03-19-2022-2357 - 6012/13-14,15-16
Sunday, March 20, 2022
03-19-2022-2345 - sodium iodine phosphorous
Sodium is a chemical element with the symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11. It is a soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium
Phosphorous can refer to:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorous
P
- Phosphorus hydrides (4 P)
M
- Metal hydrides (78 P)
B
- Borohydrides (12 P)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hydrides
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 degrees Celsius, and boils to a violet gas at 184 degrees Celsius.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine
Hydrazine is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula N2H4. It is a simple pnictogen hydride, and is a colourless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odour.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine
Prior to 1974, traditional foams were created using a method outlined in U.S Patent named Mixing of Molten Plastic and Gas in 1974.[5] By releasing a gas, otherwise known as a chemical or physical blowing agent, over molten plastic, hard plastic was converted into traditional foam. The results of these methods were highly undesirable. Due to the uncontrolled nature of the process, the product was often non-uniform, housing many large voids. In turn, the outcome was a low strength, low density foam, with large cells in the cellular structure. The pitfalls of this method drove the need for a process that could make a similar material with more advantageous mechanical properties.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcellular_plastic
Phosphorus is a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. It has a concentration in the Earth's crust of about one gram per kilogram (compare copper at about 0.06 grams). In minerals, phosphorus generally occurs as phosphate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus
High-energy phosphate can mean one of two things:
- The phosphate-phosphate (phosphoanhydride/phosphoric anhydride/macroergic/phosphagen)[1][2][3] bonds formed when compounds such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are created.
- The compounds that contain these bonds, which include the nucleoside diphosphates and nucleoside triphosphates, and the high-energy storage compounds of the muscle, the phosphagens. When people speak of a high-energy phosphate pool, they speak of the total concentration of these compounds with these high-energy bonds.
High-energy phosphate bonds are usually pyrophosphate bonds, acid anhydride linkages formed by taking phosphoric acid derivatives and dehydrating them. As a consequence, the hydrolysis of these bonds is exergonic under physiological conditions, releasing energy.
| Reaction |
|---|
| ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi |
| ADP + H2O → AMP + Pi |
| ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi |
| PPi + H2O → 2 Pi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-energy_phosphate
In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a P–O–P linkage. A number of pyrophosphate salts exist, such as disodium pyrophosphate (Na2H2P2O7) and tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na4P2O7), among others. Often pyrophosphates are called diphosphates. The parent pyrophosphates are derived from partial or complete neutralization of pyrophosphoric acid. The pyrophosphate bond is also sometimes referred to as a phosphoanhydride bond, a naming convention which emphasizes the loss of water that occurs when two phosphates form a new P–O–P bond, and which mirrors the nomenclature for anhydrides of carboxylic acids. Pyrophosphates are found in ATP and other nucleotide triphosphates, which are very important in biochemistry.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrophosphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrasodium_pyrophosphate
Lombricine is a phosphagen that is unique to earthworms. Structurally, it is a phosphodiester of 2-guanidinoethanol and D-serine (not the usual L-serine),[1] which is then further phosphorylated by lombricine kinase to phospholombricine.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombricine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organophosphate_nerve_agents
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Organophosphates
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol_1-phosphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloxon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoribosyl_pyrophosphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributyl_phosphate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiPhePhos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2,2%27-Biphenylene_phosphorochloridite
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus_triiodide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difluorophosphoric_acid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#List_of_BSL-4_facilities
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus#White_phosphorus
Peloidal phosphorite, Phosphoria Formation, Simplot Mine, Idaho. 4.6 cm wide.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorite
03-19-2022-2342 - quinine quinidine quinone quinolone (dr bettey dvm)
Quinine is a medication used to treat malaria and babesiosis.[4] This includes the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available.[4][5] While sometimes used for nocturnal leg cramps, quinine is not recommended for this purpose due to the risk of serious side effects.[4] It can be taken by mouth or intravenously.[4] Malaria resistance to quinine occurs in certain areas of the world.[4] Quinine is also the ingredient in tonic water that gives it its bitter taste.[6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine
Quinidine is a medication that acts as a class I antiarrhythmic agent (Ia) in the heart.[1] It is a stereoisomer of quinine, originally derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. The drug causes increased action potential duration, as well as a prolonged QT interval.
As of 2019 it is no longer being manufactured for use in the United States.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds [such as benzene or naphthalene] by conversion of an even number of –CH= groups into –C(=O)– groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds, resulting in "a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure".[1][2][3] The archetypical member of the class is 1,4-benzoquinone or cyclohexadienedione, often called simply "quinone" (thus the name of the class). Other important examples are 1,2-benzoquinone (ortho-quinone), 1,4-naphthoquinone and 9,10-anthraquinone.
The name is derived from that of quinic acid (with the suffix "-one" indicating a ketone), since it is one of the compounds obtained upon oxidation of quinic acid.[4] Quinic acid, like quinine is obtained from cinchona bark, called quinaquina in Spanish.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinone
Quinolone may refer to:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinolone
03-19-2022-2341 - Sulfadoxine
Sulfadoxine (also spelled sulphadoxine) is an ultra-long-lasting sulfonamide used in combination with pyrimethamine to treat malaria.[1]
It is also used to prevent malaria[2] but due to high levels of resistance, this use is becoming less common.[3]
It is also used, usually in combination with other drugs, to treat or prevent various infections in livestock.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfadoxine
03-19-2022-2250 - Phosphorus-32, radionucleotide, radiolabeled nucleotide, substitution, radionuclide, etc. phosphorus, phosphorous tritium acid
Phosphorus-32 (32P) is a radioactive isotope of phosphorus. The nucleus of phosphorus-32 contains 15 protons and 17 neutrons, one more neutron than the most common isotope of phosphorus, phosphorus-31. Phosphorus-32 only exists in small quantities on Earth as it has a short half-life of 14 days and so decays rapidly.
Phosphorus is found in many organic molecules and so phosphorus-32 has many applications in medicine, biochemistry, and molecular biology where it can be used to trace phosphorylated molecules (for example, in elucidating metabolic pathways) and radioactively label DNA.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorus-32
Radionucleotide may refer to:
- In experimental biochemistry, a nucleotide that is radiolabeled with a radionuclide such as phosphorus-32
- When used in clinical medical literature, usually a malapropism for the intended term radionuclide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionucleotide
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferred to one of its electrons to release it as a conversion electron; or used to create and emit a new particle (alpha particle or beta particle) from the nucleus.
Examples[edit]
The following table lists properties of selected radionuclides illustrating the range of properties and uses.
| Isotope | Z | N | half-life | DM | DE keV | Mode of formation | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tritium (3H) | 1 | 2 | 12.3 y | β− | 19 | Cosmogenic | lightest radionuclide, used in artificial nuclear fusion, also used for radioluminescence and as oceanic transient tracer. Synthesized from neutron bombardment of lithium-6 or deuterium |
| Beryllium-10 | 4 | 6 | 1,387,000 y | β− | 556 | Cosmogenic | used to examine soil erosion, soil formation from regolith, and the age of ice cores |
| Carbon-14 | 6 | 8 | 5,700 y | β− | 156 | Cosmogenic | used for radiocarbon dating |
| Fluorine-18 | 9 | 9 | 110 min | β+, EC | 633/1655 | Cosmogenic | positron source, synthesised for use as a medical radiotracer in PET scans. |
| Aluminium-26 | 13 | 13 | 717,000 y | β+, EC | 4004 | Cosmogenic | exposure dating of rocks, sediment |
| Chlorine-36 | 17 | 19 | 301,000 y | β−, EC | 709 | Cosmogenic | exposure dating of rocks, groundwater tracer |
| Potassium-40 | 19 | 21 | 1.24×109 y | β−, EC | 1330 /1505 | Primordial | used for potassium-argon dating, source of atmospheric argon, source of radiogenic heat, largest source of natural radioactivity |
| Calcium-41 | 20 | 21 | 99,400 y | EC | Cosmogenic | exposure dating of carbonate rocks | |
| Cobalt-60 | 27 | 33 | 5.3 y | β− | 2824 | Synthetic | produces high energy gamma rays, used for radiotherapy, equipment sterilisation, food irradiation |
| Krypton-81 | 36 | 45 | 229,000 y | β+ | Cosmogenic | groundwater dating | |
| Strontium-90 | 38 | 52 | 28.8 y | β− | 546 | Fission product | medium-lived fission product; probably most dangerous component of nuclear fallout |
| Technetium-99 | 43 | 56 | 210,000 y | β− | 294 | Fission product | most common isotope of the lightest unstable element, most significant of long-lived fission products |
| Technetium-99m | 43 | 56 | 6 hr | γ,IC | 141 | Synthetic | most commonly used medical radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer |
| Iodine-129 | 53 | 76 | 15,700,000 y | β− | 194 | Cosmogenic | longest lived fission product; groundwater tracer |
| Iodine-131 | 53 | 78 | 8 d | β− | 971 | Fission product | most significant short-term health hazard from nuclear fission, used in nuclear medicine, industrial tracer |
| Xenon-135 | 54 | 81 | 9.1 h | β− | 1160 | Fission product | strongest known "nuclear poison" (neutron-absorber), with a major effect on nuclear reactor operation. |
| Caesium-137 | 55 | 82 | 30.2 y | β− | 1176 | Fission product | other major medium-lived fission product of concern |
| Gadolinium-153 | 64 | 89 | 240 d | EC | Synthetic | Calibrating nuclear equipment, bone density screening | |
| Bismuth-209 | 83 | 126 | 2.01×1019y | α | 3137 | Primordial | long considered stable, decay only detected in 2003 |
| Polonium-210 | 84 | 126 | 138 d | α | 5307 | Decay product | Highly toxic, used in poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko |
| Radon-222 | 86 | 136 | 3.8 d | α | 5590 | Decay product | gas, responsible for the majority of public exposure to ionizing radiation, second most frequent cause of lung cancer |
| Thorium-232 | 90 | 142 | 1.4×1010 y | α | 4083 | Primordial | basis of thorium fuel cycle |
| Uranium-235 | 92 | 143 | 7×108y | α | 4679 | Primordial | fissile, main nuclear fuel |
| Uranium-238 | 92 | 146 | 4.5×109 y | α | 4267 | Primordial | Main Uranium isotope |
| Plutonium-238 | 94 | 144 | 87.7 y | α | 5593 | Synthetic | used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and radioisotope heater units as an energy source for spacecraft |
| Plutonium-239 | 94 | 145 | 24,110 y | α | 5245 | Synthetic | used for most modern nuclear weapons |
| Americium-241 | 95 | 146 | 432 y | α | 5486 | Synthetic | used in household smoke detectors as an ionising agent |
| Californium-252 | 98 | 154 | 2.64 y | α/SF | 6217 | Synthetic | undergoes spontaneous fission (3% of decays), making it a powerful neutron source, used as a reactor initiator and for detection devices |
Key: Z = atomic number; N = neutron number; DM = decay mode; DE = decay energy; EC = electron capture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide
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