https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein_(geology)
Refractive error, also known as refraction error, is a problem with focusing light accurately on the retina due to the shape of the eye and or cornea.[1] The most common types of refractive error are near-sightedness, far-sightedness, astigmatism, and presbyopia.[1] Near-sightedness results in far away objects being blurry, far-sightedness and presbyopia result in close objects being blurry, and astigmatism causes objects to appear stretched out or blurry.[1] Other symptoms may include double vision, headaches, and eye strain.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refractive_error
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Vein_Test?wprov=srpw1_15
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrics#Performance
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_ore
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_artificial_intelligence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year_2000_problem
Performance
The discriminating powers of all biometric technologies depend on the amount of entropy they are able to encode and use in matching.[17] The following are used as performance metrics for biometric systems:[18]
- False match rate (FMR, also called FAR = False Accept Rate): the probability that the system incorrectly matches the input pattern to a non-matching template in the database. It measures the percent of invalid inputs that are incorrectly accepted. In case of similarity scale, if the person is an imposter in reality, but the matching score is higher than the threshold, then he is treated as genuine. This increases the FMR, which thus also depends upon the threshold value.[7]
- False non-match rate (FNMR, also called FRR = False Reject Rate): the probability that the system fails to detect a match between the input pattern and a matching template in the database. It measures the percent of valid inputs that are incorrectly rejected.
- Receiver operating characteristic or relative operating characteristic (ROC): The ROC plot is a visual characterization of the trade-off between the FMR and the FNMR. In general, the matching algorithm performs a decision based on a threshold that determines how close to a template the input needs to be for it to be considered a match. If the threshold is reduced, there will be fewer false non-matches but more false accepts. Conversely, a higher threshold will reduce the FMR but increase the FNMR. A common variation is the Detection error trade-off (DET), which is obtained using normal deviation scales on both axes. This more linear graph illuminates the differences for higher performances (rarer errors).
- Equal error rate or crossover error rate (EER or CER): the rate at which both acceptance and rejection errors are equal. The value of the EER can be easily obtained from the ROC curve. The EER is a quick way to compare the accuracy of devices with different ROC curves. In general, the device with the lowest EER is the most accurate.
- Failure to enroll rate (FTE or FER): the rate at which attempts to create a template from an input is unsuccessful. This is most commonly caused by low-quality inputs.
- Failure to capture rate (FTC): Within automatic systems, the probability that the system fails to detect a biometric input when presented correctly.
- Template capacity: the maximum number of sets of data that can be stored in the system.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometrics#Performance
The plus–minus sign, ±, is a mathematical symbol with multiple meanings:
- In mathematics, it generally indicates a choice of exactly two possible values, one of which is obtained through addition and the other through subtraction.[1]
- In experimental sciences, the sign commonly indicates the confidence interval or uncertainty bounding a range of possible errors in a measurement, often the standard deviation or standard error.[2] The sign may also represent an inclusive range of values that a reading might have.
- In medicine, it means "with or without".[3][4]
- In engineering, the sign indicates the tolerance, which is the range of values that are considered to be acceptable, safe, or which comply with some standard or with a contract.
- In botany, it is used in morphological descriptions to notate "more or less".
- In chemistry, the sign is used to indicate a racemic mixture.
- In chess, the sign indicates a clear advantage for the white player; the complementary minus-or-plus sign, ∓, indicates the same advantage for the black player.[5]
- In electronics, this sign may indicate a dual voltage power supply, such as ±5 volts means +5 volts and -5 volts, when used with audio circuits and operational amplifiers.
- In linguistics, it may indicate a distinctive feature, such as [±voiced].[6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plus%E2%80%93minus_sign
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