The RBMK (Russian: реактор большой мощности канальный, РБМК; reaktor bolshoy moshchnosti kanalnyy, "high-power channel-type reactor") is a class of graphite-moderated nuclear power reactor designed and built by the Soviet Union. The name refers to its unusual design where, instead of a large steel pressure vessel surrounding the entire core, the core is surrounded by a cylindrical annular steel tank inside a concrete vault and each fuel assembly is enclosed in an individual 8 cm diameter pipe (called a "channel") surrounded in graphite (which is in turn surrounded by the tank) which allows the flow of cooling water around the fuel.
The RBMK is an early Generation II reactor and the oldest commercial reactor design still in wide operation. Certain aspects of the original RBMK reactor design, such as the active removal of decay heat, the positive void coefficientproperties, the 4.5 m (14 ft 9 in) graphite displacer ends of the control rods[3] and instability at low power levels, contributed to the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, in which an RBMK experienced an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction, leading to a steam and hydrogen explosion, a large fire and subsequent core meltdown. Radioactivity was released over a large portion of Europe. The disaster prompted worldwide calls for the reactors to be completely decommissioned; however, there is still considerable reliance on RBMK facilities for power in Russia. Most of the flaws in the design of RBMK-1000 reactors were corrected after the Chernobyl accident and a dozen reactors have since been operating without any serious incidents for over thirty years.[4] While nine RBMK blocks under construction were cancelled after the Chernobyl disaster, and the last of three remaining RBMK blocks at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was shut down in 2000, as of 2019 there were still 9 RBMK reactors and three small EGP-6 graphite moderated light-water reactorsoperating in Russia,[1][5] though all have been retrofitted with a number of safety updates. Only two RBMK blocks were started after 1986: Ignalina-2 and Smolensk-3.
| RBMK reactor class | |
|---|---|
 View of the Smolensk Nuclear Power Plant site, with three operational RBMK-1000 reactors. A fourth reactor was cancelled before completion. | |
| Generation | Generation II reactor |
| Reactor concept | Graphite-moderated light water-cooled reactor |
| Reactor line | RBMK (Reaktor Bolshoy Moshchnosti Kanalniy) |
| Reactor types | RBMK-1000 RBMK-1500 RBMKP-2400 |
| Status | 26 blocks:
|
| Main parameters of the reactor core | |
| Fuel (fissile material) | 235U (NU/SEU/LEU) |
| Fuel state | Solid |
| Neutron energy spectrum | Thermal |
| Primary control method | Control rods |
| Primary moderator | Graphite |
| Primary coolant | Liquid (light water) |
| Reactor usage | |
| Primary use | Generation of electricity and production of weapon grade plutonium |
| Power (thermal) | RBMK-1000: 3,200 MWth RBMK-1500: 4,800 MWth RBMKP-2400: 6,500 MWth |
| Power (electric) | RBMK-1000: 1,000 MWe RBMK-1500: 1,500 MWe RBMKP-2400: 2,400 MWe |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RBMK
No comments:
Post a Comment