Speech disorders or speech impairments are a type of communication disorder in which normal speech is disrupted.[1] This can mean fluency disorders like stuttering, cluttering or lisps. Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.[2] Speech skills are vital to social relationships and learning, and delays or disorders that relate to developing these skills can impact individuals function.[3] For many children and adolescents, this can present as issues with academics.[4] Speech disorders affect roughly 11.5% of the US population, and 5% of the primary school population.[5] Speech is a complex process that requires precise timing, nerve and muscle control, and as a result is susceptible to impairments. A person who has a stroke, an accident or birth defect may have speech and language problems.[6]
Types of disorder
- Apraxia of speech may result from stroke[8] or progressive illness, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word ("potato" may become "topato" and next "totapo"). Production of words becomes more difficult with effort, but common phrases may sometimes be spoken spontaneously without effort.
- Cluttering, a speech and fluency disorder characterized primarily by a rapid rate of speech, which makes speech difficult to understand.
- Developmental verbal dyspraxia also known as childhood apraxia of speech.
- Dysarthria is a weakness or paralysis of speech muscles caused by damage to the nerves or brain. Dysarthria is often caused by strokes, Parkinson's disease,[9] ALS, head or neck injuries, surgical accident, or cerebral palsy.
- Aphasia
- Dysprosody is an extremely rare neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadence, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the fundamental frequency, and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors.[10]
- Muteness is the complete inability to speak.
- Speech sound disorders involve difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/), and are subdivided into articulation disorders (also called phonetic disorders) and phonemic disorders. Articulation disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to produce sounds physically. Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.
- Stuttering (AKA “Dysphemia”) [11] affects approximately 1% of the adult population.[2]
- Voice disorders are impairments, often physical, that involve the function of the larynx or vocal resonance.
DSM-5
The DSM-5 diagnoses for communication disorders completely rework the ones stated above. The diagnoses are made more general in order to capture the various aspects of communications disorders in a way that emphasizes their childhood onset and differentiate these communications disorders from those associated with other disorders (e.g. autism spectrum disorders).[8]
- Language disorder – the important characteristics of a language disorder are difficulties in learning and using language, which is caused by problems with vocabulary, with grammar, and with putting sentences together in a proper manner. Problems can both be receptive (understanding language) and expressive (producing language).[9]
- Speech sound disorder – previously called phonological disorder, for those with problems with pronunciation and articulation of their native language.[9][10]
- Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering) - standard fluency and rhythm of speech is interrupted, often causing the repetition of whole words and syllables.[11] May also include the prolongation of words and syllables; pauses within a word; and/or the avoidance of pronouncing difficult words and replacing them with easier words that the individual is better able to pronounce.[12] This disorder causes many communication problems for the individual and may interfere with social communication and performance in work and/or school settings where communication is essential.[12]
- Social (pragmatic) communication disorder – this diagnosis described difficulties in the social uses of verbal and nonverbal communication in naturalistic contexts, which affects the development of social relationships and dialogue comprehension. The difference between this diagnosis and autism spectrum disorder is that in the latter there is also a restricted or repetitive pattern of behavior.[9]
- Unspecified communication disorder – for those who have symptoms of a communication disorder but who do not meet all criteria, and whose symptoms cause distress or impairment.[9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_disorder
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NOTE. EIGHTEEN HUNDREDS, SEVENTEEN, FIFTEEN, ONE THOUSAND, ZERO, NEGATIVE TEN THOUSAND, ETC.. (HUMAN DOMAIN AND SPEECH ; SONICS, PHOTONICS, PHONONICS, PRINCIPLE OF ENGINEERING AND DESIGN OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS HUMANS, COMMUNICATION, SELF DIAGNOSTICS, SUBORDINANCY, DEPRECANCY, DEATH, UNSELF-SUSTAINENANCY, ETC.) DRAFT
NOTE. LANGUAGE GENERATION PRINCIPLES. FOUNDATIONS OF MECHANICS, PHYSICS. MECHANICAL BRAIN SURGEONS MACRO/MICRO/LENS [YEARS OF OPERATION]. DIGITAL NANO SCALE BRAIN SURGEON DIFFERENT PROFILE, MAGNETIC TRACKS, SPECIAL ABILITY, ETC. [GENERAL MALFUNCTION CLAUSE]. SURGEON WEIGHT RELEVANCE VERSUS CIVILIAN DISORDER IDENTIFICATION IMPORTANCE [MORE IMPORTANT TO CONSIDER THE HIGHER RANKING COMPONENT, IN HUMAN RIGHTS OPERATIONS ; SURGEON CANNOT END UP PIECED INTO DISORDERED PATIENTS AS A HOSTAGE. DISORDERED AS A COVER FOR TRAFFICKING GROUPS IS IMPERMISSIBLE CONTROL, INCLUDING CRYOGENICS THE AGED OR A TWIN/SUPERIOR/CONSTRUCT-MATCH/HIGHER-EQ/ETC.. WORLD AND INTERNET, TELEGRAPH, REACTOR, POWER, TRAINS, MINES, SURGERY, BLACK BLUE IRIS, WHITE SKIN COLOR, BOMBER WOMEN, ETC..]. RISK OF CIVS WITH DISORDERS TO SURGEONS LONG TERM, RISK OF BTR TO HIGH RANKING SURGEONS (WHAT HAPPENED TO NIK), DANGER TO THE MAN (HUMANKIND CAUSE, AMERICAN PURPOSE FOUNDATIONS), ETC.. OVEREXPANSION OF MINORITY INTEGRATION FOR TORTURE PLEA, DOWN WITH THE CROWN OF BROWN/AMERICAN. MIXED RACING, AND MIXED LINGUAGATION. NO NOVEL LANGUAGE CREATION CESSATION BY DISORDRATION AND CLANDESTINE OPERATIONS IN BREAK ENTER ABDUCTION BRAIN TRANSPLANT CYCLES FOR DOMESTIC USA NAC DOM. CIVILIAN SECTIONATION FROM FEDERAL (IF THEY CAN THEY WILL ; IF SHE DID THEY DID ; ETC.). PERSISTENCY OF NO NOVEL LANGUAGE, DESPITE VARIOUS SCHEMES TO MODIFY OR ALTER HUMAN COURSE PROPER (W/O THEFT) ; UNIFAMILY ARGUMENT, GENERAL EXISTENCE, COMMON GROUNDS, ETC., REFINEMENT OF UNDERSTANDING, LEVYING THE PLATE, LEVELING THE PLANE. STOLEN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND COVERS, BRAIN LOCATION IDENTIFICATION MOTIVE, RETAINER FAILURES AND RISK TO SPECIAL SPECIES, PROCEDURES FOR RETAINER PRIVILEGE OF REMAINS WITHOUT RETURN. COMMUNICATION WITHOUT LANGUAGE SUPERCISSION OF WEIGHTS, IMPRESSION OF RISK TIME DELAY TO INCREASE LIKELIHOOD OF SUCCESSFUL VIOLENCE OR HUMAN FIRST CLAUSE. DRAFT
NOTE. ASSAULT SUSPECTATION TECHNOLOGY PHARMACY ADVANCEMENT WORLD (VIV XLIF OVERBESEIGE 1970 BTR DRUG LORD UNKNOWN MISSING ORIGINAL DESIGN FAMILY ; OVEREXHALTATION OF CIVILIANS/THEIR LEADERS) DRAFT
DRAFT
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