Bad faith (Latin: mala fides) is a sustained form of deception which consists of entertaining or pretending to entertain one set of feelings while acting as if influenced by another.[1] It is associated with hypocrisy, breach of contract, affectation, and lip service.[2] It may involve intentional deceit of others, or self-deception.
Some examples of bad faith include: soldiers waving a white flag and then firing when their enemy approaches to take prisoners (cf. perfidy); a company representative who negotiates with union workers while having no intent of compromising;[3] a prosecutor who argues a legal position that he knows to be false;[4] and an insurer who uses language and reasoning which are deliberately misleading in order to deny a claim.
In philosophy, after Jean-Paul Sartre's analysis of the concepts of self-deception and bad faith, the latter concept has been examined in specialized fields as it pertains to self-deception as two semi-independently acting minds within one mind, with one deceiving the other. Bad faith may be viewed in some cases to not involve deception, as in some kinds of hypochondria with actual physical manifestations. There is a question about the truth or falsity of statements made in bad faith self-deception; for example, if a hypochondriac makes a complaint about their psychosomatic condition, is it true or false?[5]
Bad faith has been used as a term of art in diverse areas involving feminism,[6] racial supremacism,[7] political negotiation,[8] insurance claims processing, intentionality,[9] ethics,[10] existentialism, climate change denial,[11] and the law.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_faith
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supremacism#Racial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_belief
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_virtue
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_epistemology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_ethics
Situational ethics or situation ethics takes into account only the particular context of an act when evaluating it ethically, rather than judging it only according to absolute moral standards. With the intent to have a fair basis for judgments or action, one looks to personal ideals of what is appropriate to guide them, rather than an unchanging universal code of conduct, such as Biblical law under divine command theory or the Kantian categorical imperative.[1] Proponents of situational approaches to ethics include existentialist philosophers Sartre, de Beauvoir, Merleau-Ponty, Jaspers, and Heidegger.[2]
Ethical classification and origin of term
Situational ethics is a form of consequentialism (though distinct from utilitarianism in that the latter's aim is "the greatest good for the greatest number") that focuses on creating the greatest amount of love. Situational ethics can also be classed under the ethical theory genre of "proportionalism" which says that "It is never right to go against a principle unless there is a proportionate reason which would justify it."[6] J. A. T. Robinson, a situational ethicist, considered the approach to be a form of ethical relativism.[citation needed]
There was an active debate in the mid-twentieth century around situational ethics, which was being promoted by a number of primarily Protestant theologians. The English term "situation ethics" was taken from the German Situationsethik. It is unclear who first coined the term either in German or in its English variant.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situational_ethics
In addition, virtue epistemology, similar to virtue ethics, is based on the intellectual qualities in relation to the individual as opposed to the quality of the belief; virtue epistemology is person-based, rather than belief-based. Consequently, virtue epistemology can also stress "epistemic responsibility", that is, an individual is held responsible for the virtue of their knowledge-gathering faculties.
For example, Massimo Pigliucci applies virtue epistemology to critical thinking and suggests the virtuous individual will consider the following:
- Non-dismissive consideration of arguments
- Charitable interpretation of opposing arguments
- Awareness of one's own presuppositions and potential for being mistaken
- Consultation of expert knowledge
- Reliability of source material
- Knowledge of what one is talking about rather than merely repeating others' opinions.[6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_epistemology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_knowledge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definitions_of_knowledge#Justified_true_belief
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundness
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denying_the_antecedent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validity_(statistics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrazverstka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_forfeiture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_anarchism#I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Punishments
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Exile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deportation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Compulsory_sterilization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_removed_from_office
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_stripped_of_awards
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sentencing_(law)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_rejection
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Lists_of_Internet_suspensions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Imprisonment_and_detention
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Punishments
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrkoplikt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrkoplikt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_ban
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_detention
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_(law)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_money_(restitution)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_camp_(correctional)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amercement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_punishment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuisance_fee
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castigation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_castration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_death
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comminatory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condemnation_to_the_mines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postenpflicht
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittura_infamante
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day-fine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyphonism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victim_surcharge
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(punishment)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_sentence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_cell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalping
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctions_(law)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_a_rail
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbons_of_shame
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduction_in_rank
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspended_sentence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gating_(punishment)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_tagging
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(sentence)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumming_out
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Punishments
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9gradation_nationale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disfranchisement#Based_on_criminal_conviction
An outlaw, in its original and legal meaning, is a person declared as outside the protection of the law. In pre-modern societies, all legal protection was withdrawn from the criminal, so that anyone was legally empowered to persecute or kill them. Outlawry was thus one of the harshest penalties in the legal system. In early Germanic law, the death penalty is conspicuously absent, and outlawing is the most extreme punishment, presumably amounting to a death sentence in practice. The concept is known from Roman law, as the status of homo sacer, and persisted throughout the Middle Ages.
A secondary meaning of outlaw is a person who systematically avoids capture by evasion and violence to deter capture. These meanings are related and overlapping but not necessarily identical. A fugitive who is declared outside protection of law in one jurisdiction but who receives asylum and lives openly and obedient to local laws in another jurisdiction is an outlaw in the first meaning but not the second (example - William Bankes, detailed below). A fugitive who remains formally entitled to a form of trial if captured alive but avoids capture because of high risk of conviction and severe punishment if tried is an outlaw in the second sense but not first (example - Rozsa Sandor, tried and sentenced merely to a term of imprisonment when captured.).
In the common law of England, a "writ of outlawry" made the pronouncement Caput lupinum ("Let his be a wolf's head"), equating that person with a wolf in the eyes of the law. Not only was the subject deprived of all legal rights, being outside the "law", but others could kill him on sight as if he were a wolf or other wild animal.[citation needed] Women were declared "waived" rather than outlawed but it was effectively the same punishment.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaw
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compurgation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_combat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_combat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_conduct
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithless_servant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misconduct
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobility
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom#Villeins
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblesse_oblige
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armiger
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_combat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_fighting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_duello
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_of_Honor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfighter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_royal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deloping
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Dog%27s_Will
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_standoff
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(cinema)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch-22_(logic)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadlock
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladiator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mstislav_of_Chernigov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_nobility
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druzhina
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_elephant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogfight
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mard_o_mard
Hans Talhoffer in his 1459 Thott codex names seven offences that in the absence of witnesses were considered grave enough to warrant a judicial duel, viz. murder, treason, heresy, desertion of one's lord, "imprisonment" (possibly in the sense of abduction), perjury/fraud, and rape.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_combat
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosecutor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writ_of_right
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_le_Gris
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_(military)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_leave
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leave_(U.S._military)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold-weather_warfare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_warfare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_warfare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_warfare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional_warfare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiological_warfare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_operation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_war_(term)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_in_the_military
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objector
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unrestricted_Warfare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overmatch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_crimes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Committee_for_Human_Rights_in_Serbia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_crimes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_use_of_chemical_weapons_in_the_Rif_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztecs
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