Troyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa] (
listen)) is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in the Grand Est region of north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 140 km (87 mi) south-east of Paris. Troyes is situated within the Champagne wine region and is near to the Orient Forest Regional Natural Park.
History
See also: Timeline of Troyes
For the ecclesiastical history, see Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes.
Prehistoric evidence has been found in the Troyes area, suggesting that the settlement may have developed as early as 600 BC. Celtic grave-mounds have been found near the city, and Celtic artifacts have been excavated within the City grounds.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes
In the Roman era, it was known as Augustobona Tricassium. Numerous highways intersected here, primarily the Via Agrippa, which led north to Reims and south to Langres, and eventually to Milan.[4] Other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans.[5]
It was the civitas of the Tricasses people,[6] who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent. It was referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes.
From the fourth century AD, the people had become Christian and the city was designated as the seat of a bishop. The legend of its bishop Lupus (Loup), who saved the city from Attila by offering himself as hostage, is hagiographic rather than historical.[7] It was several centuries before Troyes gained importance as a medieval centre of commerce.
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, also called The Battle of Troyes, was fought nearby in 451 AD, between the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I against Attila.
The early cathedral occupied the site of the current one. Here Louis the Stammerer in 878 received the imperial crown from Pope John VIII. At the end of the ninth century, following depredations to the city by Normans, the counts of Champagne chose Troyes as their capital. It remained the capital of the Province of Champagne until the Revolution of the late eighteenth century. The Abbey of Saint-Loup developed a renowned library and scriptorium.
During the Middle Ages, Troyes was an important international trading town. It was the namesake of troy weight for gold a standard of measurement developed here.[8] The Champagne cloth fairs and the revival of long-distance trade, together with new extension of coinage and credit, were the drivers of the medieval economy of Troyes.
In 1285, when Philip the Fair united Champagne to the royal domain, the town kept a number of its traditional privileges. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and ally of the English, in 1417 worked to have Troyes designated as the capital of France. He came to an understanding with Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI of France, that a court, council, and parlement with comptroller's offices should be established at Troyes.
On 21 May 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed in this city, still under control of the Burgundians, by which Henry V of England was betrothed to Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. Under the terms of the treaty, Henry V was to succeed Charles, to the detriment of the Dauphin. The high-water mark of Plantagenet hegemony in France was reversed when the Dauphin, afterwards Charles VII, and Joan of Arc recovered the town of Troyes in 1429 for French control by armed conflict (Siege of Troyes).
The great fire of 1524 destroyed much of the me
History
Prehistoric evidence has been found in the Troyes area, suggesting that the settlement may have developed as early as 600 BC. Celtic grave-mounds have been found near the city, and Celtic artifacts have been excavated within the City grounds.[3]
In the Roman era, it was known as Augustobona Tricassium. Numerous highways intersected here, primarily the Via Agrippa, which led north to Reims and south to Langres, and eventually to Milan.[4] Other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans.[5]
It was the civitas of the Tricasses people,[6] who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent. It was referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes.
From the fourth century AD, the people had become Christian and the city was designated as the seat of a bishop. The legend of its bishop Lupus (Loup), who saved the city from Attila by offering himself as hostage, is hagiographic rather than historical.[7] It was several centuries before Troyes gained importance as a medieval centre of commerce.
The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, also called The Battle of Troyes, was fought nearby in 451 AD, between the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I against Attila.
The early cathedral occupied the site of the current one. Here Louis the Stammerer in 878 received the imperial crown from Pope John VIII. At the end of the ninth century, following depredations to the city by Normans, the counts of Champagne chose Troyes as their capital. It remained the capital of the Province of Champagne until the Revolution of the late eighteenth century. The Abbey of Saint-Loup developed a renowned library and scriptorium.
During the Middle Ages, Troyes was an important international trading town. It was the namesake of troy weight for gold a standard of measurement developed here.[8] The Champagne cloth fairs and the revival of long-distance trade, together with new extension of coinage and credit, were the drivers of the medieval economy of Troyes.
In 1285, when Philip the Fair united Champagne to the royal domain, the town kept a number of its traditional privileges. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and ally of the English, in 1417 worked to have Troyes designated as the capital of France. He came to an understanding with Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI of France, that a court, council, and parlement with comptroller's offices should be established at Troyes.
On 21 May 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed in this city, still under control of the Burgundians, by which Henry V of England was betrothed to Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. Under the terms of the treaty, Henry V was to succeed Charles, to the detriment of the Dauphin. The high-water mark of Plantagenet hegemony in France was reversed when the Dauphin, afterwards Charles VII, and Joan of Arc recovered the town of Troyes in 1429 for French control by armed conflict (Siege of Troyes).
The great fire of 1524 destroyed much of the medieval city, although the city had numerous canals separating sections.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_to_Reims
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricasses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_fairs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture
The Tricasses were a Gallic tribe dwelling on the upper Seine and the Aube rivers during the Roman period. Until the first century AD, they were probably reckoned among the Senones.[1]
Name
They are mentioned as Tricasses by Pliny (1st c. AD),[2] and as Trikásioi (Τρικάσιοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).[3][4]
The Gaulish ethnonym Tricasses derives from the root for 'three', tri-.[5] The meaning of the second element -casses, attested in other Gaulish ethnonyms such as Bodiocasses, Durocasses, Sucasses, Veliocasses or Viducasses, has been debated, but it probably signifies '(curly) hair, hairstyle' (cf. Old Irish chass 'curl'), perhaps referring to a particular warrior coiffure. The name Tricasses may thus be translated as 'the three-braided ones' or 'those of the three (many) curls'.[6]
The city of Troyes, attested ca. 400 AD as civitas Tricassium ('civitas of the Tricasses'; Trecassis in the 7th c., Treci in 890, Troies in 1230), is named after the Gallic tribe.[7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricasses
Churches
Not having suffered from the last wars, Troyes has a high density of old religious buildings grouped close to the city centre. They include:
- Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul Cathedral
- Saint-Nizier Church, in Gothic and Renaissance style, with remarkable sculptures. Classified as a Monument Historique (French equivalence) in 1840.
- The Gothic Saint-Urbain Basilica (thirteenth century), with a roofing covered by polished tiles. It was built by Jacques Pantaléon, who was elected pope in 1261, under the name of Urbain IV, on grounds where his father had a workshop. Classified Monument Historique in 1840. It was proclaimed a basilica in 1964.
- Sainte-Madeleine Church. Very early Gothic, with east end rebuilt around 1500. Remarkably elaborate stone rood screen of 1508–17 in Flamboyant Gothic style, sculpted by Jean Gailde, with a statue of Saint Martha. Fine Renaissance stained glass. Saint Jean district. Classified Monument historique in 1840.
- Saint-Jean Church, with a Renaissance chancel, tabernacle of the high altar by Giraudon. On the portal, coat of arms of Charles IX. Classified Monument Historique in 1840.
- Gothic Saint-Nicolas Church, dating to the beginning of the sixteenth century, with a calvary chapel -shaped rostrum reached by a monumental staircase. On the south portal, two sculptures by François Gentil of David and Isaiah.
- Saint-Pantaléon Church, with extensive statuary from the sixteenth century.
- Saint Remy Church, with a 14th-century spire rising to a height of 60 m (196.85 ft). A 17th-century sundial on its south side bears the Latin inscription sicut umbra dies nostri super terram ("our days on earth pass like a shadow").
- Church of Saint-Martin-ès-Vignes. It has stained glass windows of the seventeenth century by the local master verrier Linard Gonthier.
Several Troyes churches have sculpture by The Maître de Chaource.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes
Houses in the old town
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes
Saint Patroclus (Patroccus; French: Parre, German: Patroklus) of Troyes was a Christian martyr who died around 259 AD.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus_of_Troyes
Symphorian (Symphorianus, Symphorien), Timotheus (Timothy), and Hippolytus of Rome are three Christian martyrs who though they were unrelated and were killed in different places and at different times, shared a common feast day in the General Roman Calendar from at least the 1568 Tridentine Calendar to the Mysterii Paschalis. While still a young man, Symphorian was either beheaded or beaten to death with clubs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphorian_and_Timotheus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Martyrology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linard_Gonthier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Payens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lef%C3%A8vre_(1717%E2%80%931768)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Siret
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Champagne#Counts_of_Meaux_and_Troyes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Vermandois
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I,_Count_of_Troyes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_II,_Count_of_Blois
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_III,_Count_of_Worms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Hesbaye
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_I,_Count_of_Vermandois
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalelm,_Count_of_Troyes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_V
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_II,_Count_of_Champagne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Count_of_Champagne
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_X_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_I,_Countess_of_Flanders
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_V,_Count_of_Hainaut
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamannia#List_of_rulers_of_Alamannia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadomarius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundomadus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_Praetoria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyo_Voyvoda
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliarch
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_germanica
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonotactics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_cluster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linothorax
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/helen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shaun
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/justin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/illyo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/daryo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-Khanoum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_highlands
The Armenian highlands (Armenian: Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ, romanized: Haykakan leṙnašxarh; also known as the Armenian upland, Armenian plateau, or Armenian tableland)[1] is the most central and the highest of the three plateaus that together form the northern sector of Western Asia.[1] Clockwise starting from the west, the Armenian highlands are bounded by the Anatolian plateau, the Caucasus, the Kura-Aras lowlands, the Iranian Plateau, and Mesopotamia. The highlands are divided into western and eastern regions, defined by the Ararat Valley where Mount Ararat is located. Western Armenia is nowadays referred to as eastern Anatolia, and Eastern Armenia as the Lesser Caucasus or Caucasus Minor, and historically as the Anti-Caucasus,[2][3] meaning "opposite the Caucasus".
During the Iron Age, the region was known by variations of the name Ararat (Urartu, Uruatri, Urashtu). Later, the Highlands were known as Armenia Major, a central region to the history of Armenians,[4] and one of the four geopolitical regions associated with Armenians,[4] the other three being Armenia Minor, Sophene, and Commagene.[5][6]
The population of the region has been primarily Armenian for most of its known history.[4] Prior to the appearance of nominally Armenian people in historical records, historians have hypothesized that the region must have been home to various ethnic groups who became homogenous when the Armenian language came to prominence.[7] The population of the Armenian Highlands seem to have had a high level of regional genetic continuity for over 6,000 years.[4][8] Recent studies have shown that the Armenian people are indigenous to the Armenian Highlands and form a distinct genetic isolate in the region.[4][9] The region was also inhabited during Antiquity by minorities such as Assyrians, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, and Iranians. During the Middle Ages, Arabs and particularly Turkmens and Kurds settled in large numbers in the Armenian Highlands. The Christian population of the western half of the region was exterminated during the Armenian genocide (1915–1917), organized and perpetrated by the Committee of Union and Progress as part of their Turkification policies.[10][11] Today, the eastern half is mainly inhabited by Armenians, Azerbaijanis, and Georgians, while the western half is mainly inhabited by Armenians (included crypto-Armenians and Hemshins), Kurds (including Yazidis and Zazas), Turks, and Azerbaijanis.
The region was administered for most of its known history by Armenian nobility and states, whether it was as part of a fully independent Armenian state, as vassals, or as part of a foreign state. Since the 1040s, the highlands have been under the rule of various Turkic peoples and the Safavid dynasty, with pockets of Armenian autonomy in places such as Artsakh. Much of Eastern Armenia, which had been ruled by the Safavids from the 16th century, became part of the Russian Empire in 1828 and was later incorporated into the Soviet Union, while much of Western Armenia was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and later incorporated into modern Turkey. Today, the region is divided between Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Iraq.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_highlands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sevan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrazdan_(river)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevanavank
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevan,_Armenia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrasia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Mairanovsky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wace
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_of_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alys_of_France,_Countess_of_Vexin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeno
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/davtom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/brown
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sofranken
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chole_paslm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/black_blood
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_analysis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_relation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_grammar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsing#Human_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Dependencies
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_estimation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parameter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Value
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_logic
Each logical system in this class shares characteristic properties:[5]
- Law of excluded middle and double negation elimination
- Law of noncontradiction, and the principle of explosion
- Monotonicity of entailment and idempotency of entailment
- Commutativity of conjunction
- De Morgan duality: every logical operator is dual to another
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_logic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotency_of_entailment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system#Logical_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boole
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic#Formal_logical_systems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifiers_(logic)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantifier
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(formal)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_and_nonterminal_symbols
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_sets
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_set_theories
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_(mathematics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_(mathematics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_empty_set
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuous_truth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_set
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_tollens
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_inference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(logic)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/code
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_is_a_rose_is_a_rose_is_a_rose
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_universals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_film
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_recording
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_head
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addressing_mode
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signedness
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_numbering#Bit_significance_and_indexing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform_numerals
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagesimal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0#History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Calendar_Round
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_astronomy#Tools_of_theoretical_astronomy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CfA2_Great_Wall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cosmic_structures
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_of_Avoidance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_dust
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_dust_measurement
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_compounds
The vertical alignment of the heads (the azimuth) must also match between recording and playback for good fidelity, and the gap should be as close to exactly vertical as possible for highest frequency response.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_head
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnetic_devices
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_highly_composite_number
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#Bit_shifts
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65,535
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Primary_storage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipelining
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_register
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addressing_mode#conditional_execution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-independent_code
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_memory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locality_of_reference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_execution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_prefetching
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_block
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGP-30
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_data_type
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator_(computing)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register#GPR
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture#Number_of_operands
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_(computing)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(computer_science)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_variable
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stride_of_an_array
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_(data_structure)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagged_pointer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_execution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_allocation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_(data_structure)#One-dimensional_arrays
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical_scan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syphilis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth
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