Cats, like all living organisms, occasionally have mutations that affect their body type. Sometimes, these mutations are striking enough that humans select for and perpetuate them. However, in relatively small or isolated feral cat populations the mutations can also spread without human intervention, for example on islands. Cat breeders exploit the naturally occurring mutations by selectively breeding them in a small gene pool, resulting in the creation of new cat breeds with unusual physical characteristics.[1] The term designer cats is often used to refer to these cat breeds.[1] This is not always in the best interests of the cat, as many of these mutations are harmful; some are even lethal in their homozygous form. To protect the animal’s welfare it is illegal in several countries or states to breed with parent cats that bear certain of these hypertype mutations.
This article gives a selection of cat body type mutant alleles and the associated mutations with a brief description. JbJapanese Bobtail gene (autosomal dominant). Cats homozygous and heterozygous for this gene display shortened and kinked tails. Cats homozygous for the gene tend to have shorter, more kinked tails.[2] This can be distinguished phenotypically from the Manx cat mutation by the presence of kinking in the tail, often forming what looks like a knot at the distal end of the tail. Unlike the Manx tailless gene, there are no associated skeletal disorders and the gene is not associated with lethality.[2]MManx tailless gene (dominant with high penetrance). Cats with the homozygous genotype (MM) die before birth, and stillborn kittens show gross abnormalities of the central nervous system.[3] Cats with the heterozygous genotype (Mm) show severely shortened tail length, ranging from taillessness to a partial, stumpy tail.[3] Some Manx cats die before 12 months old and exhibit skeletal and organ defects. Because it was discovered in naturally occurring populations of cats, the Manx gene could confer some kind of selective advantage to the cats, or it may simply be an example of the founder effect. The trait also occurred and died out in Cornwall (peninsular England),[citation needed] but persisted in the Isle of Man population where outbreeding was not frequent due to isolation.[3] Shortened tails, most of which are indistinguishable from the Japanese Bobtail or the variably expressed Manx mutation, may occur sporadically in any cat breed or mixed-breed population. However, some may be novel mutations that have not been investigated. There are multiple types of curly-tailed cats whose tails loop over the back or form tight corkscrews. One such mutation has been developed into the American Ringtail, but others have been regarded as curiosities and not perpetuated. The gene(s) responsible have not been fully investigated. However, a research study is under way at UC Davis under the guidance of Leslie A. Lyons, currently at the University of Missouri.[4][5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cat_body-type_mutations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founder_effectMkMunchkin or dwarf cat gene (dominant). Cats heterozygous for this gene (Mkmk) have shortened and thickened legs, because this gene causes dwarfism in cats. Cats with this mutation have lived naturally in feral populations worldwide. However, cats with this gene are also the basis for several intentionally selected breeds of dwarf cat. The Munchkin is the first created dwarf cat breed, which was used as a foundation stock for other “spin-off” breeds, such as the Minskin, Minuet or Napoleon,[1] Bambino,[1] Lambkin Dwarf,[1] Kinkalow,[1] Skookum,[1] Genetta, and Scottish Kilt. The homozygous form (MkMk) may be lethal as litter sizes are smaller than average. Unlike undersized cats of normal proportions (such as Toy and Teacup Persians),[6] dwarf cats suffer from a genetic mutation called pseudoachondroplasia (dwarfism without enlarged heads), a type of osteochondrodysplasia (bone and cartilage disorder). These genetic disorders of bone and cartilage are typically manifested as abnormal bone shape, poor growth or lack of growth, bowing of the limbs to the side – front legs are more likely to be affected, and spinal malformations. The disorder leaves the cat with a full-size body, but disproportionately short and thick legs. Dwarf cats often suffer from spinal disorders, such as lordosis (excessive curvature of the spine) and pectus excavatum (hollowed chest).[7] As with human dwarfism, there are still a lot of unknown mysteries in the science behind feline dwarfism. It is found that achondroplasia in humans is the result of the FGFR3 gene.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cat_body-type_mutations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectus_excavatum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_breeding
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygosity#Homozygous
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele
Paws
A female polydactl cat with opposable thumbs. ShSplit Foot gene (Syndactyly). A dominant gene that reduces the number of toes resulting in a "lobster-claw" appearance. This is considered an undesirable mutation.Polydactylythere are probably many genes, both dominant and recessive, that cause polydactyly in cats. Most cases of polydactyly in cats are perfectly harmless.PdThumb-cat polydactyly gene. The Pd gene (dominant with incomplete penetrance) causes the benign, pre-axial form of polydactyly where one or more extra toes occur near the dew claw. Often, the dew claw is converted into a thumb. There are occasional problems, such as fused claws or claws facing in the wrong direction, but, generally, this form of polydactyly is harmless. On the other hand, the "hamburger-feet" polydactyly gene is associated with the gene for radial hypoplasia (RH).[8] The European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals discourages deliberate breeding of these cats for two reasons, first that it falls under hypertyping (intentional breeding of extreme characteristics), and secondly that the position of the legs are abnormal.[9] In a scandal in the late 1990s, an experimental breeder in Texas tried to perpetuate this deformity as the "Twisty Cat" breed.[8] Mild RH can cause the post-axial form of polydactyly – enlarged paws, extra three-jointed toes on the outer, little-toe side of the paws, and no thumb.[8] X-rays can determine the structure of the extra toes and whether the cat has the gene for RH. Cats with the gene for RH should never be bred.[citation needed] Cats with severe RH have unusually short front legs.[8] They move like a ferret and they tend to sit like a squirrel or kangaroo and are colloquially known as squittens.[8] In some RH cats, the forelegs are twisted with the long bones either severely shortened or absent.[8] All polydactyl cats are banned from German cat shows, possibly because of confusion with the impairing form of polydactyly associated with RH.[citation needed] Polydactyl cats are relatively common in southwest Britain, Norway, Sweden, and the eastern coast of the United States and Canada, and some parts of Asia.[citation needed] Sailors thought they were lucky.[citation needed] Various folktales and dubious assumptions about polydactyl cats include that they are superior rodent hunters, that they have better balance on ships in stormy weather, that their paws are natural snowshoes, and that the opposable thumbs (in the thumb-cat form of polydactyly) give them a survival advantage.[citation needed] Ernest Hemingway collected polydactyl cats, and the descendants of his pets may still be found at the Ernest Hemingway House in Key West.[citation needed]
Ear types
American curl cat. 
Scottish Fold, a cat breed with naturally occurring folded ears CuAmerican Curl gene (dominant). Cats with this gene have ears that start out normal, but gradually curl backwards. So far, no major harmful defects have been associated with this gene, however, due to the more exposed inner ear regular cleaning is required to prevent infection. Curled ears have also been observed in free-roaming cats in the Greek islands and in a cat in Australia.Australian Curla curl-eared mutation occurred in a female stray cat in Australia, but was not inherited by her offspring. When the original cat became ill, necessitating spaying, it was impossible to test-mate her sons back to her to identify a possibly recessive curled-ear mutation.[citation needed]FdScottish Fold gene (dominant with incomplete penetrance). Cats with this gene have ears that curl forward. There are different degrees of folding, and more genes may be involved in the expression of the Fd gene. This gene is associated with bone and cartilage defects such as thickened tail and swollen feet. The homozygous form (FdFd) causes severe osteochondrodysplasia. Because of this, many breeders only breed folds to non-folds (straights) to avoid homozygous folds. However, heterozygous folds may also develop osteochondrodysplasia of lesser severity.Sumxu or Chinese Lop-Eared Catextinct Chinese Lop-eared cat breed reported between 1700 and 1938 around Peking, most descriptions are based on a specimen in a German museum. The mode of inheritance of its pendulous ears is not known (the name Sumxu results from mistranslations and actually refers to a variety of marten).Four earsa recessive mutation that produced four pinnae or ear flaps (the additional pinnae did not lead to additional ear canals and organs of hearing). In a group of four-eared cats studied in 1957, in addition to duplicated ears, the eyes were reduced in size, the jaw was slightly undershot and the cats were relatively inactive and lethargic. Researchers believed that the functioning of the brain was affected. Breeding data indicated it was most often lethal with kittens dying in utero. The majority of recently reported four-eared cats have been healthy with various ear configurations suggesting other genes were involved or developmental abnormalities rather than hereditary factors.[10]Rounded earsa rounded ears mutation occurred in a cat in Italy and is being assessed for breed potential. A similar mutation occurred among free-roaming cats in Texas, but died out. The ears have a rounded, rather than pointed, shape.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cat_body-type_mutationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alopecia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squittenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felinology https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Persianhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neva_Masqueradehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocicathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Coon https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymric_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterbaldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonkinese_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirk_Rexhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toygerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Shorthairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_Maneehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Mauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmillahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurilian_Bobtailhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lykoihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Shorthairhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Vanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Angorahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapura_cat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Shorthair https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojos_Azuleshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Rex
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_cat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Shorthair https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Blue https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korat https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Fold https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Bobtail https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon_Rex https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Spangled https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_Shorthair https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_Rex https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartreux https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Shorthair
American Curl
Origin United States
Breed standards
CFA standard
TICA standard
ACFA/CAA standards: Short Hair, Long Hair
Domestic cat (Felis catus)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Curl
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_cathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_cat
Landraces
Aegean
Cyprus
Domestic long-haired
Domestic short-haired
Kellas
Sokoke
Van
Diseases and
disorders
Acne
Asthma
Calicivirus
Congenital sensorineural deafness
Feline corneal sequestrum
Flea
Coccidia
Heartworm
Hepatic lipidosis
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Immunodeficiency virus
Infectious peritonitis
Leukemia virus
Lower urinary tract disease
Panleukopenia
Giardiasis
Polydactyly
Rabies
Ringworm
Tritrichomonas foetus
Roundworm
Skin disorders
Tick
Toxoplasmosis
Viral rhinotracheitis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cat_body-type_mutations
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_cats
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cat_folklore
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_individual_cats
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cat_breeds
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur
Brontosaurus yahnahpin synonymy |
Brontosaurus (/ˌbrɒntəˈsɔːrəs/;[1][2] meaning "thunder lizard" from Greek βροντή, brontē "thunder" and σαῦρος, sauros "lizard") is a genus of gigantic quadruped sauropod dinosaurs. Although the type species, B. excelsus, had long been considered a species of the closely related Apatosaurus and therefore invalid,[3] researchers proposed in 2015 that Brontosaurus is a genus separate from Apatosaurus and that it contains three species: B. excelsus, B. yahnahpin, and B. parvus.[4]
Brontosaurus had a long, thin neck and a small head adapted for a herbivorous lifestyle, a bulky, heavy torso, and a long, whip-like tail. The various species lived during the Late Jurassic epoch, in the Morrison Formation of what is now North America, and were extinct by the end of the Jurassic.[5] Adult individuals of Brontosaurus are estimated to have measured up to 19–22 metres (62–72 feet) long and weighed up to 14–17 tonnes (15–19 short tons).
As the archetypal sauropod, Brontosaurus is one of the best-known dinosaurs and has been featured in film, advertising, and postage stamps, as well as many other types of media.
History of discovery
| Brontosaurus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Holotype specimen of B. excelsus (YPM 1980), Peabody Museum of Natural History | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | Saurischia |
| Clade: | †Sauropodomorpha |
| Clade: | †Sauropoda |
| Superfamily: | †Diplodocoidea |
| Family: | †Diplodocidae |
| Subfamily: | †Apatosaurinae |
| Genus: | †Brontosaurus Marsh, 1879 |
| Type species | |
| †Brontosaurus excelsus Marsh, 1879
| |
| Referred species | |
| |
| Synonyms | |
| |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontosaurus
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