09-11-2023-0016 - draft (variety, image, draft, etc.)

Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are anaerobes that produce sulfide and immobilize toxic ions (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb, etc.) as metal sulfides;

From: Biotreatment of Industrial Effluents, 2005

Related terms:

• Acid Mine Drainage
• Methane
• Methanogens
• Methylation
• Sulfate
• Hydrogen Sulfide
• Micro-Organism
• Biofilm

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/sulfate-reducing-bacterium

 

Sulfate-reducing bacteria such as Desulfovibrio and Desulfomicrobium play a vital role in the control and treatment of mine waste, generating alkalinity and neutralizing the acidic waste. Leachate produced by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria can be transferred to bioreactors, where sulfur-reducing bacteria can remove acidity and immobilize toxic metals, producing an effluent with low levels of heavy metals that can be returned to the environment.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/sulfate-reducing-bacterium

The differences in SRB number are obvious, even with the same type of samples. Many factors can contribute to the differences, e.g. depth of sediment samples (a three-order of magnitude difference (7 × 10⁴ to 3 × 10⁷/g) in sewer trunk sediments (Mori et al., 1991), type of substrate (e.g. benzoate or H₂) used, and system objective (e.g. maximum of MPB) in various SRB studies.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/sulfate-reducing-bacterium

It has been posited that the water in the canals of Venice is polluted with hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria and, as a consequence, the gondolas of Venice turn black regardless of their original color. However, an opposing view is that in 1562, the gondole were ordered to be painted black by a local magistrate except for those carrying important people.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/sulfate-reducing-bacterium

The SRBs are involved in the demethylation of DMSP to yield methylmercaptopropionate (MMPA), carbonate, and sulfide or oxidation of DMS to yield bicarbonate and sulfide.

DMSP demethylation

$3/4{\text{SO}}_4^{2-}+\text{DMSP}\to \text{MMPA}+{\text{HCO}}_3^{-}+3/4{\text{HS}}^{-}+5/4{\text{H}}^{+}$

DMS oxidation

$3/4{\text{SO}}_4^{2-}+\text{DMS}\to {\text{HCO}}_3^{-}+5/2{\text{HS}}^{-}+3/2{\text{H}}^{+}$

Intertidal sediments harbor algal osmolyte DMSP. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/sulfate-reducing-bacterium

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Sulfur water (or sulphur water) is a condition where water is exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas, giving a distinct "rotten egg" smell. This condition has different purposes in culture varying to health and implications to plumbing.

Chemical composition

Sulfur water is made out of dissolved minerals that contain sulfate. These include baryte (BaSO₄), epsomite (MgSO₄ 7H₂O) and gypsum (CaSO₄2H₂0).^[1] It is reported that a notable change in taste to the water is found differently to the type of sulfate affecting the water. For sodium sulfate, 250 to 500 mg/litre, with calcium sulfate at 250 to 1000 mg/litre and magnesium sulfate at 400 to 600 mg/litre. A study by Zoeteman found that having 270 mg of calcium sulfate and 90 mg of magnesium sulfate actually had improved the taste of the water. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_water  

Radio spectrum pollution is the straying of waves in the radio and electromagnetic spectrums outside their allocations that cause problems for some activities.^[1] It is of particular concern to radio astronomers.

Radio spectrum pollution is mitigated by effective spectrum management. Within the United States, the Communications Act of 1934 grants authority for spectrum management to the President for all federal use (47 U.S.C. 305). The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) manages the spectrum for the Federal Government. Its rules are found in the "NTIA Manual of Regulations and Procedures for Federal Radio Frequency Management". The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) manages and regulates all domestic non-federal spectrum use (47 U.S.C. 301).^[2] Each country typically has its own spectrum regulatory organization. Internationally, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) coordinates spectrum policy. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum_pollution

Aircraft engines produce gases, noise, and particulates from fossil fuel combustion, raising environmental concerns over their global effects and their effects on local air quality.^[2] Jet airliners contribute to climate change by emitting carbon dioxide (CO₂), the best understood greenhouse gas, and, with less scientific understanding, nitrogen oxides, contrails and particulates. Their radiative forcing is estimated at 1.3–1.4 that of CO₂ alone, excluding induced cirrus cloud with a very low level of scientific understanding. In 2018, global commercial operations generated 2.4% of all CO₂ emissions.^[3] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation

For other uses, see Sonar (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Sodar or Sonnar.

French F70 type frigates (here, La Motte-Picquet) are fitted with VDS (Variable Depth Sonar) type DUBV43 or DUBV43C towed sonars.

Sonar image of the Soviet Navy minesweeper T-297, formerly the Latvian Virsaitis, which was shipwrecked on 3 December 1941 in the Gulf of Finland^[1]

Sonar (sound navigation and ranging or sonic navigation and ranging)^[2] is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, measure distances (ranging), communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels.^[3]

"Sonar" can refer to one of two types of technology: passive sonar means listening for the sound made by vessels; active sonar means emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of acoustic location and of measurement of the echo characteristics of "targets" in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of radar. Sonar may also be used for robot navigation,^[4] and SODAR (an upward-looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term sonar is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as underwater acoustics or hydroacoustics.

The first recorded use of the technique was in 1490 by Leonardo da Vinci, who used a tube inserted into the water to detect vessels by ear.^[5] It was developed during World War I to counter the growing threat of submarine warfare, with an operational passive sonar system in use by 1918.^[3] Modern active sonar systems use an acoustic transducer to generate a sound wave which is reflected from target objects.^[3] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar

Although some animals (dolphins, bats, some shrews, and others) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water was initially recorded by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube.^[5]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar}

In the late 19th century, an underwater bell was used as an ancillary to lighthouses or lightships to provide warning of hazards.^[6] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar

Sonar image of the Soviet Navy minesweeper T-297, formerly the Latvian Virsaitis, which was shipwrecked on 3 December 1941 in the Gulf of Finland^[1]

 

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar

The use of sound to "echo-locate" underwater in the same way as bats use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the Titanic disaster of 1912.^[7] The world's first patent for an underwater echo-ranging device was filed at the British Patent Office by English meteorologist Lewis Fry Richardson a month after the sinking of Titanic,^[8] and a German physicist Alexander Behm obtained a patent for an echo sounder in 1913.^[9] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar