuate awareness among complex animals whose central and peripheral nervous systems provide more information than cognitive areas of the brain can assimilate. Within an attenuated system of awareness, a mind might be aware of much more than is being contemplated in a focused extended consciousness. Basic awareness Basic awareness of one's internal and external world depends on the brain stem. Bjorn Merker,[17] an independent neuroscientist in Stockholm, Sweden, argues that the brain stem supports an elementary form of conscious thought in infants with hydranencephaly. "Higher" forms of awareness including self-awareness require cortical contributions, but "primary consciousness" or "basic awareness" as an ability to integrate sensations from the environment with one's immediate goals and feelings in order to guide behavior, springs from the brain stem which human beings share with most of the vertebrates. Psychologist Carroll Izard emphasizes that this form of primary consciousness consists of the capacity to generate emotions and awareness of one's surroundings, but not an ability to talk about what one has experienced. In the same way, people can become conscious of a feeling that they cannot label or describe, a phenomenon that is especially common in pre-verbal infants. Due to this discovery medical definitions of brain death as a lack of cortical activity face a serious challenge.[18] Basic interests Throughout the brain stem, there are interconnected regions that regulate eye movement that are also involved in organizing information about what to do next, such as reaching for a piece of food or pursuing a potential mate.[18] Changes in awareness The ability to consciously detect an image when presented at near-threshold stimulus varies across presentations. One factor is "baseline shifts" due to top down attention that modulates ongoing brain activity in sensory cortex areas that affects the neural processing of subsequent perceptual judgments.[19] Such top down biasing can occur through two distinct processes: an attention driven baseline shift in the alpha waves, and a decision bias reflected in gamma waves.[20] Living systems view Outside of neuroscience biologists, Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela contributed their Santiago theory of cognition in which they wrote:[21] Living systems are cognitive systems, and living as a process is a process of cognition. This statement is valid for all organisms, with or without a nervous system. This theory contributes a perspective that cognition is a process present at organic levels that we do not usually consider to be aware. Given the possible relationship between awareness and cognition, and consciousness, this theory contributes an interesting perspective in the philosophical and scientific dialogue of awareness and living systems theory.[22] Communications and information systems In cooperative settings, awareness is a term used to denote "knowledge created through the interaction of an agent and its environment — in simple terms 'knowing what is going on'".[23] In this setting, awareness is meant to convey how individuals monitor and perceive the information surrounding their colleagues and the environment they are in. This information is incredibly useful and critical to the performance and success of collaborations.[24][25] Awareness can be further defined by breaking it down into a set of characteristics:[26] It is knowledge about the state of some environment Environments are continually changing, therefore awareness knowledge must be constantly maintained Individuals interact with the environment, and maintenance of awareness is accomplished through this interaction. It is generally part of some other activity – generally making it a secondary goal to the primary goal of the activity. Different categories of awareness have been suggested based on the type of information being obtained or maintained:[27] Informal awareness is the sense of who's around and what are they up to. E.g. Information you might know from being collocated with an individual Social awareness is the information you maintain about a social or conversational context. This is a subtle awareness maintained through non-verbal cues, such as eye contact, facial express, etc. Group-structural awareness is the knowledge of others roles, responsibilities, status in a group. It is an understanding of group dynamics and the relationship another individual has to the group. Workspace awareness – this is a focus on the workspace's influence and mediation of awareness information, particularly the location, activity, and changes of elements within the workspace. These categories are not mutually exclusive, as there can be significant overlap in what a particular type of awareness might be considered. Rather, these categories serve to help understand what knowledge might be conveyed by a particular type of awareness or how that knowledge might be conveyed. Workspace awareness is of particular interest to the CSCW community, due to the transition of workspaces from physical to virtual environments. While the type of awareness above refers to knowledge a person might need in a particular situation, context awareness and location awareness refer to information a computer system might need in a particular situation. These concepts of large importance especially for AAA (authentication, authorization, accounting) applications. The term of location awareness still is gaining momentum with the growth of ubiquitous computing. First defined by networked work positions (network location awareness), it has been extended to mobile phones and other mobile communicable entities. The term covers a common interest in whereabouts of remote entities, especially individuals and their cohesion in operation. The term of context awareness is a superset including the concept of location awareness. It extends the awareness to context features of an operational target as well as to the context of an operational area. Covert awareness See also: Blindsight Covert awareness is the knowledge of something without knowing it. The word covert means not openly shown, engaged in.[28] Some patients with specific brain damage are for example unable to tell if a pencil is horizontal or vertical.[29] Patients who are clinically in a vegetative state (show no awareness of their surroundings) are found to have no awareness but they are able to sometimes detect covert awareness with neuro imaging (fMRI). The presence of awareness is clinically measured by the ability to follow commands -either verbally, or behaviorally. Awareness was detected by asking participants to imagine hitting a tennis ball and to imagine walking from room to room in their house while in the scanner. Using this technique, a patient who fulfilled all of the clinical criteria for the vegetative state was shown to be covertly aware and able to willfully respond to commands by looking at their brain activity. [30] Awareness Versus Attention Some scientists have proposed that awareness is closely related and in some ways synonymous with attention[31][32] while others have argued that they are different.[33] There is evidence to demonstrate that awareness and attention have distinct neural correlates, though the majority of research analyses the attention, awareness, and perception of only visual stimuli.[34] See also Awareness ribbon Choiceless awareness Consciousness raising Ethics Indefinite monism List of awareness ribbons Mental Health Awareness Month Mental Illness Awareness Week Philosophy of mind Presence of mind Public awareness of climate change Public awareness of science Suicide awareness Values References "Self-Consciousness". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2020. Chalmers, David (1997). The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 225. ISBN 978-0195105537. Hussain, Amir; Aleksander, Igor; Smith, Leslie; Barros, Allan; Chrisley, Ron; Cutsuridis, Vassilis (2009). Brain Inspired Cognitive Systems 2008. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 298. ISBN 9780387790992. Locke, Don (2002). Perception: And Our Knowledge of the External World, Volume 3. London: Psychology Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0415295628. Kokoszka, Andrzej (2007). States of Consciousness: Models for Psychology and Psychotherapy. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 4. ISBN 9780387327570. P.A. Guertin (2019). "A novel concept introducing the idea of continuously changing levels of consciousness". Journal of Consciousness Exploration & Research. 10 (6): 406–412. Markopoulos, Panos; de Ruyter, Boris; Mackay, Wendy E. (2005-04-02). "Awareness systems". CHI '05 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM: 2128–2129. doi:10.1145/1056808.1057121. ISBN 1595930027. S2CID 39927494. Liechti, O., & Sumi, Y. (2002). Editorial: Awareness and the WWW. Inter-national Journal of Human Computer Studies, 56(1), 1–5 Jones, Peter Ward (2001). Oxford University Press. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20622. "4". "Definition of SELF-AWARENESS". www.merriam-webster.com. Gandhi, Kishor (1986). The Evolution of Consciousness. Saint Paul, MN: Paragon House. p. 258. Grice, Keiron Le (2011-06-09). The Archetypal Cosmos. Floris Books. ISBN 9780863158506. Smith, Ward (2011). Who Me?. Xlibris Corporation. p. 94. ISBN 9781462850389. Self-awareness: its nature and development. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 1998. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-1-57230-317-1. Amadei, Gherardo; Bianchi, Ilaria (212). Living Systems, Evolving Consciousness, and the Emerging Person: A Selection of Papers from the Life Work of Louis Sander. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 162. ISBN 9780881634648. "Consciousness in the Raw". Science News Online. September 2007. Consciousness : a survey of scientists' bold attempts to demystify the mind. Quill, Elizabeth,, Society for Science & the Public (First ed.). New York, NY. 2016-06-28. ISBN 978-1-62681-843-9. OCLC 954339941. Sylvester CM, Shulman GL, Jack AI, Corbetta M (December 2007). "Asymmetry of anticipatory activity in visual cortex predicts the locus of attention and perception". J. Neurosci. 27 (52): 14424–33. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3759-07.2007. PMC 6673462. PMID 18160650. Wyart, V.; Tallon-Baudry, C. (July 2009). "How Ongoing Fluctuations in Human Visual Cortex Predict Perceptual Awareness: Baseline Shift versus Decision Bias". Journal of Neuroscience. 29 (27): 8715–8725. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0962-09.2009. PMC 6664890. PMID 19587278. Capra, Fritjof (1996). The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. Garden City, N.Y: Anchor Books. ISBN 978-0-385-47676-8. Ford, Donald H. (2019-03-04). "Humans as Self-Constructing Living Systems". doi:10.4324/9780429025235. Gutwin, Carl; Greenberg, Saul (September 2002). "A Descriptive Framework of Workspace Awareness for Real-Time Groupware". Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW). 11 (3–4): 411–446. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.330.8099. doi:10.1023/A:1021271517844. S2CID 8823328. Dourish, Paul; Bellotti, Victoria (1992). Awareness and Coordination in Shared Workspaces. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. pp. 107–114. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.575.8202. doi:10.1145/143457.143468. ISBN 978-0897915427. S2CID 1359859. Schmidt, Kjeld (2002). "The problem with 'awareness': Introductory remarks on 'awareness in CSCW'". Computer Supported Cooperative Work. 11 (3–4): 285–298. doi:10.1023/A:1021272909573. S2CID 11873660. Gutwin, Carl; Greedberg, Saul (1999). A framework of awareness for small groups in sharedworkspace groupware (Technical Report 99-1 ed.). University of Saskatchewan, Canada: Department of Computer Science. Greenberg, Saul; Gutwin, Carl; Cockburn, Andy (1996). "Awareness Through Fisheye Views in Relaxed-WYSIWIS Groupware". Proceedings of the Conference on Graphics Interface '96: 28–38. "Definition of COVERT". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2023-03-13. Boly, Melanie; Laureys, Steven (2018-05-01). "Functional 'unlocking': bedside detection of covert awareness after severe brain damage". Brain. 141 (5): 1239–1241. doi:10.1093/brain/awy080. ISSN 0006-8950. PMID 29701789. Fernández-Espejo, Davinia; Norton, Loretta; Owen, Adrian M. (2014-04-14). Zhang, Nanyin (ed.). "The Clinical Utility of fMRI for Identifying Covert Awareness in the Vegetative State: A Comparison of Sensitivity between 3T and 1.5T". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e95082. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995082F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095082. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3986373. PMID 24733575. Posner M (1994) Attention: the mechanisms of consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7398–7403. O'Regan JK, Noe A (2001) A sensorimotor account of vision and visual consciousness. Behav Brain Sci 24:939–973. Lamme, Victor A.F. (January 2003). "Why visual attention and awareness are different". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7 (1): 12–18. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(02)00013-x. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 12517353. S2CID 16594697. Wyart V, Tallon-Baudry C (2008) Neural dissociation between visual awareness and spatial attention. J Neurosci 28:2667–2679. External links Look up awareness in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to Awareness. Media related to Awareness at Wikimedia Commons LaBar KS, Disterhoft JF (1998). "Conditioning, awareness, and the hippocampus". Hippocampus. 8 (6): 620–6. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1998)8:6<620::aid-hipo4>3.0.CO;2-6. PMID 9882019. S2CID 11974202. Cornell University: Recent findings in the awareness of brain damaged people. vte Mental processes vte Consciousness Categories: CognitionConsciousnessSystems psychologyUnsolved problems in neuroscienceMindfulness (psychology)Concepts in epistemology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness Awareness ribbons are symbols meant to show support or raise consciousness for a cause. Different colors and patterns are associated with different issues. Yellow ribbons, in the United States, are used to show that a close family member is abroad in military service. In Russia, Belarus and other countries of the former Soviet Union, gold and black striped ribbons are used to celebrate the Allies' victory in World War II (9 May). In Spain since 2017, a yellow ribbon is a symbol of solidarity with the 2017–18 Spanish constitutional crisis in provisional detention. Of the uses of ribbons to draw awareness to health issues, perhaps the best-known is the pink ribbon for support of those with breast cancer. Other health and social concerns which have adopted colored ribbons include Alzheimer's disease and pancreatic cancer (purple), HIV/AIDS (red), mental health and mental illness (green), suicide prevention (yellow), and brain disorder or disability (silver). Political use of ribbons include orange ribbons to commemorate the Orange Revolution in Ukraine. Other ornaments, including flowers (of specific kinds), bracelets, and badges may serve essentially the same purpose of drawing attention to a cause. These include poppies, rosettes and wristbands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness_ribbon The Awareness Foundation, formerly the Trinity Foundation for Christianity and Culture, is a Christian charity that was established in England in 2003 for the purpose of peace-building between the Middle East and West.[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness_Foundation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N/A https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_call_recording_laws https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrequited_love https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notice https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_alienation#Activism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Information_Awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omniscience https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading#Phonemic_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe_Awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_computing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Awareness_Office https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_memory_algorithm https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_contextual_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_language_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_neural_network https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiceless_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintext-aware_encryption https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster-aware_application https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shared_Awareness_and_Deconfliction https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_test https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_consciousness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucid_dream https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience#AWARE_study https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconsciousness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistic_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe_Aware https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_VR_but_the_AI_Is_Self-Aware https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_dissemination_of_information https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthesia_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aware_(disambiguation) Shingled magnetic recording (SMR) is a magnetic storage data recording technology used in hard disk drives (HDDs) to increase storage density and overall per-drive storage capacity.[1] Conventional hard disk drives record data by writing non-overlapping magnetic tracks parallel to each other (perpendicular magnetic recording, PMR), while shingled recording writes new tracks that overlap part of the previously written magnetic track, leaving the previous track narrower and allowing higher track density. Thus, the tracks partially overlap similar to roof shingles. This approach was selected because, if the writing head is made too narrow, it cannot provide the very high fields required in the recording layer of the disk.[2][3][4][5]: 7–9  The overlapping-tracks architecture complicates the writing process, since writing to one track also overwrites an adjacent track. If adjacent tracks contain valid data, they must be rewritten as well. As a result, SMR drives are divided into many append-only (sequential) zones of overlapping tracks that need to be rewritten entirely when full, resembling flash blocks in solid-state drives. Device-managed SMR devices hide this complexity by managing it in the firmware, presenting an interface like any other hard disk. Other SMR devices are host-managed and depend on the operating system to know how to handle the drive, and only write sequentially to certain regions of the drive.[5]: 11 ff. [6] While SMR drives can use DRAM, flash memory, and even a portion of their own platter reserved for use with PMR instead of SMR,[7] as a cache to improve writing performance, continuous writing of large amount of data is noticeably slower than with PMR drives.[8][9][10] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shingled_magnetic_recording https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-day_(computing) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailymotion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_domain_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_illusion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_consciousness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-aware_pervasive_systems https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predicament https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(mythology) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_May_12th_Awareness_Day https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_plane_crash https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_automation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_wall https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_(franchise) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phishing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precognition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-referential_humor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misattribution_of_arousal https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geo-fence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy#Focal_aware_seizures https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_messaging https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Consciousness_Project https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Need-blind_admission#U.S._institutions_that_are_need-aware_and_do_not_guarantee_meeting_full_demonstrated_need https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergo_Proxy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethal_injection https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System_Security_Extensions https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness_contexts https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_Knot https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuzzing#Aware_of_input_structure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinx#Public_awareness_and_use https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourette_syndrome https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_Practice#Deployment https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachelbel%27s_Canon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_cache https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-consciousness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_seizure https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_letter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objective_self-awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness_contexts https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacognition https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_Tom https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_domain_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-uniform_memory_access https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_aggregator https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondualism#Nondual_awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepfamily https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Book_Day https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria,_Duchess_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-eye_hallucination https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_factory_pattern https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Hand_Husband https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexibility_(anatomy) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltschmerz https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choice https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticated_encryption https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printer_driver https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyslexia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_service https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-reference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Square_(painting) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_stairs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_village https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_(situational_awareness_system) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortal_sin https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_of_the_Hole https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_server https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_Awareness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Thought https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Am_Number_Four https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectivism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_(demons) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_(narrative) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_in_rail_transport https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_code_completion https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code_770 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_aware_long_short-term_memory https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inch https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_mind https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromigration https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everywhere_at_the_End_of_Time https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_City_(TV_series) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodservice https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Power_(New_Zealand_gang) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_of_Providence https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amen_break https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth-generation_fighter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_studies https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_mechanism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_awakening https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_tunnel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Midnight https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyometra https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience_of_free_will https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Piper https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_universe_of_Harry_Potter https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctrine_of_lapse https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervigilance https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consideration_set https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector_Gadget https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_crisis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignorantia_juris_non_excusat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento_mori https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_trip https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADM-160_MALD https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clouding_of_consciousness https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woke_(disambiguation)

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    05-16-2023-2259 - knowledge arena, etc. (draft)

    A knowledge arena is a virtual space where individuals can manipulate concepts and relationships to form a concept map. Individuals using a computer with appropriate software can represent concepts and the relationships between concepts in a node-relationship-node formalism. The process of thinking about the concepts and making associations between them has been called "off-loading" by Ray McAleese.[1] The concept map is a form of a semantic network or semantic graph. It is formally based on graph theory. In the concept map, concepts are represented by nodes. The relationship between nodes are represented by typed links (edges). In creating a map or graphic representation of what is known an individual intentionally interacts with the graphical interface or map and through a reflective process adds nodes (concepts) and/or adds relationships (edges or typed links) or modifies existing node-relationship-node instances. It is likely that the process of engaging with concepts and relationships between concepts brings about the creation of understandings as well as making the understandings explicit. Many different claims have been made for the utility of the concept map. The interactive and reflective nature of map creation is highlighted by the use of the description knowledge arena. Although maps may represent what an individual knows at a point in time; it is likely that by interacting with the concepts and relationships in the knowledge arena individual continues to create and modify what that individual knows. See also Knowledge base Knowledge management Knowledge representation and reasoning Notes and references McAleese, Ray (1988). "The knowledge arena as an extension to the concept map: reflection in action". Interactive Learning Environments. 6 (3): 251–272. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.43.2582. doi:10.1076/ilee.6.3.251.3602. See also: McAleese, Ray (2000). "Skill acquisition: the curious case of information searching". Interactive Learning Environments. 8 (1): 23–49. doi:10.1076/1049-4820(200004)8:1;1-G;FT023. S2CID 6490674. Category: Conceptual modelling https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_arena ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound-term_processing https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentalism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_page_895 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underfunded https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_rigor https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factomania https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funkspiel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reason_maintenance https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlimit_Health https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_of_Africa_Co-ordinating_Committee https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Intelligence_System https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_privilege https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_chess 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    05-16-2023-2248 - joke (draft)

    christianical chemicuticals a diminuatized version of the catherdral (joke) draft
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