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https://www.powderbulksolids.com/explosion-protection-safety/basf-chemical-plant-explosion-causes-1-death-injuries
https://www.powderbulksolids.com/explosion-protection-safety/basf-chemical-plant-explosion-causes-1-death-injurieshttps://www.powderbulksolids.com/explosion-protection-safety/basf-chemical-plant-explosion-causes-1-death-injuries
https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/wp-content/files_mf/FD_14373_oppau_1921_ang.pdf
https://interestingengineering.com/mystery-explosions-rock-chemical-plant-site-in-germany
https://www.latimes.com/nation/ct-basf-explosion-germany-20161017-story.html
https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02361-x
that a fire occurred before the explosion in a river harbor pipeline used to transport liquids from transport ships to tanks for storage. The explosion happened at about 11:30 a.m., the company said in its release and on Twitter.
According to the Leverkusen City website, a tank of solvents had caught fire and extinguishing work could not be initiated till a power line was disconnected from the grid. The Fire extinguishing services at the chemical plant and the Leverkusen Fire Brigade were working on extinguishing the fire that has now been extinguished. The Fire Brigade at the city of Cologne, 11 miles away, is being drawn in for support.
https://interestingengineering.com/mystery-explosions-rock-chemical-plant-site-in-germany
Explosion in a nitrogenous fertiliser plant
21 September 1921
Oppau – [Rhénanie] Germany
Ammonium Sulphonitrate Victims
Material damage Modifications
Facility:
The facility built in 1911 over 8 hectares started to produce nitrogenous fertilizers two years later. This included mainly a mixture of potassium chloride and ammonium nitrate in equal proportions. The raw material ammonia was produced using the new Haber-Bosch process that uses atmospheric nitrogen. There were 8,000 people working on the site.
During war times, ammonia salts were produced for military use such as constituents for explosives. However after 1918, ammonium salts continued to be produced for civil purposes.
Since 1919, the potassium chloride/ammonium nitrate mixture was gradually replaced by a 50/50 mixture of ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate called "mischsaltz". This highly hygroscopic mixture had the disadvantage of clogging together under the pressure of its own weight during storage. It was common practice to loosen the "aggregated” product by firing explosives in holes drilled using a jumper bar in the hardened mass. Until the day of the accident over 20,000 firings were carried out in the "mischsaltz" without any sign of accident being observed.
https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/wp-content/files_mf/FD_14373_oppau_1921_ang.pdf
Material damage Modifications
Facility:
The facility built in 1911 over 8 hectares started to produce nitrogenous fertilizers two years later. This included mainly a mixture of potassium chloride and ammonium nitrate in equal proportions. The raw material ammonia was produced using the new Haber-Bosch process that uses atmospheric nitrogen. There were 8,000 people working on the site.
During war times, ammonia salts were produced for military use such as constituents for explosives. However after 1918, ammonium salts continued to be produced for civil purposes.
Since 1919, the potassium chloride/ammonium nitrate mixture was gradually replaced by a 50/50 mixture of ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate called "mischsaltz". This highly hygroscopic mixture had the disadvantage of clogging together under the pressure of its own weight during storage. It was common practice to loosen the "aggregated” product by firing explosives in holes drilled using a jumper bar in the hardened mass. Until the day of the accident over 20,000 firings were carried out in the "mischsaltz" without any sign of accident being observed.
https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/wp-content/files_mf/FD_14373_oppau_1921_ang.pdf
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