The trihydrogen cation or protonated molecular hydrogen is a cation (positive ion) with formula H+
3, consisting of three hydrogen nuclei (protons) sharing two electrons.
The trihydrogen cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It is stable in the interstellar medium (ISM) due to the low temperature and low density of interstellar space. The role that H+
3 plays in the gas-phase chemistry of the ISM is unparalleled by any other molecular ion.
The trihydrogen cation is the simplest triatomic molecule, because its two electrons are the only valence electrons in the system. It is also the simplest example of a three-center two-electron bond system.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation
Amphotericin B is an antifungal medication used for serious fungal infections and leishmaniasis.[2] The fungal infections it is used to treat include mucormycosis, aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.[3] For certain infections it is given with flucytosine.[4] It is typically given by injection into a vein.[3]
Common side effects include a reaction with fever, chills, and headaches soon after the medication is given, as well as kidney problems.[3] Allergic symptoms including anaphylaxis may occur.[3] Other serious side effects include low blood potassium and inflammation of the heart.[2] It appears to be relatively safe in pregnancy.[3] There is a lipid formulation that has a lower risk of side effects.[3] It is in the polyene class of medications and works in part by interfering with the cell membrane of the fungus.[2][3]
Amphotericin B was isolated from Streptomyces nodosus in 1955 at the Squibb For Medical Research Institute from cultures isolated from the streptomyceteobtained from the river bed of Orinoco in that region of Venezuela[5] and came into medical use in 1958.[6][7] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[8]It is available as a generic medication.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphotericin_B
Pentavalent antimonials (also abbreviated pentavalent Sb or SbV) are a group of compounds used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. They are also called pentavalent antimony compounds.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentavalent_antimonial
Sodium stibogluconate, sold under the brand name Pentostam among others, is a medication used to treat leishmaniasis.[3] This includes leishmaniasis of the cutaneous, visceral, and mucosal types.[4] Some combination of miltefosine, paramycin and liposomal amphotericin B, however, may be recommended due to issues with resistance.[2][5] It is given by injection.[6]
Side effects are common and include loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains, headache, and feeling tired.[2][5] Serious side effect may include an irregular heartbeat or pancreatitis.[5] Sodium stibogluconate is less safe than some other options during pregnancy.[2] It is not believed to result in any problems if used during breastfeeding.[7] Sodium stibogluconate is in the pentavalent antimonials class of medication.[5]
Sodium stibogluconate has been studied as early as 1937 and has been in medical use since the 1940s.[8][9] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[10] In the United States, it is available from the Centers for Disease Control.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_stibogluconate
Phosphorylcholine (abbreviated ChoP) is the hydrophilic polar head group of some phospholipids, which is composed of a negatively charged phosphate bonded to a small, positively charged choline group. Phosphorylcholine is part of platelet-activating factor; the phospholipid phosphatidylcholine as well as sphingomyelin, the only phospholipid of the membrane that is not built with a glycerol backbone.[1] Treatment of cell membranes, like those of RBCs, by certain enzymes, like some phospholipase A2renders the phosphorylcholine moiety exposed to the external aqueous phase, and thus accessible for recognition by the immune system.[2] Antibodies against phosphorylcholine are naturally occurring autoantibodies that are created by CD5+/B-1 B cells and are referred to as non-pathogenic autoantibodies.[3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorylcholine
Miltefosine, sold under the trade name Impavido among others, is a medication mainly used to treat leishmaniasis and free-living amoeba infections such as Naegleria fowleri and Balamuthia mandrillaris.[2] This includes the three forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneous, visceral and mucosal.[3] It may be used with liposomal amphotericin B or paromomycin.[4] It is taken by mouth.[3]
Common side effects include vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, headaches, and decreased kidney function.[2] More severe side effects may include Stevens–Johnson syndrome or low blood platelets.[2] Use during pregnancy appears to cause harm to the baby and use during breastfeeding is not recommended.[2] How it works is not entirely clear.[2]
Miltefosine was first made in the early 1980s and studied as a treatment for cancer.[5] A few years later it was found to be useful for leishmaniasis and was approved for this use in 2002 in India.[6] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[7] In the developing world a course of treatment costs US$65 to $150.[4] In the developed world treatment may be 10 to 50 times greater.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miltefosine
Tinidazole is a drug used against protozoan infections. It is widely known throughout Europe and the developing world as a treatment for a variety of anaerobic amoebicand bacterial infections. It was developed in 1972 and is a prominent member of the nitroimidazole antibiotic class.[1]
Tinidazole is marketed by Mission Pharmacal under the brand name Tindamax, by Pfizer under the names Fasigyn and Simplotan, and in some Asian countries as Sporinex.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinidazole
Nitazoxanide, sold under the brand name Alinia among others, is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic and broad-spectrum antiviral medication that is used in medicine for the treatment of various helminthic, protozoal, and viral infections.[4][5][6] It is indicated for the treatment of infection by Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in immunocompetent individuals and has been repurposed for the treatment of influenza.[1][6] Nitazoxanide has also been shown to have in vitro antiparasitic activity and clinical treatment efficacy for infections caused by other protozoa and helminths;[4][7] evidence as of 2014 suggested that it possesses efficacy in treating a number of viral infections as well.[6]
Chemically, nitazoxanide is the prototype member of the thiazolides, a class of drugswhich are synthetic nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide derivatives with antiparasitic and antiviral activity.[4][6][8] Tizoxanide, an active metabolite of nitazoxanide in humans, is also an antiparasitic drug of the thiazolide class.[4][9]
Nitazoxanide tablets were approved as a generic medication in the United States in 2020.[10]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitazoxanide
Furazolidone is a nitrofuran antibacterial agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor(MAOI).[1] It is marketed by Roberts Laboratories under the brand name Furoxoneand by GlaxoSmithKline as Dependal-M.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furazolidone
Albendazole, also known as albendazolum,[1] is a medication used for the treatment of a variety of parasitic worm infestations.[3] It is useful for giardiasis, trichuriasis, filariasis, neurocysticercosis, hydatid disease, pinworm disease, and ascariasis, among other diseases.[3] It is taken orally.[3]
Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pains, and headaches.[3]Potentially serious side effects include bone marrow suppression which usually improves on stopping the medication.[3] Liver inflammation has been reported and those with prior liver problems are at greater risk.[3] It is pregnancy category C in the United States and category D in Australia, meaning it may cause harm if taken by pregnant women.[3][4] Albendazole is a broad-spectrum antihelminthic agent of the benzimidazole type.[3]
Albendazole was developed in 1975.[5] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albendazole
Mepacrine, also called quinacrine or by the trade name Atabrine, is a medication with several uses. It is related to chloroquine and mefloquine. Although formerly available from compounding pharmacies, as of August 2020 it is unavailable in the United States.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mepacrine
Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle. Ornithine is abnormally accumulated in the body in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The radical is ornithyl.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine
Strains of the Trypanosoma brucei parasite that are resistant to pentamidine have been discovered. Pentamidine is brought into the mitochondria through carrier proteins, and the absence of these carriers prevents the drug from reaching its site of action.[19]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine
- "Pentamidine". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine#cite_note-WHO2016-7
Diphenidine (1,2-DEP, DPD, DND) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold as a designer drug.[1][2][3] The synthesis of diphenidine was first reported in 1924, and employed a Bruylants reaction analogous to the one that would later be used to discover phencyclidine in 1956.[1] Shortly after the 2013 UK ban on arylcyclohexylamines, diphenidine and the related compound methoxphenidinebecame available on the grey market.[1] Anecdotal reports describe high doses of diphenidine producing "bizarre somatosensory phenomena and transient anterograde amnesia."[1] Diphenidine and related diarylethylamines have been studied in vitro as treatments for neurotoxic injury and are antagonists of the NMDA receptor.[4][5][6][7][8] In dogs diphenidine exhibits greater antitussive potency than codeine phosphate.[9][10]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphenidine
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