08-29-2021-1357 - Legionella legionnaires disease Legionnaires' disease pontiac fever 1976 buffered charcoal yeast agar cysteine media silver stain O Philadelphia 1977 proteobacteria gammaproteo gamma proteo bacteria ceae cecae cecal ales aceae lla ia brunen cardiaca adelaide

 Legionella is a genus of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that includes the species L. pneumophila, causing legionellosis^[3] (all illnesses caused by Legionella) including a pneumonia-type illness called Legionnaires' diseaseand a mild flu-like illness called Pontiac fever.^[3]

Legionella may be visualized with a silver stain or cultured in cysteine-containing media such as buffered charcoal yeast extract agar. It is common in many environments, including soil and aquatic systems, with at least 50 species and 70 serogroups identified. These bacteria, however, are not transmissible from person to person;^[4]furthermore, most people exposed to the bacteria do not become ill.^[5] Most outbreaks are traced to poorly maintained cooling towers.

The side chains of the cell wall carry the bases responsible for the somatic antigen specificity of these organisms. The chemical composition of these side chains both with respect to components and arrangement of the different sugars determines the nature of the somatic or O antigen determinants, which are essential means of serologically classifying many Gram-negative bacteria.

Legionella acquired its name after an outbreak of a then-unknown "mystery disease" sickened 221 people, causing 34 deaths. The outbreak was first noticed among attendees at a convention of the American Legion—an association of U.S. military veterans. The convention occurred in Philadelphia during the U.S. Bicentennial year on July 21–24, 1976. This epidemic among U.S. war veterans, occurring in the same city as—and within days of the 200th anniversary of—the signing of the Declaration of Independence, was widely publicized and caused great concern in the United States.^[6] On January 18, 1977, the causative agent was identified as a previously unknown bacterium subsequently named Legionella.

Legionella
Legionella sp. under UV light
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Legionellales
Family:	Legionellaceae
Genus:	Legionella Brenner et al. 1979
Species
Legionella adelaidensis[1] Legionella anisa[1] Legionella beliardensis[1] Legionella birminghamensis[1] Legionella bozemanae[1] Legionella brunensis[1] Legionella busanensis[1] Legionella cardiaca[1] Legionella cherrii[1] Legionella cincinnatiensis[1] Legionella clemsonensis[2] Legionella donaldsonii[1] Legionella drancourtii[1] Legionella dresdenensis[1] Legionella drozanskii[1] Legionella dumoffii[1] Legionella erythra[1] Legionella fairfieldensis[1] Legionella fallonii[1] Legionella feeleii[1] Legionella geestiana[1] Legionella genomospecies 1 Legionella gormanii[1] Legionella gratiana[1] Legionella gresilensis[1] Legionella hackeliae[1] Legionella impletisoli[1] Legionella israelensis[1] Legionella jamestowniensis[1] Candidatus Legionella jeonii Legionella jordanis[1] Legionella lansingensis[1] Legionella londiniensis[1] Legionella longbeachae[1] Legionella lytica[1] Legionella maceachernii[1] Legionella massiliensis[1] Legionella micdadei[1] Legionella monrovica[1] Legionella moravica[1] Legionella nagasakiensis[1] Legionella nautarum[1] Legionella norrlandica[1] Legionella oakridgensis[1] Legionella parisiensis[1] Legionella pittsburghensis[1] Legionella pneumophila[1] Legionella quateirensis[1] Legionella quinlivanii[1] Legionella rowbothamii[1] Legionella rubrilucens[1] Legionella sainthelensi[1] Legionella santicrucis[1] Legionella shakespearei[1] Legionella spiritensis[1] Legionella steelei[1] Legionella steigerwaltii[1] Legionella saoudiensis[1] Legionella taurinensis[1] Legionella thermalis[1] Legionella tucsonensis[1] Legionella tunisiensis[1] Legionella wadsworthii[1] Legionella waltersii[1] Legionella worsleiensis[1] Legionella yabuuchiae[1]

A Legionella pneumophila bacterium (green) caught by a Vermamoeba vermiformisamoeba (orange)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella

Legionella pneumophila is a thin, aerobic, pleomorphic, flagellated, non-spore-forming, Gram-negativebacterium of the genus Legionella.^[1][2] L. pneumophila is the primary human pathogenic bacterium in this group and is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, also known as legionellosis.

In nature, L. pneumophila infects freshwater and soil amoebae of the genera Acanthamoeba and Naegleria.^[3]The mechanism of infection is similar in amoeba and human cells.

Legionella pneumophila
TEM image of L. pneumophila
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gammaproteobacteria
Order:	Legionellales
Family:	Legionellaceae
Genus:	Legionella
Species:	L. pneumophila
Binomial name
Legionella pneumophila Brenner DJ, Steigerwalt AG, McDade JE 1979

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila

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08-29-2021-1356 - Mycoplasma (plural mycoplasmas or mycoplasmata)

Mycoplasma (plural mycoplasmas or mycoplasmata) is a genus of bacteria that lack a cell wall around their cell membranes.^[1] This characteristic makes them naturally resistant to antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis (like the beta-lactam antibiotics). They can be parasitic or saprotrophic. Several species are pathogenic in humans, including M. pneumoniae, which is an important cause of "walking" pneumonia and other respiratory disorders, and M. genitalium, which is believed to be involved in pelvic inflammatory diseases. Mycoplasma species are the smallest bacterial cells yet discovered,^[2] can survive without oxygen, and come in various shapes. For example, M. genitalium is flask-shaped (about 300 x 600 nm), while M. pneumoniae is more elongated (about 100 x 1000 nm). Hundreds of mycoplasma species infect animals.^[3] 

Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma haemofelis
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Tenericutes
Class:	Mollicutes
Order:	Mycoplasmatales
Family:	Mycoplasmataceae
Genus:	Mycoplasma J.Nowak 1929

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycoplasma

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08-29-2021-1350 - Psittacosis zoonotic infectious disease chlamydia psittaci pigeon squirrel arthropod crustacean mollusk ornithosis pulmonology biological weapons program product 1929 1930 pandemic fever Q fever legionella mycoplasma mycobacter mycosis mycotic burnettii Coxiella burnetii

Psittacosis—also known as parrot fever, and ornithosis—is a zoonotic infectious disease in humans caused by a bacterium called Chlamydia psittaci and contracted from infected parrots, such as macaws, cockatiels, and budgerigars, and from pigeons, sparrows, ducks, hens, gulls and many other species of birds. The incidence of infection in canaries and finches is believed to be lower than in psittacine birds.

In certain contexts, the word is used when the disease is carried by any species of birds belonging to the family Psittacidae, whereas ornithosis is used when other birds carry the disease.^[1] 

Differential diagnosis must be made with typhus, typhoid, and atypical pneumonia by Mycoplasma, Legionella, or Q fever. 

Psittacosis was first reported in Europe in 1879.^[7]

In 1929, a highly publicized outbreak of psittacosis hit the United States. Although not the first report of psittacosis in the United States, it was the largest up to that time. It led to greater controls on the import of pet parrots.^[7] The aftermath of the outbreak and how it was handled led to the establishment of the National Institutes of Health.^[8]

Psittacosis was one of more than a dozen agents that the United States researched as potential biological weapons before the nation suspended its biological weapons program.^[11]

In 1930, during the 1929–1930 psittacosis pandemic, Lena Rose Pepperdine died in 1930 of parrot fever. She was the first wife of George Pepperdine, the founder of Pepperdine University.^[12]

Psittacosis
Direct fluorescent antibody stain of a mouse brain impression smear showing C. psittaci
Specialty	Infectious medicine Pulmonology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacosis

Bacterial diseases due to gram negative non-proteobacteria (BV4)
Spirochaete	Spirochaetaceae Treponema Treponema pallidum  Syphilis/bejel Yaws Treponema carateum (Pinta) Treponema denticola Borrelia Borrelia burgdorferi/Borrelia afzelii  Lyme disease Erythema migrans Neuroborreliosis Borrelia recurrentis (Louse borne relapsing fever) Borrelia hermsii/Borrelia duttoni/Borrelia parkeri(Tick borne relapsing fever) Leptospiraceae Leptospira Leptospira interrogans (Leptospirosis)
Chlamydiaceae	Chlamydia Chlamydia psittaci (Psittacosis) Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia trachomatis  Chlamydia Lymphogranuloma venereum Trachoma
Bacteroidetes	Bacteroides fragilis Tannerella forsythia Capnocytophaga canimorsus Porphyromonas gingivalis Prevotella intermedia
Fusobacteria	Fusobacterium necrophorum (Lemierre's syndrome) Fusobacterium nucleatum Fusobacterium polymorphum Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-bite fever/Haverhill fever)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psittacosis

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