https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_ellipsoid#Reference_ellipsoid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid
History
Geodesy began in pre-scientific antiquity, so the very word geodesy comes from the Ancient Greek word γεωδαισία or geodaisia (literally, "division of Earth").
Early ideas about the figure of the Earth held the Earth to be flat and the heavens a physical dome spanning over it. Two early arguments for a spherical Earth were that lunar eclipses appear to an observer as circular shadows and that Polaris appears lower and lower in the sky to a traveler headed South.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geodesy
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