09-05-2021-0056 - 2430/1-2,3
Sunday, September 5, 2021
09-05-2021-0055 - Permafrost
Permafrost is ground that continuously remains below 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years, located on land or under the ocean. Permafrost does not have to be the first layer that is on the ground. It can be from an inch to several miles deep under the Earth's surface. Some of the most common permafrost locations are in the Northern Hemisphere. Around 15% of the Northern Hemisphere or 11% of the global surface is underlain by permafrost,[1] including substantial areas of Alaska, Greenland, Canadaand Siberia. It can also be located on mountaintops in the Southern Hemisphere and beneath ice-free areas in the Antarctic. Permafrost frequently occurs in ground ice, but it can also be present in non-porous bedrock. Permafrost is formed from ice holding various types of soil, sand, and rock in combination.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost
09-05-2021-0047 - Anthrax
Anthrax is an infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.[2] It can occur in four forms: skin, lungs, intestinal and injection.[9] Symptom onset occurs between one day to over two months after the infection is contracted.[1]The skin form presents with a small blister with surrounding swelling that often turns into a painless ulcer with a black center.[1] The inhalation form presents with fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath.[1] The intestinal form presents with diarrhea which may contain blood, abdominal pains, nausea, and vomiting.[1] The injection form presents with fever and an abscess at the site of drug injection.[1]
| Anthrax | |
|---|---|
 | |
| A skin lesion with black eschar characteristic of anthrax |
Anthrax posed a major economic challenge in France and elsewhere during the 19th century. Horses, cattle, and sheep were particularly vulnerable, and national funds were set aside to investigate the production of a vaccine. French scientist Louis Pasteur was charged with the production of a vaccine, following his successful work in developing methods that helped to protect the important wine and silk industries.[70]
In May 1881, Pasteur – in collaboration with his assistants Jean-Joseph Henri Toussaint, Émile Roux and others – performed a public experiment at Pouilly-le-Fort to demonstrate his concept of vaccination. He prepared two groups of 25 sheep, one goat, and several cattle. The animals of one group were injected with an anthrax vaccine prepared by Pasteur twice, at an interval of 15 days; the control group was left unvaccinated. Thirty days after the first injection, both groups were injected with a culture of live anthrax bacteria. All the animals in the unvaccinated group died, while all of the animals in the vaccinated group survived.[71]
Anthrax spores can survive for very long periods of time in the environment after release. Chemical methods for cleaning anthrax-contaminated sites or materials may use oxidizing agents such as peroxides, ethylene oxide, Sandia Foam,[79] chlorine dioxide (used in the Hart Senate Office Building),[80] peracetic acid, ozone gas, hypochlorous acid, sodium persulfate, and liquid bleach products containing sodium hypochlorite. Nonoxidizing agents shown to be effective for anthrax decontamination include methyl bromide, formaldehyde, and metam sodium. These agents destroy bacterial spores. All of the aforementioned anthrax decontamination technologies have been demonstrated to be effective in laboratory tests conducted by the US EPA or others.[81] (Also Catalysts, Gas Metal; etc.)
To speed the process, trace amounts of a nontoxic catalyst composed of iron and tetroamido macrocyclic ligands are combined with sodium carbonate and bicarbonate and converted into a spray. The spray formula is applied to an infested area and is followed by another spray containing tert-butyl hydroperoxide.[85]
Some wildlife workers have experimented with covering fresh anthrax carcasses with shadecloth and heavy objects. This prevents some scavengers from opening the carcasses, thus allowing the putrefactive bacteria within the carcass to kill the vegetative B. anthracis cells and preventing sporulation.
Sverdlovsk incident (2 April 1979)[edit]
Despite signing the 1972 agreement to end bioweapon production, the government of the Soviet Union had an active bioweapons program that included the production of hundreds of tons of anthrax after this period. On 2 April 1979, some of the over one million people living in Sverdlovsk (now called Ekaterinburg, Russia), about 1,370 kilometres (850 mi) east of Moscow, were exposed to an accidental release of anthrax from a biological weapons complex located near there. At least 94 people were infected, of whom at least 68 died. One victim died four days after the release, 10 over an eight-day period at the peak of the deaths, and the last six weeks later. Extensive cleanup, vaccinations, and medical interventions managed to save about 30 of the victims.[96] Extensive cover-ups and destruction of records by the KGB continued from 1979 until Russian President Boris Yeltsin admitted this anthrax accident in 1992. Jeanne Guillemin reported in 1999 that a combined Russian and United States team investigated the accident in 1992.[96][97][98]
In response to the postal anthrax attacks and hoaxes, the United States Postal Service sterilized some mail using gamma irradiation and treatment with a proprietary enzyme formula supplied by Sipco Industries.[108]
A scientific experiment performed by a high school student, later published in the Journal of Medical Toxicology, suggested a domestic electric iron at its hottest setting (at least 400 °F (204 °C)) used for at least 5 minutes should destroy all anthrax spores in a common postal envelope.[109]
Popular culture
In Aldous Huxley's 1932 dystopian novel Brave New World, anthrax bombs are mentioned as the primary weapon by means of which original modern society is terrorized and in large part eradicated, to be replaced by a dystopian society.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthrax
09-05-2021-0045 - Tularemia
Tularemia, also known as rabbit fever, is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.[4] Symptoms may include fever, skin ulcers, and enlarged lymph nodes.[3] Occasionally, a form that results in pneumonia or a throat infection may occur.[3]
The bacterium is typically spread by ticks, deer flies, or contact with infected animals.[4] It may also be spread by drinking contaminated water or breathing in contaminated dust.[4] It does not spread directly between people.[8]Diagnosis is by blood tests or cultures of the infected site.[5][9]
Prevention is by using insect repellent, wearing long pants, rapidly removing ticks, and not disturbing dead animals.[6] Treatment is typically with the antibiotic streptomycin.[9] Gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin may also be used.[5]
Between the 1970s and 2015, around 200 cases were reported in the United States a year.[7] Males are affected more often than females.[7] It occurs most frequently in the young and the middle aged.[7] In the United States, most cases occur in the summer.[7] The disease is named after Tulare County, California, where the disease was discovered in 1911.[10] A number of other animals, such as rabbits, may also be infected.[4]
| Tularemia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Tularaemia, Pahvant Valley plague,[1]rabbit fever,[1] deer fly fever, Ohara's fever[2] |
 | |
| A tularemia lesion on the back of the right hand | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Fever, skin ulcer, large lymph nodes[3] |
| Causes | Francisella tularensis (spread by ticks, deer flies, contact with infected animals)[4] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood tests, microbial culture[5] |
| Prevention | Insect repellent, wearing long pants, rapidly removing ticks, not disturbing dead animals[6] |
| Medication | Streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin[5] |
| Prognosis | Generally good with treatment[4] |
| Frequency | ~200 cases per year (US)[7] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tularemia
09-05-2021-0043 - Theileriidae Piroplasmida SAR TSAR diaphoretickes eukaryota piroplasmida aconoidasida apicomplexa malaria parasite arthropod
Theileriidae is a family of parasites in the order Piroplasmida.[2] It includes the genus Theileria.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theileriidae
09-05-2021-0038 - Voromonas is a genus of predatory alveolates alveolate respiratory 2000 colpodella pontica pod smith carnivorous animals animal mona amoeba protazoa plasmid plasmodium protist trichomona
Voromonas is a genus of predatory alveolates. The genus and species were described by Mylnikov in 2000.[1] It was originally described as Colpodella pontica but was later renamed by Cavalier-Smith and Chao in 2004.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voromonas
The alveolates (meaning "with cavities")[2] are a group of protists, considered a major clade[3] and superphylum[4] within Eukarya, and are also called Alveolata.[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolate
A protist (/ˈproʊtɪst/) is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cellscontain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor),[2] the exclusion of other eukaryotes means that protists do not form a natural group, or clade.[a] Therefore, some protists may be more closely related to animals, plants, or fungi than they are to other protists; however, like algae, invertebrates, or protozoans, the grouping is used for convenience. The study of protists is termed protistology.[3]
The classification of a kingdom separate from animals and plants was first proposed by John Hogg in 1860 as the kingdom Protoctista; in 1866 Ernst Haeckel also proposed a third kingdom Protista as "the kingdom of primitive forms".[4] Originally these also included prokaryotes, but with time these would be removed to a fourth kingdom Monera.[b] In the popular five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittakerin 1969, Protista was defined as eukaryotic "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues", and the fifth kingdom Fungi was established.[5][6][c] In the five-kingdom system of Lynn Margulis, the term protist is reserved for microscopic organisms, while the more inclusive kingdom Protoctista (or protoctists) included certain large multicellular eukaryotes, such as kelp, red algaeand slime molds.[9] Others use the term protist interchangeably with Margulis's protoctist, to encompass both single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes, including those that form specialized tissues but do not fit into any of the other traditional kingdoms.[10]
Besides their relatively simple levels of organization, protists do not necessarily have much in common.[11] When used, the term "protists" is now considered to mean a paraphyletic assemblage of similar-appearing but diverse taxa (biological groups); these taxa do not have an exclusive common ancestor beyond being composed of eukaryotes, and have different life cycles, trophic levels, modes of locomotion and cellular structures.[12][13] Examples of protists include:[14] amoebas (including nucleariids and Foraminifera); choanaflagellates; ciliates; diatoms; dinoflagellates; Giardia; Plasmodium (which causes malaria); oomycetes (including Phytophthora, the proximate cause of the Great Famine of Ireland); and slime molds. These examples are unicellular, although oomycetes can form filaments, and slime molds can aggregate.
In cladistic systems (classifications based on common ancestry), there are no equivalents to the taxa Protista or Protoctista, as both terms refer to a paraphyletic group that spans the entire eukaryotic tree of life. In cladistic classification, the contents of Protista are mostly distributed among various supergroups: examples include the SAR supergroup (of stramenopiles or heterokonts, alveolates, and Rhizaria); Archaeplastida (or Plantae sensu lato); Excavata (which is mostly unicellular flagellates); and Opisthokonta (which commonly includes unicellular flagellates, but also animals and fungi). "Protista", "Protoctista", and "Protozoa" are therefore considered obsolete. However, the term "protist" continues to be used informally as a catch-all term for eukayotic organisms that are not within other traditional kingdoms. For example, the word "protist pathogen" may be used to denote any disease-causing organism that is not plant, animal, fungal, prokaryotic, viral, or subviral.[15]
| Protist Temporal range: Paleoproterozoic[a] – Present | |
|---|---|
 | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Groups included | |
Supergroups[1] and typical phyla
Many others; | |
| Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa | |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protist
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