02-06-2023-1836 - A. Momose, in Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference, 2012

 



https://www.fi.edu/case-files/coolidge-cathode-rays


https://www.nature.com/articles/nsb1001-831


Polymer Characterization

A. Momose, in Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference, 2012
2.22.3 Micro X-Ray CT with Microfocus X-Ray Generator

In general, an X-ray generator consists of a metal target (anode), an electron gun (cathode), a vacuum chamber with an X-ray window, and a power supply/controller. X-rays are generated by the electrons accelerated from the cathode and impinging on the target. The X-ray source size is almost the same as that of the electron beam.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/x-ray-generator



The grid is a radiotransparent plate composed of a radiopaque material aligned perpendicular to the beam such that only those X-rays traveling in the intended direction can reach the image intensifier, thus minimizing ‘Compton-scatter fog’ by only allowing those X-rays with the intended angle of incidence or very close to the intended beam angle of incidence to strike the image intensifier. However, it also prevents some useful photons from contributing to the image. For this reason, while a grid reduces Compton scatter it also necessitates a higher mA setting, thereby increasing the exposure to the subject.1

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/x-ray-generator

LEAD | Properties and Determination


A.R. Flegal, G.M. Scelfo, in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003
X-ray Fluorescence

A rapidly evolving methodology for measuring lead concentrations in situ is with X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Sufficient incident radiation from an X-ray generator or a radioactive source is provided to excite an inner shell electron, with the resultant emission of a fluorescent X-ray. The emitted energy is characteristic of the element that absorbed the original X-ray, and the amount of energy released is proportional to the mass of element present.

Two types of XRF are applicable for noninvasive analyses of lead concentrations. L-line techniques require 10.5 keV to remove an L-shell electron, and K-line techniques require 88 keV to remove a K-shell electron. These XRF techniques are most appropriate for analyses of bone lead concentrations of individuals. This is significant because bone is the major reservoir of lead in humans and accounts for > 90% of their total lead content.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/x-ray-generator



The stage related to the particle acceleration in low pressure CS process is considered to consist of three subsequent processes:•

gas and powder mixing;•

acceleration of the particles within the divergent section of the spray nozzle;•

particle movement within the free jet area (before and after contact with the substrate).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/particle-acceleration