A neurotropic virus is a virus that is capable of infecting nerve tissue.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotropic_virus
Neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are a family of biomolecules – nearly all of which are peptides or small proteins – that support the growth, survival, and differentiation of both developing and mature neurons.[1][2][3] Most NTFs exert their trophic effects on neurons by signaling through tyrosine kinases,[2] usually a receptor tyrosine kinase. In the mature nervous system, they promote neuronal survival, induce synaptic plasticity, and modulate the formation of long-term memories.[2] Neurotrophic factors also promote the initial growth and development of neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system, and they are capable of regrowing damaged neurons in test tubes and animal models.[1][4] Some neurotrophic factors are also released by the target tissue in order to guide the growth of developing axons. Most neurotrophic factors belong to one of three families: (1) neurotrophins, (2) glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor family ligands (GFLs), and (3) neuropoietic cytokines.[4] Each family has its own distinct cell signaling mechanisms, although the cellular responses elicited often do overlap.[4]
Currently, neurotrophic factors are being intensely studied for use in bioartificial nerve conduits because they are necessary in vivo for directing axon growth and regeneration. In studies, neurotrophic factors are normally used in conjunction with other techniques such as biological and physical cues created by the addition of cells and specific topographies. The neurotrophic factors may or may not be immobilized to the scaffold structure, though immobilization is preferred because it allows for the creation of permanent, controllable gradients. In some cases, such as neural drug delivery systems, they are loosely immobilized such that they can be selectively released at specified times and in specified amounts.[medical citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotrophic_factors
A brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision. It is the most complex organ in a vertebrate's body. In a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 14–16 billion neurons,[1] and the estimated number of neurons in the cerebellum is 55–70 billion.[2] Each neuron is connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. These neurons typically communicate with one another by means of long fibers called axons, which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells.
Physiologically, brains exert centralized control over a body's other organs. They act on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment. Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia, but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain.
The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved.[3] Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer, very different in mechanism from an electronic computer, but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world, stores it, and processes it in a variety of ways.
This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species, with the greatest attention to vertebrates. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains. The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, that are covered in the human brain article.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spindle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocytozoon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenous_acid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_acid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_versus_kinetic_reaction_control
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mineral_acids
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameloblast
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoblast
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulosa_cell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_layer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocyte
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocyte
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_macrophage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage#Tissue_macrophages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage_polarization#M1_macrophages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrophil_extracellular_traps
plasmid, mitochondria, cell, nucleus, virus, bacteriophage, bacteria, fungus, fragment protein, prion, etc.
09-28-2021-1813 - spinor spherical harmonics
Wednesday, September 22, 2021
Wednesday, September 22, 2021
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gamma_and_related_functions
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_display
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostriction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferroelectricity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-carrier_injection
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneto-optic_effect
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetostatics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_heat_distribution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinear_metamaterial
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_magnetoresistance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_dielectric_response
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsonic_acid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloprotein
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_polarity_gene
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotropic_virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliovirus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbovirus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_fever
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filoviridae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg_virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononegavirales
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hantavirus_hemorrhagic_fever_with_renal_syndrome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmissible_spongiform_encephalopathy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variably_protease-sensitive_prionopathy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_wasting_disease
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mitochondrial_diseases
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate_deaminase_deficiency_type_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibrodysplasia_ossificans_progressiva
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Rare_diseases
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_regression_syndrome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bietti%27s_crystalline_dystrophy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamenial_pneumothorax
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batten_disease
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea-blue_histiocytosis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colloid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco_mosaic_virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-strand_RNA_virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_classification#Group_V:_negative_sense_single-stranded_RNA_viruses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthornavirae#Negative-strand_RNA_viruses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramyxoviridae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative-strand_RNA_virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variably_protease-sensitive_prionopathy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_monophosphate_deaminase_deficiency_type_1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrapie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzylpenicillin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzathine_benzylpenicillin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonvenereal_endemic_syphilis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceftriaxone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug#Cytostatics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug#Other_drugs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclophosphamide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituximab
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorouracil
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_IV_hypersensitivity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inosine-5%E2%80%B2-monophosphate_dehydrogenase
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickettsia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriviridae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba_proteus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebozoa
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba#/media/File:Der_Kleine_Proteus_from_Roesel.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclearia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustule
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscess
Origins
Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved.[47] The origin of viruses is unclear because they do not form fossils, so molecular techniques are used to investigate how they arose.[48] In addition, viral genetic material occasionally integrates into the germline of the host organisms, by which they can be passed on vertically to the offspring of the host for many generations. This provides an invaluable source of information for paleovirologists to trace back ancient viruses that have existed up to millions of years ago. There are three main hypotheses that aim to explain the origins of viruses:[49][50]
- Regressive hypothesis
- Viruses may have once been small cells that parasitised larger cells. Over time, genes not required by their parasitism were lost. The bacteria rickettsia and chlamydia are living cells that, like viruses, can reproduce only inside host cells. They lend support to this hypothesis, as their dependence on parasitism is likely to have caused the loss of genes that enabled them to survive outside a cell. This is also called the 'degeneracy hypothesis',[51][52] or 'reduction hypothesis'.[53]
- Cellular origin hypothesis
- Some viruses may have evolved from bits of DNA or RNA that "escaped" from the genes of a larger organism. The escaped DNA could have come from plasmids (pieces of naked DNA that can move between cells) or transposons (molecules of DNA that replicate and move around to different positions within the genes of the cell).[54] Once called "jumping genes", transposons are examples of mobile genetic elements and could be the origin of some viruses. They were discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock in 1950.[55] This is sometimes called the 'vagrancy hypothesis',[51][56] or the 'escape hypothesis'.[53]
- Co-evolution hypothesis
- This is also called the 'virus-first hypothesis'[53] and proposes that viruses may have evolved from complex molecules of protein and nucleic acid at the same time that cells first appeared on Earth and would have been dependent on cellular life for billions of years. Viroids are molecules of RNA that are not classified as viruses because they lack a protein coat. They have characteristics that are common to several viruses and are often called subviral agents.[57] Viroids are important pathogens of plants.[58] They do not code for proteins but interact with the host cell and use the host machinery for their replication.[59] The hepatitis delta virus of humans has an RNA genome similar to viroids but has a protein coat derived from hepatitis B virus and cannot produce one of its own. It is, therefore, a defective virus. Although hepatitis delta virus genome may replicate independently once inside a host cell, it requires the help of hepatitis B virus to provide a protein coat so that it can be transmitted to new cells.[60] In similar manner, the sputnik virophage is dependent on mimivirus, which infects the protozoan Acanthamoeba castellanii.[61] These viruses, which are dependent on the presence of other virus species in the host cell, are called 'satellites' and may represent evolutionary intermediates of viroids and viruses.[62][63]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provirus
latent idiopathic nosocomial research investigative pharmaceutical
Iatrogenesis is the causation of a disease, a harmful complication, or other ill effect by any medical activity, including diagnosis, intervention, error, or negligence.[1][2][3] First used in this sense in 1924,[1] the term was introduced to sociology in 1976 by Ivan Illich, alleging that industrialized societies impair quality of life by overmedicalizing life.[4] Iatrogenesis may thus include mental suffering via medical beliefs or a practitioner's statements.[4][5][6] Some iatrogenic events are obvious, like amputation of the wrong limb, whereas others, like drug interactions, can evade recognition. In a 2013 estimate, about 20 million negative effects from treatment had occurred globally.[7] In 2013, an estimated 142,000 persons died from adverse effects of medical treatment, up from an estimated 94,000 in 1990.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iatrogenesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)#Beta
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease#Inflammatory_disorders
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_heart_disease
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilitic_aortitis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis
Syphilitic aortitis is inflammation of the aorta associated with the tertiary stage of syphilis infection. SA begins as inflammation of the outermost layer of the blood vessel, including the blood vessels that supply the aorta itself with blood, the vasa vasorum.[3] As SA worsens, the vasa vasorum undergo hyperplastic thickening of their walls thereby restricting blood flow and causing ischemia of the outer two-thirds of the aortic wall. Starved for oxygen and nutrients, elastic fibers become patchy and smooth muscle cells die. If the disease progresses, syphilitic aortitis leads to an aortic aneurysm. Overall, tertiary syphilis is a rare cause of aortic aneurysms.[3] Syphilitic aortitis has become rare in the developed world with the advent of penicillin treatments after World War II.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilitic_aortitis
Neurosyphilis refers to infection of the central nervous system in a patient with syphilis. In the era of modern antibiotics the majority of neurosyphilis cases have been reported in HIV-infected patients. Meningitis is the most common neurological presentation in early syphilis. Tertiary syphilis symptoms are exclusively neurosyphilis, though neurosyphilis may occur at any stage of infection.
To diagnose neurosyphilis, patients undergo a lumbar puncture to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for analysis. The CSF is tested for antibodies for specific Treponema pallidum antigens. The preferred test is the VDRL test, which is sometimes supplemented by fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS).[1][2][3]
Historically, the disease was studied under the Tuskegee study, a notable example of unethical human experimentation. The study was done on approximately 400 African-American men with untreated syphilis who were followed from 1932 to 1972 and compared to approximately 200 men without syphilis. The study began without informed consent of the subjects and was continued by the United States Public Health Service until 1972. The researchers failed to notify and withheld treatment for patients despite knowing penicillin was found as an effective cure for neurosyphilis. After four years of follow up, neurosyphilis was identified in 26.1% of patients vs. 2.5% of controls. After 20 years of followup, 14% showed signs of neurosyphilis and 40% had died from other causes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosyphilis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granuloma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV/AIDS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabes_dorsalis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglutination
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agglomerate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives#False_negative_error
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_testing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_bias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_distortion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitive_coupling
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitance#Capacitance_matrix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue_electronics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_acceleration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_force
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_response
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-port_network#Cascade_connection
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_matrix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_mapping
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar_flow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_matrix
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenstrain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_expansion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accretion_disk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_jet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_momentum
amplifi cascade mirror dust vortex vac fusion cold grid glitter phos phoston
Magnetogenetics refers to a biological technique that involves the use of magnetic fields to remotely control cell activity.
In most cases, magnetic stimulation is transformed into either force (magneto-mechanical genetics) or heat (magneto-thermal genetics), which depends on the applied magnetic field. Therefore, cells are usually genetically modified to express ion channels that are either mechanically or thermally gated. As such, magnetogenetics is a cellular modulation method that uses a combination of techniques from magnetism and genetics to control activities of individual cells in living tissue – even within freely moving animals. This technique is comparable to optogenetics, which is the manipulation of cell behavior using light. In magnetogenetics, magnetic stimulation is used instead of light, a characteristic that allows for a less invasive, less toxic, and wireless modulation of cell activity.
Cell activity control is achieved using magnetic compounds such as ferritin or magnetic nanoparticles. These compounds are designed to link to the ion channels that are genetically expressed on specific cells. Control of activity is thus restricted to genetically pre-defined cells and performed in a spatiotemporal-specific manner by magnetic stimulation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetogenetics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optogenetic_methods_to_record_cellular_activity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_nervous_system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCL1#Autonomic_nervous_system_development
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroregeneration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurogenesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_stem_cell
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo#Development
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_embryonic_development
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_embryonic_development
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proembryo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperhydricity
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stress_granule
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyclohexanes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsulfoxonium_iodide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iodides
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydride
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_chloride
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_station
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_scavenger
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiccant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_process
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_anhydride
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorous
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blowing_agent
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_foam
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_ash
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_azide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrazine_sulfate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_gas_thruster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopropellant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drag
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propellant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe
dark matter, vortex, mirror, etc.,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trioxidane
rebodiment, nervous system regrowth trace line magnetic cascade induction catalyst autoregenerative or static/etc., etc..
insect metabolic/nervous system
respiratory circulatory (bone vein artery pump dissemination component (capillary) junctions joints etc. specialized tissue) nervous (brain nerves (channels))
nervous system viand phosphorus autosustain finite dimension
shell sustenance procedure materials mechanisms processes facilities etc..
catabolic function drive, anorexia, cachexia, wasting, etc..
[carbohydrate, metal, radioactive, acid, salt, dessicant, etc..]
(nicotine, caffiene phosphorous soda diet salt at living tissue)
tissue substitution and novel shell development with aesthetic
[structure function etc..
confounds, constraints, conditions, etc.. statistics, mathematics, computer science, education, physics, chemistry, biology, biochemistry, psychology, animal science, veterinary, dental, laboratory, nuclear science, engineering, etc..]
respiratory - carb
circulatory - pro [at bone] or carb
nervous - lip or carb
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