05-08-2023-1054 - Tenedos

Tenedos (Greek: Τένεδος, Tenedhos; Latin: Tenedus), or Bozcaada in Turkish, is an island of Turkey in the northeastern part of the Aegean Sea. Administratively, the island constitutes the Bozcaada district of Çanakkale Province. With an area of 39.9 km² (15 sq mi) it is the third largest Turkish island after Imbros (Gökçeada) and Marmara. In 2018, the district had a population of 3023.^[3] The main industries are tourism, wine production and fishing. The island has been famous for its grapes, wines and red poppies for centuries. It is a former bishopric and presently a Latin Catholic titular see.

Bozcaada Clock Tower

Tenedos is mentioned in both the Iliad and the Aeneid, in the latter as the site where the Greeks hid their fleet near the end of the Trojan War in order to trick the Trojans into believing the war was over and into taking the Trojan Horse within their city walls. The island was important throughout classical antiquity despite its small size due to its strategic location at the entrance of the Dardanelles. In the following centuries, the island came under the control of a succession of regional powers, including the Persian Empire, the Delian League, the empire of Alexander the Great, the Attalid kingdom, the Roman Empire and its successor, the Byzantine Empire, before passing to the Republic of Venice. As a result of the War of Chioggia (1381) between Genoa and Venice the entire population was evacuated and the town was demolished. The Ottoman Empire established control over the deserted island in 1455. During Ottoman rule, it was resettled by both Greeks and Turks. In 1807, the island was temporarily occupied by the Russians. During this invasion the town was burnt down and many Turkish residents left the island.

Under Greek administration between 1912 and 1923, Tenedos was ceded to Turkey with the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) which ended the Turkish War of Independence following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. The treaty called for a quasi-autonomous administration to accommodate the local Greek population and excluded the Greeks on the two islands of Imbros and Tenedos from the wider population exchanges that took place between Greece and Turkey. Tenedos remained majority Greek until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when many Greeks emigrated because of systemic discrimination and better opportunities elsewhere. Starting with the second half of the 20th century, there has been immigration from mainland Anatolia, especially Romani from the town of Bayramiç.

 

Antiquity

Tenedos next to ancient Troy, with Imbros to the north and Lesbos to the south.

Ancient Tenedos is referred to in Greek and Roman mythology, and archaeologists have uncovered evidence of its settlement from the Bronze Age. It would stay prominent through the age of classical Greece, fading by the time of the dominance of ancient Rome. Although a small island, Tenedos's position in the straits and its two harbors made it important to the Mediterranean powers over the centuries. For nine months of the year, the currents and the prevailing wind, the etesian, came, and still come, from the Black Sea hampering sailing vessels headed for Constantinople. They had to wait a week or more at Tenedos, waiting for the favorable southerly wind. Tenedos thus served as a shelter and way station for ships bound for the Hellespont, Propontis, Bosphorus, and places farther on. Several of the regional powers captured or attacked the island, including the Athenians, the Persians, the Macedonians under Alexander the Great, the Seleucids and the Attalids.^[20]

Mythology

Homer mentions Apollo as the chief deity of Tenedos in his time. According to him, the island was captured by Achilles during the siege of Troy.^[21] Nestor obtained his slave Hecamede there during one of Achilles's raids. Nestor also sailed back from Troy stopping at Tenedos and island-hopping to Lesbos.^[22] The Odyssey mentions the Greeks leaving Troy after winning the war first traveled to nearby Tenedos, sacrificed there,^[20] and then went to Lesbos before pausing to choose between alternative routes.^[23]

Homer, in the Iliad mention that between Tenedos and Imbros there was a wide cavern, in which Poseidon stayed his horses.^[24][25]

Virgil, in the Aeneid, described the Achaeans hiding their fleet at the bay of Tenedos, toward the end of the Trojan War, to trick Troy into believing the war was over and allowing them to take the Trojan Horse within Troy's city walls. In Aeneid, it is also the island from which twin serpents came to kill the Trojan priest Laocoön and his sons as punishment for throwing a spear at the Trojan Horse.^[26] According to Pindar (Nemean Odes no. 11), the island was founded after the war by bronze-clad warriors from Amyklai, traveling with Orestes.^[27]

According to myth, Tenes was the son of Cycnus, himself the son of Poseidon and Calyce. Philonome, Cycnus's second wife and hence Tenes's stepmother, tried to seduce Tenes and was rejected. She then accused him of rape leading to his abandonment at sea along with his sister. They washed up on the island of Leucophrys where he was proclaimed king and the island renamed Tenedos in his honor. When Cycnus realized the lie behind the allegations he took a ship to apologize to his son. The myths differ on whether they reconciled.^[28] According to one version, when the father landed on the island of Tenedos, Tenes cut the cord holding his boat. The phrase 'hatchet of Tenes' came to mean resentment that could not be soothed.^[29] Another myth had Achilles landing on Tenedos, while sailing from Aulis to Troy. There his navy stormed the island, and Achilles fought Tenes, in this myth a son of Apollo, and killed him, not knowing Tenes's lineage and hence unaware of the danger of Apollo's revenge. Achilles would also later kill Tenes's father, Cycnus, at Troy.^[30] In Sophocles's Philoctetes, written in 409 BC, a serpent bit Philoctetes in the foot at Tenedos. According to Hyginus, the goddess Hera, upset with Philoctetes for helping Hercules, had sent the snake to punish him. His wound refused to heal, and the Greeks abandoned him, before going back to him for help later during the attack on Troy.^[31] Athenaeus quoted Nymphodorus's remarks on the beauty of the women of Tenedos.^[25]

Callimachus talked of a myth in which Ino's son Melikertes washed up dead in Tenedos after being thrown into the sea by his mother, who killed herself too; the residents, Lelegians, built an altar for Melikertes and started a ritual of a woman sacrificing her infant child when the town's need was dire. The woman would then be blinded.^[32] The myths also added that the custom was abolished when Orestes' descendants settled the place.^[33]

Neoptolemus stayed two days at Tenedos, following the advice of Thetis, before he go to the land of the Molossians together with Helenus.^[34]

Archaic period

It was at Tenedos, along with Lesbos, that the first coins with Greek writing on them were minted.^[35] Figures of bunches of grapes and wine vessels such as amphorae and kantharoi were stamped on coins.^[36] The very first coins had a twin head of a male and a female on the obverse side.^[37] The early coins were of silver and had a double-headed axe imprinted on them. Aristotle considered the axe as symbolizing the decapitation of those convicted of adultery, a Tenedian decree.^[38] The axe-head was either a religious symbol or the seal of a trade unit of currency.^[39] Apollo Smintheus, a god who both protected against and brought about plague, was worshipped in late Bronze Age Tenedos.^[40] Strabo's Geography writes that Tenedos "contains an Aeolian city and has two harbours, and a temple of Apollo Smintheus" (Strabo's Geography, Vol. 13). The relationship between Tenedos and Apollo is mentioned in Book I of the Iliad where a priest calls to Apollo with the name "O god of the silver bow, that protectest Chryse and holy Cilla and rulest Tenedos with thy might"(Iliad I).^[41]

During the later part of the Bronze Age and during the Iron Age, the place served as a major point between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Homer's Iliad mentions the Tenedos of this era. The culture and artisanship of the area, as represented by pottery and metal vessels recovered from graves, matched that of the northeastern Aegean. Archaeologists have found no evidence to substantiate Herodotus's assertion Aeolians had settled in Tenedos by the Bronze Age. Homer mentions Tenedos as a base for the Achaean fleet during the Trojan war.^[42]

The Iron Age settlement of the northeast Aegean was once attributed to Aeolians, descendants of Orestes and hence of the House of Atreus in Mycenae, from across the Aegean from Thessaly, Boiotia and Akhaia, all in mainland Greece. Pindar, in his 11th Nemean Ode, hints at a group of Peloponnesians, the children of the fighters at Troy, occupying Tenedos, with Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, landing straight on the island; specifically he refers to a Spartan Peisandros and his descendant Aristagoras, with Peisandaros having come over with Orestes. Strabo places the start of the migration sixty years after the Trojan war, initiated by Orestes's son, Penthilos, with the colonization continuing onto Penthilos's grandson.^[35]

The archaeological record provides no supporting evidence for the theory of Aiolian occupation. During the pre-archaic period, adults in Lesbos were buried by placing them in large jars, and later clay coverings were used, similar to Western Asia Minor. Still later, Tenedians began to both bury and cremate their adults in pits buttressed with stone along the walls. Children were still buried covered in jars. Some items buried with the person, such as pottery, gifts and safety-pin-like clasps, resemble what is found in Anatolia, in both style and drawings and pictures, more than they resemble burial items in mainland Greece.^[35]

While human, specifically infant, sacrifice has been mentioned in connection with Tenedos's ancient past, it is now considered mythical in nature. The hero Paleomon in Tenedos was worshipped by a cult in that island, and the sacrifices were attributed to the cult.^[43] At Tenedos, people did sacrifice a newborn calf dressed in buskins, after treating the cow like a pregnant women giving birth; the person who killed the calf was then stoned and driven out into a life on the sea.^[33] According to Harold Willoughby, a belief in the calf as a ritual incarnation of God drove this practice.^[44]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenedos#Antiquity}

 

05-08-2023-1053 - Iliupersis

The Iliupersis (Greek: Ἰλίου πέρσις, Iliou persis, "Sack of Ilium"), also known as The Sack of Troy, is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature. It was one of the Epic Cycle, that is, the Trojan cycle, which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic verse. The story of the Iliou persis comes chronologically after that of the Little Iliad, and is followed by the Nostoi ("Returns"). The Iliou persis was sometimes attributed by ancient writers to Arctinus of Miletus (8th century BCE) (see Cyclic poets). The poem comprised two books of verse in dactylic hexameter. 

The Iliou persis was probably composed in the seventh century BCE, but there is much uncertainty. Ancient sources date Arctinus to the eighth century BCE, but evidence concerning another of his poems, the Aethiopis, suggests that he lived considerably later than that.  

Neoptolemus kills king Priam, even though he has taken refuge at the altar of Zeus; Menelaus kills Deiphobus and takes back his wife Helen; Ajax the Lesser wrests Cassandra from the altar of Athena, incurring physical damage to the idol. The Greeks determine that they should stone Ajax in retribution, but he in turn also takes refuge at the altar of Athena. Odysseus kills Hector's baby son Astyanax and Neoptolemus takes Hector's wife Andromache captive. The Greeks make a human sacrifice of Priam's daughter Polyxena at Achilles' tomb. Athena formulates a plan to inflict revenge upon the Greeks concurrent with their nautical return.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliupersis

 

05-08-2023-1050 - The Abduction of Helen (1530–39) by Francesco Primaticcio, with Aphrodite directing

The Abduction of Helen (1530–39) by Francesco Primaticcio, with Aphrodite directing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War#/media/File:Francesco_Primaticcio_003.jpg

05-08-2023-1045 - Polyxena Sarcophagus in Troy Museum ; Musician figures from clay in Troy Museum.

Polyxena Sarcophagus in Troy Museum


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War#/media/File:Polyxena_Sarcophagus_Now_in_Troy_Museum_7938.jpg

Musician figures from clay in Troy Museum.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War#/media/File:Musicians_Troy_Museum_9994.jpg

05-08-2023-1043 - The Burning of Troy (1759/62), oil painting by Johann Georg Trautmann

The Burning of Troy (1759/62), oil painting by Johann Georg Trautmann

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War#/media/File:J_G_Trautmann_Das_brennende_Troja.jpg

05-08-2023-1042 - The Trojan War

In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's Iliad. The core of the Iliad (Books II – XXIII) describes a period of four days and two nights in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war's heroes. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.

The ancient Greeks believed that Troy was located near the Dardanelles and that the Trojan War was a historical event of the 13th or 12th century BC, but by the mid-19th century AD, both the war and the city were widely seen as non-historical. In 1868, however, the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann met Frank Calvert, who convinced Schliemann that Troy was at what is now Hisarlik in Turkey.^[1] On the basis of excavations conducted by Schliemann and others, this claim is now accepted by most scholars.^[2][3]

Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War remains an open question. Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale, though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age. Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th century BC, often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes, 1194–1184 BC, which roughly correspond to archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VII,^[4] and the Late Bronze Age collapse. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War

05-08-2023-1040 - The Love Potion (Painting) (1903)

Artist Evelyn De Morgan
Year 1903
Medium Oil on canvas
Dimensions 104.1 cm × 52.1 cm (41.0 in × 20.5 in)
Location De Morgan Centre, London 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_Potion

05-08-2023-1039 - Helen of Troy

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Troy_%28painting%29

https://www.historytoday.com/miscellanies/helen-whore-and-curse-beauty

05-08-2023-1035 - Care of Stick Insects (Museum)

'Stick insects or phasmids eat leaves and resemble leaves or sticks.'

https://australian.museum/learn/animals/insects/care-of-stick-insects/

05-06-2023-1228 - Petfinder (female) (variety) (draft)

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/bandita-61474446/ma/brimfield/here-today-adopted-tomorrow-animal-sanctuary-inc-ma468/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/radish-63450314/ri/providence/providence-animal-rescue-league-ri03/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/panther-59990584/ny/ballston-spa/saratoga-county-animal-shelter-ny1378/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/mellow-d-22952303/on/nepean/cat-a-match-rescue-on40/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/dunkin-62686998/ny/melville/earth-angels-companion-rescue-ny1273/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/sammie-55969421/nj/west-milford/west-milford-animal-shelter-nj13/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/white-sox-64056410/ny/fairport/lollypop-farm-humane-society-of-greater-rochester-ny494/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/molly-56305387/pa/allentown/itty-bitty-kitty-pa535/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/zander-59173257/on/scarborough/scarborough-bluffs-cat-relief-on659/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/mia-fka-murphy-62240960/de/camden/first-state-animal-center-and-spca-de02/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/rosie-63904293/on/toronto/action-volunteers-for-animals-toronto-west-on54/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/stella-61861018/on/burlington/burlington-humane-society-formerly-animal-aid-on106/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/sparky-57481421/on/burlington/burlington-humane-society-formerly-animal-aid-on106/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/homer-56756154/md/baltimore/walter-rescue-md365/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/kipper-courtesy-post-60127072/md/frederick/frederick-friends-of-our-county-animal-shelter-md488/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/lilly-58569406/md/annapolis/spca-of-anne-arundel-county-md256/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/max-57476283/on/waterloo/lucky-cat-rescue-on673/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/abel-48776036/pa/shippenville/clarion-paws-pa653/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/buster-63898199/md/waldorf/humane-society-of-charles-county-md-md35/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/macy-59753554/md/waldorf/humane-society-of-charles-county-md-md35/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/stubentiger-60188585/va/fairfax-station/homeward-trails-animal-rescue-inc-va210/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/stubentiger-60188585/va/fairfax-station/homeward-trails-animal-rescue-inc-va210/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/thor-58225461/md/waldorf/humane-society-of-charles-county-md-md35/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/spooky-60588831/pa/pittsburgh/animal-friends-pa108/

 https://www.petfinder.com/cat/ford-tough-63905164/va/richmond/richmond-spca-va264/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/crawdad-62420143/va/richmond/richmond-spca-va264/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/mr-pompatoo-62294684/va/charlottesville/charlottesville-albemarle-spca-va96/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/indie-62592362/oh/columbia-station/berea-animal-rescue-fund-shelter-oh75/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/dennis-55110307/nc/greensboro/sheets-pet-clinic-nc661/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/midnight-ii-56699675/oh/sardinia/miracle-house-animal-rescue-oh752/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/pablo-50528860/oh/cincinnati/heartt-animal-refuge-oh730/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/diamond-63554600/oh/amelia/animal-rescue-fund-oh334/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/taylor-63554589/oh/amelia/animal-rescue-fund-oh334/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/smooch-63062300/in/la-porte/la-porte-county-small-animal-shelter-in89/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/king-albert-55925382/il/chicago/hi-kitty-kitty-il760/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/kat-62118968/ky/corbin/forgotten-felines-of-corbin-ky-ky516/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/erika-63136826/wi/brookfield/elmbrook-humane-society-wi47/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/tiger-63507064/tn/chattanooga/humane-educational-society-of-chattanooga-tn-tn25/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/midnight-fostered-christina-w-57437459/il/troy/partners-for-pets-il158/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/lindsay-63785126/mo/st-louis/center-for-animal-rescue-and-enrichment-of-st-louis-mo760/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/guinness-c444-59808610/mn/minnetonka/secondhand-hounds-mn289/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/shadow-62846011/mo/house-springs/open-door-animal-sanctuary-mo218/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/teddy-62422916/fl/lakeland/spca-florida-fl221/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/sadie-61513142/fl/tampa/humane-society-of-tampa-bay-fl316/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/logan-61530987/mo/branson/branson-humane-society-mo627/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/merlin-64016328/ks/wichita/kansas-humane-society-of-wichita-ks64/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/loki-54769275/wy/buffalo/st-francis-animal-shelter-wy12/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/milo-dcs-a-5609-51316228/wy/sheridan/sheridan-dog-cat-shelter-inc-wy14/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/jacob-51749973/wy/sheridan/second-chance-sheridan-cat-rescue-wy62/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/jack-black-64066870/wy/cody/park-county-animal-shelter-wy30/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/smudge-62242214/wy/cody/park-county-animal-shelter-wy30/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/blackie-55324797/ut/harrisville/furever-friends-animal-oasis-ut198/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/ohenry-63903480/wa/bellingham/whatcom-humane-society-wa7/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/emori-58764820/me/thomaston/pope-memorial-humane-society-of-knox-county-me04/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/nunu-63948444/me/winthrop/protectors-of-animal-lives-society-pals-me155/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/mcphee-63554493/me/winthrop/protectors-of-animal-lives-society-pals-me155/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/pike-56557372/me/winthrop/protectors-of-animal-lives-society-pals-me155/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/kensi-59488395/nb/florenceville/dunroamin-stray-and-rescue-nb19/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/theodore-56498126/nb/florenceville/dunroamin-stray-and-rescue-nb19/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/waif-40641278/nb/florenceville/dunroamin-stray-and-rescue-nb19/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/martha-63837969/nb/fredericton/carma-fredericton-chapter-nb17/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/brutus-cinder-59423057/nb/fredericton/carma-fredericton-chapter-nb17/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/shadow-60368163/nb/fredericton/carma-fredericton-chapter-nb17/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/toothless-59288813/nb/fredericton/carma-fredericton-chapter-nb17/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/blueberry-and-licorice-63189970/ma/salisbury/merrimack-river-feline-rescue-society-ma65/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/star-63229701/nh/manchester/love-n-light-furever-fl1789/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/vallucci-63961539/nh/londonderry/this-is-the-dog-fl760/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/morgan-63841386/nh/salem/salem-animal-rescue-league-nh71/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/luna-63786577/ma/lowell/lowell-humane-society-ma106/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/hercules-63385100/ma/lowell/lowell-humane-society-ma106/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/blackey-63786302/ma/medford/kitty-connection-inc-ma373/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/gavin-56893028/ma/boston/with-grace-nv213/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/cosmo-ebony-63563498/ma/waltham/the-cat-connection-ma190/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/dominique-62306640/ma/boston/ellen-m-gifford-sheltering-home-ma44/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/gucci-58946578/ma/braintree/south-shore-humane-society-ma317/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/gromit-w-wallace-63961409/ma/duxbury/standish-humane-society-ma71/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/shelby-44666438/nh/jaffrey/monadnock-kitty-rescue-and-adoption-nh68/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/cindy-51078130/nh/jaffrey/monadnock-kitty-rescue-and-adoption-nh68/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/maeve-63782847/ma/gardner/gardner-animal-control-facility-ma475/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/happy-63650263/vt/pittsford/rutland-county-humane-society-vt11/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/marshmellow-61919023/vt/pittsford/rutland-county-humane-society-vt11/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/onyx-64018444/ma/hopkinton/baypath-humane-society-of-hopkinton-inc-ma141/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/lenny-b-64018443/ma/hopkinton/baypath-humane-society-of-hopkinton-inc-ma141/

https://www.petfinder.com/cat/puma-64055930/ny/fairport/lollypop-farm-humane-society-of-greater-rochester-ny494/

05-06-2023-1751 - Troyes

Troyes (French pronunciation: [tʁwa] (listen)) is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in the Grand Est region of north-central France. It is located on the Seine river about 140 km (87 mi) south-east of Paris. Troyes is situated within the Champagne wine region and is near to the Orient Forest Regional Natural Park. 

History
See also: Timeline of Troyes
For the ecclesiastical history, see Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes.

Prehistoric evidence has been found in the Troyes area, suggesting that the settlement may have developed as early as 600 BC. Celtic grave-mounds have been found near the city, and Celtic artifacts have been excavated within the City grounds.[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes

In the Roman era, it was known as Augustobona Tricassium. Numerous highways intersected here, primarily the Via Agrippa, which led north to Reims and south to Langres, and eventually to Milan.^[4] Other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans.^[5]

It was the civitas of the Tricasses people,^[6] who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent. It was referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes.

From the fourth century AD, the people had become Christian and the city was designated as the seat of a bishop. The legend of its bishop Lupus (Loup), who saved the city from Attila by offering himself as hostage, is hagiographic rather than historical.^[7] It was several centuries before Troyes gained importance as a medieval centre of commerce.

The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, also called The Battle of Troyes, was fought nearby in 451 AD, between the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I against Attila.

The early cathedral occupied the site of the current one. Here Louis the Stammerer in 878 received the imperial crown from Pope John VIII. At the end of the ninth century, following depredations to the city by Normans, the counts of Champagne chose Troyes as their capital. It remained the capital of the Province of Champagne until the Revolution of the late eighteenth century. The Abbey of Saint-Loup developed a renowned library and scriptorium.

During the Middle Ages, Troyes was an important international trading town. It was the namesake of troy weight for gold a standard of measurement developed here.^[8] The Champagne cloth fairs and the revival of long-distance trade, together with new extension of coinage and credit, were the drivers of the medieval economy of Troyes.

In 1285, when Philip the Fair united Champagne to the royal domain, the town kept a number of its traditional privileges. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and ally of the English, in 1417 worked to have Troyes designated as the capital of France. He came to an understanding with Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI of France, that a court, council, and parlement with comptroller's offices should be established at Troyes.

On 21 May 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed in this city, still under control of the Burgundians, by which Henry V of England was betrothed to Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. Under the terms of the treaty, Henry V was to succeed Charles, to the detriment of the Dauphin. The high-water mark of Plantagenet hegemony in France was reversed when the Dauphin, afterwards Charles VII, and Joan of Arc recovered the town of Troyes in 1429 for French control by armed conflict (Siege of Troyes).

Town Hall of Troyes

The great fire of 1524 destroyed much of the me

History

See also: Timeline of Troyes

For the ecclesiastical history, see Roman Catholic Diocese of Troyes.

Prehistoric evidence has been found in the Troyes area, suggesting that the settlement may have developed as early as 600 BC. Celtic grave-mounds have been found near the city, and Celtic artifacts have been excavated within the City grounds.^[3]

In the Roman era, it was known as Augustobona Tricassium. Numerous highways intersected here, primarily the Via Agrippa, which led north to Reims and south to Langres, and eventually to Milan.^[4] Other Roman routes from Troyes led to Poitiers, Autun and Orléans.^[5]

It was the civitas of the Tricasses people,^[6] who had been separated by Augustus from the Senones. Of the Gallo-Roman city of the early Empire, some scattered remains have been found, but no public monuments, other than traces of an aqueduct. By the Late Empire the settlement was reduced in extent. It was referred to as Tricassium or Tricassae, the origin of French Troyes.

From the fourth century AD, the people had become Christian and the city was designated as the seat of a bishop. The legend of its bishop Lupus (Loup), who saved the city from Attila by offering himself as hostage, is hagiographic rather than historical.^[7] It was several centuries before Troyes gained importance as a medieval centre of commerce.

The Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, also called The Battle of Troyes, was fought nearby in 451 AD, between the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the Visigothic king Theodoric I against Attila.

The early cathedral occupied the site of the current one. Here Louis the Stammerer in 878 received the imperial crown from Pope John VIII. At the end of the ninth century, following depredations to the city by Normans, the counts of Champagne chose Troyes as their capital. It remained the capital of the Province of Champagne until the Revolution of the late eighteenth century. The Abbey of Saint-Loup developed a renowned library and scriptorium.

During the Middle Ages, Troyes was an important international trading town. It was the namesake of troy weight for gold a standard of measurement developed here.^[8] The Champagne cloth fairs and the revival of long-distance trade, together with new extension of coinage and credit, were the drivers of the medieval economy of Troyes.

In 1285, when Philip the Fair united Champagne to the royal domain, the town kept a number of its traditional privileges. John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and ally of the English, in 1417 worked to have Troyes designated as the capital of France. He came to an understanding with Isabeau of Bavaria, wife of Charles VI of France, that a court, council, and parlement with comptroller's offices should be established at Troyes.

On 21 May 1420, the Treaty of Troyes was signed in this city, still under control of the Burgundians, by which Henry V of England was betrothed to Catherine, daughter of Charles VI. Under the terms of the treaty, Henry V was to succeed Charles, to the detriment of the Dauphin. The high-water mark of Plantagenet hegemony in France was reversed when the Dauphin, afterwards Charles VII, and Joan of Arc recovered the town of Troyes in 1429 for French control by armed conflict (Siege of Troyes).

Town Hall of Troyes

The great fire of 1524 destroyed much of the medieval city, although the city had numerous canals separating sections. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_to_Reims

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricasses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civitas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_fairs

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poitiers

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture

 

The Tricasses were a Gallic tribe dwelling on the upper Seine and the Aube rivers during the Roman period. Until the first century AD, they were probably reckoned among the Senones.^[1]

Name

They are mentioned as Tricasses by Pliny (1st c. AD),^[2] and as Trikásioi (Τρικάσιοι) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).^[3][4]

The Gaulish ethnonym Tricasses derives from the root for 'three', tri-.^[5] The meaning of the second element -casses, attested in other Gaulish ethnonyms such as Bodiocasses, Durocasses, Sucasses, Veliocasses or Viducasses, has been debated, but it probably signifies '(curly) hair, hairstyle' (cf. Old Irish chass 'curl'), perhaps referring to a particular warrior coiffure. The name Tricasses may thus be translated as 'the three-braided ones' or 'those of the three (many) curls'.^[6]

The city of Troyes, attested ca. 400 AD as civitas Tricassium ('civitas of the Tricasses'; Trecassis in the 7th c., Treci in 890, Troies in 1230), is named after the Gallic tribe.^[7] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricasses

Churches

Cathedral western front

Not having suffered from the last wars, Troyes has a high density of old religious buildings grouped close to the city centre. They include:

• Saint-Pierre-et-Saint-Paul Cathedral
• Saint-Nizier Church, in Gothic and Renaissance style, with remarkable sculptures. Classified as a Monument Historique (French equivalence) in 1840.
• The Gothic Saint-Urbain Basilica (thirteenth century), with a roofing covered by polished tiles. It was built by Jacques Pantaléon, who was elected pope in 1261, under the name of Urbain IV, on grounds where his father had a workshop. Classified Monument Historique in 1840. It was proclaimed a basilica in 1964.
• Sainte-Madeleine Church. Very early Gothic, with east end rebuilt around 1500. Remarkably elaborate stone rood screen of 1508–17 in Flamboyant Gothic style, sculpted by Jean Gailde, with a statue of Saint Martha. Fine Renaissance stained glass. Saint Jean district. Classified Monument historique in 1840.
• Saint-Jean Church, with a Renaissance chancel, tabernacle of the high altar by Giraudon. On the portal, coat of arms of Charles IX. Classified Monument Historique in 1840.
• Gothic Saint-Nicolas Church, dating to the beginning of the sixteenth century, with a calvary chapel -shaped rostrum reached by a monumental staircase. On the south portal, two sculptures by François Gentil of David and Isaiah.
• Saint-Pantaléon Church, with extensive statuary from the sixteenth century.
• Saint Remy Church, with a 14th-century spire rising to a height of 60 m (196.85 ft). A 17th-century sundial on its south side bears the Latin inscription sicut umbra dies nostri super terram ("our days on earth pass like a shadow").
• Church of Saint-Martin-ès-Vignes. It has stained glass windows of the seventeenth century by the local master verrier Linard Gonthier.

Several Troyes churches have sculpture by The Maître de Chaource. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes

 

Houses in the old town

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troyes

 

Saint Patroclus (Patroccus; French: Parre, German: Patroklus) of Troyes was a Christian martyr who died around 259 AD.  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroclus_of_Troyes

Symphorian (Symphorianus, Symphorien), Timotheus (Timothy), and Hippolytus of Rome are three Christian martyrs who though they were unrelated and were killed in different places and at different times, shared a common feast day in the General Roman Calendar from at least the 1568 Tridentine Calendar to the Mysterii Paschalis. While still a young man, Symphorian was either beheaded or beaten to death with clubs. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphorian_and_Timotheus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Martyrology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linard_Gonthier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Payens

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lef%C3%A8vre_(1717%E2%80%931768)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Siret

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_IV

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Champagne#Counts_of_Meaux_and_Troyes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Vermandois

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_I,_Count_of_Troyes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_II,_Count_of_Blois

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_III,_Count_of_Worms

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_II,_Count_of_Hesbaye

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Denis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_I,_Count_of_Vermandois

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalelm,_Count_of_Troyes

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odo_V

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_II,_Count_of_Champagne

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Count_of_Champagne

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_X_of_France

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Navarrese_monarchs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_I,_Countess_of_Flanders

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_V,_Count_of_Hainaut

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Lion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Swabia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamannia#List_of_rulers_of_Alamannia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadomarius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundomadus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praetorian_Guard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_Praetoria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilyo_Voyvoda

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_III

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_III

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiliarch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calque

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio_germanica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonotactics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_cluster

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phalanx

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linothorax

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/helen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/shaun

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/justin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/illyo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/daryo

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai-Khanoum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_highlands

The Armenian highlands (Armenian: Հայկական լեռնաշխարհ, romanized: Haykakan leṙnašxarh; also known as the Armenian upland, Armenian plateau, or Armenian tableland)^[1] is the most central and the highest of the three plateaus that together form the northern sector of Western Asia.^[1] Clockwise starting from the west, the Armenian highlands are bounded by the Anatolian plateau, the Caucasus, the Kura-Aras lowlands, the Iranian Plateau, and Mesopotamia. The highlands are divided into western and eastern regions, defined by the Ararat Valley where Mount Ararat is located. Western Armenia is nowadays referred to as eastern Anatolia, and Eastern Armenia as the Lesser Caucasus or Caucasus Minor, and historically as the Anti-Caucasus,^[2][3] meaning "opposite the Caucasus".

During the Iron Age, the region was known by variations of the name Ararat (Urartu, Uruatri, Urashtu). Later, the Highlands were known as Armenia Major, a central region to the history of Armenians,^[4] and one of the four geopolitical regions associated with Armenians,^[4] the other three being Armenia Minor, Sophene, and Commagene.^[5][6]

The population of the region has been primarily Armenian for most of its known history.^[4] Prior to the appearance of nominally Armenian people in historical records, historians have hypothesized that the region must have been home to various ethnic groups who became homogenous when the Armenian language came to prominence.^[7] The population of the Armenian Highlands seem to have had a high level of regional genetic continuity for over 6,000 years.^[4][8] Recent studies have shown that the Armenian people are indigenous to the Armenian Highlands and form a distinct genetic isolate in the region.^[4][9] The region was also inhabited during Antiquity by minorities such as Assyrians, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, and Iranians. During the Middle Ages, Arabs and particularly Turkmens and Kurds settled in large numbers in the Armenian Highlands. The Christian population of the western half of the region was exterminated during the Armenian genocide (1915–1917), organized and perpetrated by the Committee of Union and Progress as part of their Turkification policies.^[10][11] Today, the eastern half is mainly inhabited by Armenians, Azerbaijanis, and Georgians, while the western half is mainly inhabited by Armenians (included crypto-Armenians and Hemshins), Kurds (including Yazidis and Zazas), Turks, and Azerbaijanis.

The region was administered for most of its known history by Armenian nobility and states, whether it was as part of a fully independent Armenian state, as vassals, or as part of a foreign state. Since the 1040s, the highlands have been under the rule of various Turkic peoples and the Safavid dynasty, with pockets of Armenian autonomy in places such as Artsakh. Much of Eastern Armenia, which had been ruled by the Safavids from the 16th century, became part of the Russian Empire in 1828 and was later incorporated into the Soviet Union, while much of Western Armenia was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire and later incorporated into modern Turkey. Today, the region is divided between Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Iraq. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_highlands

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sevan

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrazdan_(river)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevanavank

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevan,_Armenia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrasia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_I

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Mairanovsky

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wace

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_of_France

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alys_of_France,_Countess_of_Vexin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeno

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/davtom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/brown

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sofranken

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chole_paslm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/black_blood

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_relation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_grammar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsing#Human_languages

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntactic_parsing_(computational_linguistics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chomsky_hierarchy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Dependencies

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part-of-speech_tagging

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_estimation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_parameter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Value

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_logic

Each logical system in this class shares characteristic properties:^[5]

1. Law of excluded middle and double negation elimination
2. Law of noncontradiction, and the principle of explosion
3. Monotonicity of entailment and idempotency of entailment
4. Commutativity of conjunction
5. De Morgan duality: every logical operator is dual to another

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_logic

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotency_of_entailment

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_system#Logical_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Boole

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_logic#Formal_logical_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantifiers_(logic)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_quantifier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbol_(formal)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_language

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_and_nonterminal_symbols

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_sets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_(mathematics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiomatic_set_theories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_(mathematics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equality_(mathematics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom_of_empty_set

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuous_truth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_set

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_conditional

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_tollens

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_inference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(logic)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/code

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertial_frame_of_reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_is_a_rose_is_a_rose_is_a_rose

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_universals

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstraction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_film

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_recording

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_head

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Load%E2%80%93store_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register%E2%80%93memory_architecture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addressing_mode

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signedness

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_numbering#Bit_significance_and_indexing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positional_notation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_cuneiform_numerals

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexagesimal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0#History

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_calendar#Calendar_Round

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_astronomy#Tools_of_theoretical_astronomy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observable_universe#Large-scale_structure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CfA2_Great_Wall

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_cosmic_structures

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_of_Avoidance

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_dust

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_dust_measurement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_compounds

The vertical alignment of the heads (the azimuth) must also match between recording and playback for good fidelity, and the gap should be as close to exactly vertical as possible for highest frequency response.  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_head

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnetic_devices

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_highly_composite_number

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwise_operation#Bit_shifts

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steganography

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/65,535

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Primary_storage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_instruction_set

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/360

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_pipelining

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_register

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addressing_mode#conditional_execution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position-independent_code

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_memory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locality_of_reference

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_execution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_prefetching

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_block

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGP-30

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_data_type

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator_(computing)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register#GPR

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture#Number_of_operands

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_(computing)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(computer_science)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_variable

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stride_of_an_array

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_(data_structure)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_fault

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect_(computer_science)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagged_pointer

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_hierarchy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_execution

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction-level_parallelism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_allocation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Array_(data_structure)#One-dimensional_arrays

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helical_scan

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syphilis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth