https://www.quora.com/Can-we-transplant-eyes-of-animals-to-humans
https://www.aao.org/eye-health/treatments/transplantation-eye
https://www.statnews.com/2016/11/23/eye-transplant/
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Growing-an-eye-for-transplantation-potentials-and-pitfalls.aspx
https://books.google.com/books?id=ewwiQ1WFQGoC&pg=PA1117&lpg=PA1117&dq=transplant+goat+eye+to+human&source=bl&ots=iENyu8mM5c&sig=ACfU3U1sdZ7ZLHXpNYUz6R2k7dzICXrHfA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR95W9kIqBAxV8kokEHfAUA0I4KBDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=transplant%20goat%20eye%20to%20human&f=false
https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/a19856/lab-grown-human-eyes-are-coming-into-focus/
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjk1KTXkIqBAxWhg4kEHf5eA184FBAWegQIBRAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jneurosci.org%2Fcontent%2Fjneuro%2F2%2F3%2F339.full.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3exxQr1soYXAAZJVJb8X-b&opi=89978449
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/tadpole-eye-transplant-shows-new-way-grow-nerves
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2126336-tadpoles-learn-to-see-with-new-eyes-transplanted-on-their-tails/
Flatworms muscle new eyes' wiring into their brains
A Worm’s Hidden Map for Growing New Eyes
When a planarian loses its eyes, cellular guides connect new ones to its brain so it can see again.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/29/science/flatworms-eyes-regeneration.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5084360/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5533540/
https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008808
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/artful-amoeba/fanworms-natures-eye-factories-stick-them-pretty-much-anywhere/
https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/56/5/784/2420625
https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/222/23/jeb212779/223628/Photoresponses-in-the-radiolar-eyes-of-the-fan
https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/224/14/jeb242501/271041/Have-the-eyes-of-bioluminescent-scale-worms
https://www.cbc.ca/radio/asithappens/as-it-happens-thursday-edition-1.4161990/scientists-extremely-surprised-after-flatworm-grows-2nd-head-in-space-1.4161993
https://www.newscientist.com/article/2142167-flatworms-can-still-see-even-after-they-are-decapitated/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/thelazia
https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/jumping-worms
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6800155/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749122006650
https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2180-8-95
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/17/8090
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.5b05619
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/processing-method
https://www.simplilearn.com/what-is-data-processing-article
https://perfectdailygrind.com/2019/06/how-does-processing-method-impact-coffee-chemistry-flavor/
In a scientific sense, a chemical process is a method or means of somehow changing one or more chemicals or chemical compounds. Such a chemical process can occur by itself or be caused by an outside force, and involves a chemical reaction of some sort. In an "engineering" sense, a chemical process is a method intended to be used in manufacturing or on an industrial scale (see Industrial process) to change the composition of chemical(s) or material(s), usually using technology similar or related to that used in chemical plants or the chemical industry. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_process
Although this type of chemical process may sometimes involve only one step, often multiple steps, referred to as unit operations, are involved. In a plant, each of the unit operations commonly occur in individual vessels or sections of the plant called units. Often, one or more chemical reactions are involved, but other ways of changing chemical (or material) composition may be used, such as mixing or separation processes. The process steps may be sequential in time or sequential in space along a stream of flowing or moving material; see Chemical plant. For a given amount of a feed (input) material or product (output) material, an expected amount of material can be determined at key steps in the process from empirical data and material balance calculations. These amounts can be scaled up or down to suit the desired capacity or operation of a particular chemical plant built for such a process. More than one chemical plant may use the same chemical process, each plant perhaps at differently scaled capacities. Chemical processes like distillation and crystallization go back to alchemy in Alexandria, Egypt.
Such chemical processes can be illustrated generally as block flow diagrams or in more detail as process flow diagrams. Block flow diagrams show the units as blocks and the streams flowing between them as connecting lines with arrowheads to show direction of flow.
In addition to chemical plants for producing chemicals, chemical processes with similar technology and equipment are also used in oil refining and other refineries, natural gas processing, polymer and pharmaceutical manufacturing, food processing, and water and wastewater treatment.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_process
In engineering, a process is a series of interrelated tasks that, together, transform inputs into a given output.[1] These tasks may be carried out by people, nature or machines using various resources; an engineering process must be considered in the context of the agents carrying out the tasks and the resource attributes involved.[2] Systems engineering normative documents and those related to Maturity Models are typically based on processes, for example, systems engineering processes of the EIA-632 and processes involved in the Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) institutionalization and improvement approach. Constraints imposed on the tasks and resources required to implement them are essential for executing the tasks mentioned.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(engineering)
Semiconductor industry
Semiconductor process engineers face the unique challenge of transforming raw materials into high-tech devices. Common semiconductor devices include Integrated Circuits (ICs), Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs), solar cells, and solid-state lasers. To produce these and other semiconductor devices, semiconductor process engineers rely heavily on interconnected physical and chemical processes.
A prominent example of these combined processes is the use of ultra-violet photolithography which is then followed by wet etching, the process of creating an IC pattern that is transferred onto an organic coating and etched onto the underlying semiconductor chip. Other examples include the ion implantation of dopant species to tailor the electrical properties of a semiconductor chip and the electrochemical deposition of metallic interconnects (e.g. electroplating). Process Engineers are generally involved in the development, scaling, and quality control of new semiconductor processes from lab bench to manufacturing floor.
Chemical engineering
A chemical process is a series of unit operations used to produce a material in large quantities.
In the chemical industry, chemical engineers will use the following to define or illustrate a process:
- Process flow diagram (PFD)
- Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)
- Simplified process description
- Detailed process description
- Project management
- Process simulation
CPRET
The Association Française d'Ingénierie Système has developed a process definition dedicated to Systems engineering (SE), but open to all domains. The CPRET representation integrates the process Mission and Environment in order to offer an external standpoint. Several models may correspond to a single definition depending on the language used (UML or another language). Note: process definition and modeling are interdependent notions but different the one from the other.
- Process
- A process is a set of transformations of input elements into products: respecting constraints,
- requiring resources,
- meeting a defined mission, corresponding to a specific purpose adapted to a given environment.
- Environment
- Natural conditions and external factors impacting a process.
- Mission
- Purpose of the process tailored to a given environment.
This definition requires a process description to include the Constraints, Products, Resources, Input Elements and Transformations. This leads to the CPRET acronym to be used as name and mnemonic for this definition.
- Constraints
- Imposed conditions, rules or regulations.
- Products
- All whatever is generated by transformations. The products can be of the desired or not desired type (e.g., the software system and bugs, the defined products and waste).
- Resources
- Human resources, energy, time and other means required to carry out the transformations.
- Elements as inputs
- Elements submitted to transformations for producing the products.
- Transformations
- Operations organized according to a logic aimed at optimizing the attainment of specific products from the input elements, with the allocated resources and on compliance with the imposed constraints.
CPRET through examples
The purpose of the following examples is to illustrate the definitions with concrete cases. These examples come from the Engineering field but also from other fields to show that the CPRET definition of processes is not limited to the System Engineering context.
Examples of processes
- An engineering (EIA-632, ISO/IEC 15288, etc.)
- A concert
- A polling campaign
- A certification
Examples of environment
- Various levels of maturity, technicality, equipment
- An audience
- A political system
- Practices
Examples of mission
- Supply better quality products
- Satisfy the public, critics
- Have candidates elected
- Obtain the desired approval
Examples of constraints
- Imposed technologies
- Correct acoustics
- Speaking times
- A reference model (ISO, CMMI, etc.)
Examples of products
- A mobile telephone network
- A show
- Vote results
- A quality label
Examples of resources
- Development teams
- An orchestra and its instruments
- An organization
- An assessment team
Examples of elements as inputs
- Specifications
- Scores
- Candidates
- A company and its practices
Examples of transformations
- Define an architecture
- Play the scores
- Make people vote for a candidate
- Audit the organization
Conclusions
The CPRET formalized definition systematically addresses the input Elements, Transformations, and Products but also the other essential components of a Process, namely the Constraints and Resources. Among the resources, note the specificity of the Resource-Time component which passes inexorably and irreversibly, with problems of synchronization and sequencing.
This definition states that environment is an external factor which cannot be avoided: as a matter of fact, a process is always interdependent with other phenomena including other processes.
References
- Gilb, p392
- Bibliography
Gilb, Tom (2005). Competitive Engineering. Burlington MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-6507-6.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(engineering)
https://www.engr.colostate.edu/CBE101/topics/process_fundamentals.html
Materials processing is defined as the series of steps or “unit operations” used in the manufacture of raw-materials into finished goods. The operations involve a succession of industrial processes with various mechanical or chemical procedures, usually produced in large quantities or batches. Materials Processing - CMC Milling
https://www.britannica.com/technology/materials-processing
https://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/contract_manufacturing_fabrication/materials_processing_services
https://appian.com/process-mining/process-cycle.html
https://www.ce2k.com/en/applications/refinery-chemical-plants
https://miuraboiler.com/steam-boiler-guide-for-chemical-processing-plants/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XIGFxIATxE8
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur%E2%80%93iodine_cycle
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjG4oiflIqBAxVGlIkEHcFpC3IQFnoECDEQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F1142882&usg=AOvVaw3e7gP6K00Rw-zkziO3OOsv&opi=89978449
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj0humtlIqBAxWrkokEHaB1BZs4ChAWegQIBhAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fart.inl.gov%2FNGNP%2FSubcontractors%2520Documents%2FGeneral%2520Atomics%2FSulfur%2520Iodine%2520Process%2520Summary%2520for%2520the%2520Hydrogen%2520Technology%2520Down-Selection.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0ZZ3t5uVQVyAxz_wiOIwp8&opi=89978449
https://www.sqm.com/en/acerca-de-sqm/recursos-naturales/proceso-de-produccion/
https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/22612/the-marine-iodine-cycle-past-present-and-future
https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/19/13325/2019/
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ed064p152
https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/thesesdissertations/125/
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/2/414
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sulfur-iodine-cycle-process-flow-diagram_fig3_237441113
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiDqde9lIqBAxWxrokEHbT4Btk4FBAWegQIEBAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnnl.gov%2Fmain%2Fpublications%2Fexternal%2Ftechnical_reports%2FPNNL-28053Rev1.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1ja2Y_z1aI49DrWQDdWRcH&opi=89978449
https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radionuclide-basics-iodine
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiDqde9lIqBAxWxrokEHbT4Btk4FBAWegQIBhAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F37987793.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1ZAM4iGY6_jS0SsvRCD-HG&opi=89978449
Sulfur-Iodine Thermochemical Cycle
US6004465A - System and process for iodine recovery
"Iodine clock" experiment (the Briggs–Rauscher reaction)
Iodine Clock Reaction - UW Department of Chemistry
Iodine-131 (I-131) - Radiation Emergencies
Removal of Mercury from Solids Using the Potassium Iodide
Thermochemical Hydrogen Production by the Magnesium ...
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