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To publish is to make content available to the general public.[1][2] While specific use of the term may vary among countries, it is usually applied to text, images, or other audio-visual content, including paper (newspapers, magazines, catalogs, etc.). Publication means the act of publishing, and also any copies issued for public distribution.
Legal definition and copyright
Publication is a technical term in legal contexts and especially important in copyright legislation. An author of a work generally is the initial owner of the copyright on the work. One of the copyrights granted to the author of a work is the exclusive right to publish the work.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, publication is defined as:
- any reading, broadcasting, exhibition of works using any means, either electronically or nonelectronically, or performing in any way so that works can be read, heard, or seen by others.
- —Article 1, Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 28 of 2014[3]
United States
In the United States, publication is defined as:
- the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending. The offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of people for purposes of further distribution, public performance, or public display, constitutes publication. A public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication.
- To perform or display a work "publicly" means –
- (1) to perform or display it at a place open to the public or at any place where a substantial number of people outside a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered; or
- (2) to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or display of the work to a place specified by clause (1) or to the public, by means of any device or process, whether the members of the public capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in the same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times.
- —17 USC 101
The US Copyright Office provides further guidance in Circular 40, which states:[4]
- When the work is reproduced in multiple copies, such as in reproductions of a painting or castings of a statue, the work is published when the reproductions are publicly distributed or offered to a group for further distribution or public display.
Generally, the right to publish a work is an exclusive right of copyright owner (17 USC 106), and violating this right (e.g. by disseminating copies of the work without the copyright owner's consent) is a copyright infringement (17 USC 501(a)), and the copyright owner can demand (by suing in court) that e.g. copies distributed against their will be confiscated and destroyed (17 USC 502, 17 USC 503). Exceptions and limitations are written into copyright law, however; for example, the exclusive rights of the copyright owner eventually expire, and even when in force, they do not extend to publications covered by fair use or certain types of uses by libraries and educational institutions.
The definition of "publication" as "distribution of copies to the general public with the consent of the author" is also supported by the Berne Convention, which makes mention of "copies" in article 3(3), where "published works" are defined.[1] In the Universal Copyright Convention, "publication" is defined in article VI as "the reproduction in tangible form and the general distribution to the public of copies of a work from which it can be read or otherwise visually perceived."[2] Many countries around the world follow this definition, although some make some exceptions for particular kinds of works. In Germany, §6 of the Urheberrechtsgesetz additionally considers works of the visual arts (such as sculptures) "published" if they have been made permanently accessible by the general public (i.e., erecting a sculpture on public grounds is publication in Germany).[5] Australia and the UK (as the U.S.) do not have this exception and generally require the distribution of copies necessary for publication. In the case of sculptures, the copies must be even three-dimensional.[6][7]
Biological classification
In biological classification (taxonomy), the publication of the description of a taxon has to comply with some rules. The definition of the "publication" is defined in nomenclature codes. Traditionally there were the following rules:
- The publication must be generally available.
- The date of publication is the date the published material became generally available.
Electronic publication with some restrictions is permitted for publication of scientific names of fungi since 1 January 2013.[8]
Types
Material types
There are many material types of publication, some of which are:
- Book or codex: a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages bound together and protected by a cover
- Booklet: a leaflet of more than one sheet of paper, usually attached in the style of a book
- Broadside: a large single sheet of paper printed on one side, designed to be plastered onto walls, produced from the 16th to 19th centuries, obsolete with the development of newspapers and cheap novels
- Flyer or handbill: a small sheet of paper printed on one side, designed to be handed out free
- Leaflet: a single sheet of paper printed on both sides and folded
- Pamphlet: an unbound book
Electronic publishing
Electronic publishing (also referred to as e-publishing or digital publishing) includes the digital publication of e-books, digital editions of periodical publications, and the development of digital libraries. It is now common to distribute books, magazines, and newspapers to consumers online. Publications may also be published on electronic media such as CD-ROMs.
Content types
Types of publication can also be distinguished by content, for example:
- Brochure: an informative document made for advertising products or services, usually in the form of a pamphlet or leaflet
- Bulletin: information written in short on a flyer or inside another publication for public viewing, or a brief message or announcement broadcast to a wide audience by way of television, radio, or internet
- Journal: a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published
- Magazine: a periodical publication, generally published on a regular schedule (often weekly or monthly), containing a variety of content
- Monograph: a long research publication written by one person
- Newsletter: a bulletin, leaflet, pamphlet, or newspaper distributed to a specific audience
- Newspaper: a periodical publication of several pages printed with news, sports, information, and advertising, and which may be published and distributed daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annually
- Tract: a religious or political argument written by one person and designed to be distributed free, usually in the form of a booklet or pamphlet, but sometimes longer
Type standards
ISO 690, a set of guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources, defines a publication as a "message or document offered for general distribution or sale and usually produced in multiple copies", and lists types of publications including monographs and their components and serials and their components.[9] Common bibliographic software specifications such as BibTeX and Citation Style Language also list types of publications,[10][11] as do various standards for library cataloging.[12] For example, RDA, a cataloging standard adopted by the Library of Congress in 2013 and by some other national libraries, differentiates between content types, media types, and carrier types of information resources.[13]
Unpublished works
A work that has not undergone publication, and thus is not generally available to the public, or for citation in scholarly or legal contexts, is called an unpublished work. In some cases unpublished works are widely cited, or circulated via informal means.[14] An author who has not yet published a work may also be referred to as being unpublished.
The status of being unpublished has specific significance in the legal context, where it may refer to the non-publication of legal opinions in the United States
References
- "APA REFERENCE STYLE: Unpublished Sources". linguistics.byu.edu. 2002. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
External links
- RayMing Chang, "Publication Does Not Really Mean Publication: The Need to Amend the Definition of Publication in the Copyright Act", 33 AM. INTELL. PROP. L. ASS'N Q.J. 225: This article analyzes the definition of publication in the US Copyright Act of 1976 and finds strong support for the proposition that electronic dissemination (e.g., "Internet publishing") of works does not result in publication under American copyright law. This article argues that the definition of publication needs to be amended to explicitly include electronic dissemination.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication
Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient".[2][3][4] Censorship can be conducted by governments,[5] private institutions and other controlling bodies.
Governments[5] and private organizations may engage in censorship. Other groups or institutions may propose and petition for censorship.[6] When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, it is referred to as self-censorship. General censorship occurs in a variety of different media, including speech, books, music, films, and other arts, the press, radio, television, and the Internet for a variety of claimed reasons including national security, to control obscenity, pornography, and hate speech, to protect children or other vulnerable groups, to promote or restrict political or religious views, and to prevent slander and libel.
Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, and content. Many countries provide strong protections against censorship by law, but none of these protections are absolute and frequently a claim of necessity to balance conflicting rights is made, in order to determine what could and could not be censored. There are no laws against self-censorship.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship
An expurgation of a work, also known as a bowdlerization or fig-leaf edition, is a form of censorship that involves purging anything deemed noxious or offensive from an artistic work or other type of writing or media.
The term bowdlerization is a pejorative term for the practice, particularly the expurgation of lewd material from books. The term derives from Thomas Bowdler's 1818 edition of William Shakespeare's plays, which he reworked in ways that he felt were more suitable for women and children.[1] He similarly edited Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.[2]
A fig-leaf edition is a more satirical term for a bowdlerized text, deriving from the practice of covering the genitals of nudes in classical and Renaissance statues and paintings with fig leaves.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expurgation
The moralistic fallacy is the informal fallacy of assuming that an aspect of nature which has socially unpleasant consequences cannot exist. Its typical form is "if X were true, then Z would happen! Thus, X is false", where Z is a morally, socially or politically undesirable thing. What should be moral is assumed a priori to also be naturally occurring. The moralistic fallacy is sometimes presented as the inverse of the naturalistic fallacy. However, it could be seen as a variation of the very same naturalistic fallacy; the difference between them could be considered pragmatical, depending on the intentions of the person who uses it: naturalistic fallacy if the user wants to justify existing social practices with the argument that they are natural; moralistic fallacy if the user wants to combat existing social practices with the argument of denying that they are natural.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy
Moralistic fallacy
- "Warfare is destructive and tragic, and so it is not of human nature."
- "Eating meat harms animals and the environment, and so eating meat is unnatural."
- "Men and women ought to be given equal opportunities, and so women and men can do everything equally well."
- "Unfaithfulness is immoral, and so it is unnatural to feel desire for others when in a monogamous relationship."
- "The pill I am taking should have therapeutic effects on me, and so it does have therapeutic effects on me." (An instance of the placebo effect.)
Naturalistic fallacy
- "Warfare must be allowed because human violence is instinctive."
- "Veganism is foolish because humans have eaten meat for thousands of years."
- "Men and women should not have the same roles in society because men have more muscle mass and women can give birth."
- "Adultery is acceptable because people can naturally want more sexual partners."
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy
See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Relevance_fallacies
A tone argument (also called tone policing) is a type of ad hominem aimed at the tone of an argument instead of its factual or logical content in order to dismiss a person's argument. Ignoring the truth or falsity of a statement, a tone argument instead focuses on the emotion with which it is expressed. This is a logical fallacy because a person can be angry while still being rational.[1] Nonetheless, a tone argument may be useful when responding to a statement that itself does not have rational content, such as an appeal to emotion.[1]
The notion of tone policing became widespread in U.S. social activist circles by the mid-2010s. It was widely disseminated in a 2015 comic issued by the Everyday Feminism website.[2] Activists have argued that tone policing has been regularly employed against feminist and anti-racism advocates, criticizing the way that they presented their arguments rather than engaging with the arguments themselves.[3][4][5][6]
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