German Trommelfeuer on the Chemin des Dames (31 July 1917)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)#Creeping_barrage
The first day on the Somme, 1 July 1916, was the beginning of the Battle of Albert (1–13 July), the name given by the British to the first two weeks of the 141 days of the Battle of the Somme (1 July–18 November) in the First World War. Nine corps of the French Sixth Army and the British Fourth and Third armies attacked the German 2nd Army (General Fritz von Below) from Foucaucourt south of the Somme, northwards across the Somme and the Ancre to Serre and at Gommecourt, 2 mi (3.2 km) beyond, in the Third Army area. The objective of the attack was to capture the German first and second defensive positions from Serre south to the Albert–Bapaume road and the first position from the road south to Foucaucourt.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme
.jpg)
Planning map for an Allied creeping barrage at the First Battle of Passchendaele.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)#Creeping_barrage
Nevertheless, it remained in use in the Italian Campaign. In the assault on the Hitler Line during the Battle of Monte Cassino on 23 May 1944, 810 guns were amassed for the attack of I Canadian Corps. Three hundred of them fired on the first line of a 3,200 yard wide barrage, beginning three minutes before the infantry moved off and lifting at a rate of 100 yards in five minutes. It was due to pause for an hour at the first objective, then lift at 100 yards per three minutes to the further objectives, but the timing was disrupted by heavy resistance and defensive artillery fire. The operation was later criticised for concentrating on too narrow a front, constrained by the need for enough guns to produce a dense barrage.[34]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)#Creeping_barrage
For the opening of Operation Veritable, the push to the Rhine, the fire of 1,050 field and heavy guns was supplemented by 850 barrels of pepper-pot barrage: other weapons – mortars, machine guns, tanks, anti-tank guns, anti-aircraft guns and rockets – supplementing the field guns. The true barrage of the British XXX Corps began at 09.20, building in intensity over the next hour, 500 guns shooting at a line 500 yards deep. The barrage included smoke shells to screen the attackers forming up behind the barrage. From 10.30 the barrage was pure high explosive and began to roll forward. A 300-yard lift was made every 12 minutes, the lifts being signalled to the infantry by yellow smoke shells, and the barrage paused for ½ hour at each defensive line. 2,500 shells were fired per km2 per hour until the barrage stopped at 16.30.[37]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_(artillery)#Creeping_barrage
The Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive or Karelian offensive[Notes 3] was a strategic operation by the Soviet Leningrad and Karelian Fronts against Finland on the Karelian Isthmus and East Karelia fronts of the Continuation War, on the Eastern Front of World War II. The Soviet forces captured East Karelia and Vyborg/Viipuri. After that, however, the fighting reached a stalemate.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive
Finnish defensive positions. The Soviet offensive was stopped at the VKT-line.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive
June–September 1941
21st Army was a part of the Second Operational Echelon of the Red Army. It was formed from the forces of the Volga Military District in May 1941 and was initially based on 63rd Rifle Corps (53rd, 148th, and 167th Rifle Divisions) and 66th Rifle Corps. The army was under the command of Lieutenant-General Vasily Gerasimenko, and its chief of staff was Major-General Vasily Gordov. The commander of 63rd Rifle Corps was Lieutenant-General Leonid Petrovsky and the commander of 66th Rifle Corps was Major-General Fyodor Sudakov. In early June the army was moved to the eastern fringes of the Pripyat Marshes south of Homel. At the outbreak of hostilities on 22 June the army was redeployed north to defend the right bank of the Dnepr between Rybchev and Stary-Bykhov. At the same time 25th Mechanized Corps, under the command of Major-General Semyon Krivoshein, was assigned to 21st Army from the Kharkov Military District.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Army_(Soviet_Union)
The VKT-line or Viipuri–Kuparsaari–Taipale line (Finnish: VKT-linja, Swedish: VKT-linjen) was a Finnish defensive line on Karelian Isthmus during the Continuation War, spanning from Viipuri (Vyborg) through Tali and Kuparsaari along the northern shore of Vuoksi River, Suvanto and Taipaleenjoki to Taipale on the western shore of Lake Ladoga, using natural benefits of the eastern part of the destroyed Mannerheim Line.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VKT-line
The 22nd Karelian Fortified Region (KaUR; Russian: Карельский укрепленный район; Карельский укрепрайон; КаУР) is a 60 km wide Soviet defensive fortified district to the north of Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) that was built in 1928–1932, 1938–1939, 1941–1944 and 1950–1965 in the Soviet part of the Karelian Isthmus amongst other fortified areas (including the Stalin Line) constructed around that time in order to defend the western borders of the Soviet Union. The KaUR spans the old Finno-Russian border from Valkeasaari near the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland through Lempaala to Nizhniye Nikulyasy Bay on the western shore of Lake Ladoga.
The 42nd Rifle Division was formed from individual infantry and construction battalions within the Region on 17 January 1940.[citation needed] Its commander in 1941 was General Major Mikhail Andrianovich Popov.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Fortified_Region
- Fortified Region as a fortified area, equipped in engineering
terms for defence, line of defense in the form of long-term centers of
resistance strongholds that are in interaction and forming general group
(tens of kilometers of engineering structures, different obstacles,
managed and unmanaged minefields),[1] with a garrison of Fortified district troops designed to perform defensive tasks.[1][2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_Fortified_Region
Beloostrov (Russian: Белоо́стров; Finnish: Valkeasaari; lit. 'White Island'), from 1922 to World War II Krasnoostrov (Russian: Красноо́стров, lit. 'Red Island'), is a municipal settlement in Kurortny District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located on the Sestra River, Karelian Isthmus. Population: 2,080 (2010 Census);[1] 1,690 (2002 Census);[2] 1,405 (1989 Census).[3] The settlement has a railway station Beloostrov.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloostrov
The Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg railway is a 385-kilometre (239 mi) long segment of the Helsinki–Saint Petersburg connection, which is divided between Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast in Russia and the province of Southern Finland in Finland.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Saint_Petersburg_railway
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Original Finland Railway Bridge, built in 1910–1912
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riihim%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Saint_Petersburg_railway
The so-called Molotov Line (Russian: Линия Молотова, Liniya Molotova) comprised a system of border fortified regions built in the Soviet Union in the years 1940–1941 along its new western borders. These border revisions resulted of the occupation of the Baltic States, Eastern Poland and Bessarabia in 1940.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_Line
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (/kɑːrˈpeɪθiənz/) are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly 1,500 km (930 mi) long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at 2,500 km (1,600 mi) and the Scandinavian Mountains at 1,700 km (1,100 mi). The range stretches from the far eastern Czech Republic (3%) and Austria (1%) in the northwest through Slovakia (21%), Poland (10%), Ukraine (10%), Romania (50%) to Serbia (5%) in the south.[1][2][3][4] The highest range within the Carpathians is known as the Tatra mountains in Slovakia, where the highest peaks exceed 2,600 m (8,500 ft). The second-highest range is the Southern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks range between 2,500 m (8,200 ft) and 2,550 m (8,370 ft).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains
The ruins of these fortifications, many of them well preserved, can be found today in Lithuania, Poland, Belarus and Ukraine. The modern borders are somewhat different from the borders in 1941, and hence some sections of the line do not lie in border zones and are easily accessible. On the other hand, other sections do lie right along the modern Polish-Ukrainian, Polish-Belarusian and Lithuanian-Russian borders, so access to them may still be restricted for reasons of border security.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_Line
Przemyśl (Polish: [ˈpʂɛmɨɕl] (
listen); Yiddish: פשעמישל, romanized: Pshemishl; Ukrainian: Перемишль, romanized: Peremyshl; German: Premissel) is a city in southeastern Poland with 58,721 inhabitants, as of December 2021.[1] In 1999, it became part of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship; it was previously the capital of Przemyśl Voivodeship.
Przemyśl owes its long and rich history to the advantages of its geographic location. The city lies in an area connecting mountains and lowlands known as the Przemyśl Gate (Brama Przemyska), with open lines of transport, and fertile soil. It also lies on the navigable San River. Important trade routes that connect Central Europe from Przemyśl ensure the city's importance. The Old Town of Przemyśl is listed as a Historic Monument of Poland.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Continuation_War
The Moscow Armistice was signed between Finland on one side and the Soviet Union and United Kingdom on the other side on 19 September 1944, ending the Continuation War.[2] The Armistice restored the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940, with a number of modifications.
The final peace treaty between Finland and many of the Allies was signed in Paris in 1947.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Armistice
War reparations of Finland to the Soviet Union were originally worth US$300,000,000 at 1938 prices (equivalent to US$6.24 billion in 2022). Finland agreed to pay the reparations in the Moscow Armistice signed on 19 September 1944. The protocol to determine more precisely the war reparations to the Soviet Union was signed in December 1944, by the prime minister Juho Kusti Paasikivi and the chairman of the Allied Control Commission for controlling the Moscow Armistice in Helsinki, Andrei Zhdanov.
Finland was originally obliged to pay $300,000,000 in gold to be paid in the form of ships and machinery, over six years.[1][2] The Soviet Union agreed to prolong the payment period from six to eight years in late 1945. In summer 1948 the sum was cut to $226,500,000 (equivalent to US$4.71 billion in 2022). The last dispatched train of the deliveries paying the war reparations crossed the border between Finland and the Soviet Union on 18 September 1952, in Vainikkala railway border station. Approximately 340,000 railroad carloads were needed to deliver all reparations.[3]
The authority responsible for deliveries, and also organising production agreements with the manufacturers according to the protocols, was Sotakorvausteollisuuden valtuuskunta, the delegation of the war reparations industry. The preliminary committee was established on 9 October 1944. It was chaired by the industrialist Walter Gräsbeck, with Jaakko Rautanen as secretary, and Gunnar Jaatinen, Juho Jännes, Johan Nykopp, Arno Solin, and Wilhelm Wahlforss as members.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_war_reparations_to_the_Soviet_Union
Other conditions included Finnish payment of nearly $300,000,000 ($5 billion in today's US dollars) in the form of various commodities over six years to the Soviet Union as war reparations.[3] Finland also agreed to legalise the Communist Party of Finland (after it had made some changes to the party rules) and ban parties that the Soviet Union considered fascist.[4] Further, the individuals that the Soviets considered responsible for the war had to be arrested and put on trial, the best-known case being that of Risto Ryti.[5] The armistice compelled Finland to drive German troops from its territory, leading to a military campaign in Lapland.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Armistice
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/romanipv
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/romaniny
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/romaninov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/freuddy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aziv_layng_germany_anitso-dem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/red_brox_miwn-mid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rbm-var-hyb-etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rmb-drain-dam-dem-etc.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/red_brown_mix-dtu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/freck-nig-cauc-vars-subrot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mix-bred
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inf-gen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/am-swe-man-su-t-b-ste
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/blown-round
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/big-fatty-english-european-russ-nig-nicole-bolton-bow-whayvar-var-etc.-lowest-noimpsaloutmelt-etc.-amcan-theft-petty-world-tolerance-etc.-inf_gen_found-civ-fund-etc.-american-can-ricaea-fat-M1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/en-lan-wil-sheila-rose-etc.-chany-etc.-psychot-etc.-psyslof-etc.-psycho-etc.-midage-mxprofvarwo-etc.-amcan-asiaen-etc.-rotary-ex-etc.-fundament-etc.amer-musc-plm-M2
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lanlan-gayden-wilkyses-etc.-norw-whayulent-etc.-infected_varresntetc.-amcan-mainecoon-late-norew-etc.-foundation-etc.-americ-bone-pus-cancot-blwon-etc.-M5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/error
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/term
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