POW
is "prisoner of war", a person, whether civilian or combatant, who is
held in custody by an enemy power during or immediately after an armed
conflict.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POW_(disambiguation)
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610.[a]
Belligerents hold prisoners of war in custody for a range of
legitimate and illegitimate reasons, such as isolating them from the
enemy combatants still in the field (releasing and repatriating them in an orderly manner after hostilities), demonstrating military victory, punishing them, prosecuting them for war crimes, exploiting them for their labour, recruiting or even conscripting them as their own combatants, collecting military and political intelligence from them, or indoctrinating them in new political or religious beliefs.[1]
Ancient times
For most of human history, depending on the culture of the victors,
enemy fighters on the losing side in a battle who had surrendered and
been taken as prisoners of war could expect to be either slaughtered or enslaved.[2] Early Roman gladiators could be prisoners of war, categorised according to their ethnic roots as Samnites, Thracians, and Gauls (Galli).[3] Homer's Iliad
describes Greek and Trojan soldiers offering rewards of wealth to
opposing forces who have defeated them on the battlefield in exchange
for mercy, but their offers are not always accepted; see Lycaon for example.
Typically, victors made little distinction between enemy
combatants and enemy civilians, although they were more likely to spare
women and children. Sometimes the purpose of a battle, if not of a war,
was to capture women, a practice known as raptio; the Rape of the Sabines involved, according to tradition, a large mass-abduction by the founders of Rome. Typically women had no rights, and were held legally as chattels.[citation needed][4][need quotation to verify]
In the fourth century AD, Bishop Acacius of Amida,
touched by the plight of Persian prisoners captured in a recent war
with the Roman Empire, who were held in his town under appalling
conditions and destined for a life of slavery, took the initiative in
ransoming them by selling his church's precious gold and silver vessels
and letting them return to their country. For this he was eventually canonized.[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
Engraving of Nubian prisoners, Abu Simbel, Egypt, 13th century BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
When asked by a Crusader how to distinguish between the Catholics and Cathars following the projected capture (1209) of the city of Béziers, the papal legate Arnaud Amalric allegedly replied, "Kill them all, God will know His own".[b]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
Mongol riders with prisoners, 14th century
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
Likewise, the inhabitants of conquered cities were frequently massacred during Christians' Crusades against Muslims in the 11th and 12th centuries. Noblemen could hope to be ransomed; their families would have to send to their captors large sums of wealth commensurate with the social status of the captive.
Feudal Japan had no custom of ransoming prisoners of war, who could expect for the most part summary execution.[9]
In the 13th century the expanding Mongol Empire
famously distinguished between cities or towns that surrendered (where
the population was spared but required to support the conquering Mongol
army) and those that resisted (in which case the city was ransacked and destroyed, and all the population killed). In Termez, on the Oxus:
"all the people, both men and women, were driven out onto the plain,
and divided in accordance with their usual custom, then they were all
slain".[10]
The Aztecs warred constantly with neighbouring tribes and groups, aiming to collect live prisoners for sacrifice.[11] For the re-consecration of Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in 1487, "between 10,000 and 80,400 persons" were sacrificed.[12][13]
During the early Muslim conquests of 622–750, Muslims routinely captured large numbers of prisoners. Aside from those who converted, most were ransomed or enslaved.[14][15] Christians captured during the Crusades were usually either killed or sold into slavery if they could not pay a ransom.[16] During his lifetime (c. 570 – 632), Muhammad
made it the responsibility of the Islamic government to provide food
and clothing, on a reasonable basis, to captives, regardless of their
religion; however, if the prisoners were in the custody of a person,
then the responsibility was on the individual.[17] The freeing of prisoners was highly recommended[by whom?] as a charitable act.[18]
On certain occasions where Muhammad felt the enemy had broken a treaty
with the Muslims he endorsed the mass execution of male prisoners who
participated in battles, as in the case of the Banu Qurayza in 627. The Muslims divided up the females and children of those executed as ghanima (spoils of war).[19]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
Russian and Japanese prisoners being interrogated by
Chinese officials during the
Boxer Rebellionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
Union Army soldier on his release from a
Confederate POW camp, c. 1865
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
Japanese illustration depicting the beheading of Chinese captives during the
First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
The Russian Civil War (Russian: Гражданская война в России, tr. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii; 7 November 1917 — 16 June 1923)[1] was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire
sparked by the overthrowing of the monarchy and the new republican
government's failure to maintain stability, as many factions vied to
determine Russia's political future. It resulted in the formation of the
RSFSR and later the Soviet Union in most of its territory. Its finale marked the end of the Russian Revolution, which was one of the key events of the 20th century.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Civil_War
An
improvised camp for Soviet POWs. Between June 1941 and January 1942,
the Nazis killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet prisoners of war, whom
they viewed as "
subhuman".
[82]
Naked Soviet prisoners of war in
Mauthausen concentration camphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigori_F._Krivosheev
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_(2007_film)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_march
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKVD_special_camps_in_Germany_1945%E2%80%931950
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_No._270
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulag
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railway_Man_(film)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wooden_Horse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Psychological_Operations_Battalion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_prisoners_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlawful_combatant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Prisoner_of_war_mail
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_chaplain#Noncombatant_status
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_for_civilian_prisoners,_deportees_and_hostages_of_the_1914-1918_Great_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner_of_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_of_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prominenten
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perozdukht
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_airmen_at_Buchenwald_concentration_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybil_Lewis_(surgeon)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_internee
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_accorded_Special_Category_Status
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Captives_of_Native_Americans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Monarchs_taken_prisoner_in_wartime
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoner_of_war_massacres
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concentration_camps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internments
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp#Auschwitz_II-Birkenau
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_trains
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_ghettos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps#Types_of_camps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trawniki_men
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsatzgruppen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisko_Plan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_chamber#Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_trains
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp
History
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_van
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhaust_gas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogilev
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_converter
The use of gas vans had two disadvantages:
- It was slow – some victims took twenty minutes to die.
- It was not quiet – the drivers could hear the victims' screams, which they found distracting and disturbing.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_van
Nazi Germany
The use of gas vans by the Germans to murder Jews, Poles, Romani people, mentally ill people, and prisoners in occupied territories during World War II originated with the Nazi Euthanasia Program in 1939. Ordered to find a suitable method of killing, the Technical Institute for the Detection of Crime ("Kriminaltechnisches Institut der Sicherheitspolizei", abbreviated KTI) of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA) decided to gas victims with Carbon monoxide. In October 1939 the Nazis started gassing prisoners in Fort VII near Posen. The first victims were Polish and Jewish inmates of asylums for the mentally ill. Witnesses report that from December 1939, mobile gas chambers were used to murder the inmates of asylums in Pomerania, Eastern Prussia and Poland. The vans were built for the Sonderkommando Lange
and their use was supposed to speed up the killings. Instead of
transporting the victims to the gas chambers, the gas chambers were
transported to the victims. They were most likely devised by specialists
from the Referat II D of the RSHA. These mobile gas chambers worked
under the same principles as the stationary gas chambers: through a
rubber hose the driver released pure CO from steel cylinders into the
air tight special construction that was shaped like a box and placed on
the carrier. The vans resembled moving vans or delivery lorries and they
were labelled Kaiser's Kaffee Geschäft (de)
("Kaiser's Coffee Shop") for camouflage. They were not called "gas
vans" at the time, but "Sonder-Wagen", "Spezialwagen" (special vans) and
"Entlausungswagen" (delousing vans). The Lange commando killed patients in numerous hospitals in the Wartheland
in 1940. They drove to the hospitals, collected patients, loaded them
into the vans and gassed them while they were driving them away.[8] From 21 May to 8 June 1940 the Sonderkommando Lange murdered 1558 sick people from Soldau concentration camp.
In August 1941, SS chief Heinrich Himmler attended a demonstration of a mass-shooting of Jews in Minsk that was arranged by Arthur Nebe, after which he vomited. Regaining his composure, Himmler decided that alternative murder techniques should be found.[10]
He ordered Nebe to explore more "convenient" ways of killing that were
less stressful for the killers. Nebe decided to conduct his experiments
by murdering Soviet mental patients, first with explosives near Minsk,
and then with automobile exhaust at Mogilev.[11] Nebe's experiments led to the development of the gas van.[12] This vehicle had already been used in 1940 for the gassing of East Prussian and Pomeranian mental patients in the Soldau concentration camp.[13]
Gas vans were used, particularly at the Chełmno extermination camp, until gas chambers were developed as a more efficient method for murdering large numbers of people. Two types of gas vans were used by the Einsatzgruppen in the East. The Opel-Blitz, which weighed 3.5 tons, and the larger Saurerwagen, which weighed 7 tons.[14] In Belgrade, the gas van was known as "Dušegupka" and in the occupied parts of the USSR similarly as "душегубка" (dushegubka, literally "soul killer" or "exterminator"). The SS used the euphemisms Sonderwagen, Spezialwagen or S-wagen ("special vehicle") for the vans.[15]
The gas vans were specifically designed to direct deadly exhaust fumes
via metal pipes into the airtight cargo compartments, where the intended
victims had been forcibly stuffed to capacity. In most cases the
victims were suffocated and poisoned from carbon monoxide and other
toxins in the exhaust as the vans were transporting them to fresh pits
or ravines for mass burial.[citation needed]
The use of gas vans had two disadvantages:
- It was slow – some victims took twenty minutes to die.
- It was not quiet – the drivers could hear the victims' screams, which they found distracting and disturbing.[citation needed]
By June 1942 the main producer of gas vans, Gaubschat Fahrzeugwerke
GmbH, had delivered 20 gas vans in two models (for 30–50 and 70–100
individuals) to Einsatzgruppen, out of 30 that were ordered from that
company.[citation needed]
Not one gas van was extant at the end of the war. The existence of gas
vans first came to light in 1943 during the trial of Nazi collaborators
who had been involved in the murder of civilians in Krasnodar. A group of 30 to 60 civilians were gassed on August 21 and 22, 1942 by members of Sonderkommando (special unit) 10a of Einsatzgruppe D, who were supported by local collaborators. Subsequently, gas vans were used for murder of Roma people and ill persons.[16][failed verification] The total number of gas van killings is unknown.[17]
The gas vans are extensively discussed in some of the interviews in Claude Lanzmann's film Shoah.[citation needed]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_van
Soviet Union
During the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, NKVD officer Isaj D. Berg used a specially adapted airtight van for gassing prisoners to death on an experimental basis.[18] The prisoners were gassed on the way to Butovo, a phony firing range, where the NKVD executed its prisoners and buried them.[19]
According to testimony given by NKVD officer Nikolai Kharitonov in
1956, Isaj Berg had been instrumental in the production of gas vans.[20] Berg had become chief of the administrative economic department in Moscow’s NKVD in the summer of 1937.[21] In October 1937 he was charged with the supervision of the Butovo firing range.[20]
Berg had to prepare Butovo for the mass execution of people from
greater Moscow and to ensure that these executions would take place
smoothly.[22]
According to testimony given by Fjodor Tschesnokov, a member of Berg’s
execution team, in 1956, trucks were used, which were equipped with
valves through which the gas could be directed inside the vehicles. The
interrogations revealed that the prisoners were stripped naked, tied up,
gagged and thrown into the trucks. Their property was stolen.[20] Berg was arrested on 3 August 1938[23] and sentenced to death for participating in a "counter-revolutionary conspiracy within the NKVD" and executed on 3 March 1939.[20]
The scale at which these trucks were used is unknown. Author
Tomas Kizny assumes that they were in use while Berg oversaw the
executions (October 1937 to 4 August 1938). He points to archaeological
excavations conducted in 1997. Then 59 corpses were exhumed who most
likely had been murdered during Berg's tenure. Only four of these
victims had been shot in the head, which leads Kizny to conclude that at
least some of them had been gassed.[20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_van
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust
Charcoal-burning suicide is suicide by burning charcoal in a closed room or area. Death occurs by carbon monoxide poisoning.
Mechanism of action
As the charcoal burns, the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO), produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon,
gradually increases. CO concentrations of as little as one part per
thousand can be fatal if inhaled over a period of two hours.[1]
History
One of the earliest known suicides by inhalation of charcoal fumes may have been that of Seneca (65 AD) as well as Amédée Berthollet (1811), son of Claude Louis Berthollet.[2] The suicide method also appears in nineteenth-century literature such as Eugène Sue's The Wandering Jew (1844).[3]
Incidents
Two students of Taipei First Girls' High School ended their lives by charcoal-burning in a hotel in Su'ao,
Yilan in July 1994. They left a note that did not state the reason for
killing themselves clearly, even though that it was suspected in some
mass media that they were a lesbian couple.[4]
A middle-aged woman in Hong Kong took her own life using this method inside her small, sealed bedroom in November 1998. She had a chemical engineering background.[5] She was suffering from an economic depression at the time, and suicide in general was increasing. After the details of this suicide were highly publicised by local mass media, many others killed themselves in this way (an example of the Werther effect). Within two months, charcoal-burning had become the third major suicide killer in Hong Kong.[6] Charcoal-burning suicide accounted for 1.7% of Hong Kong suicides in 1998 and 10.1% in 1999.[7] By 2001, it had surpassed hanging as the second most-common method of suicide in Hong Kong (second only to jumping), accounting for about 25% of all suicide deaths.[6] The method has since spread to mainland China, Taiwan and Japan.[8]
Starting in 2003, authorities in Japan have seen a series of
group suicides committed by strangers who met in suicide chat rooms
online. Such a group will typically use sleeping pills and charcoal
stoves in a van parked in a remote area.[9]
On July 26, 2006, 16-year-old Brazilian musician Vinícius Gageiro Marques, known by his alias Yoñlu,
locked himself in his bathroom with two barbecue grills, and posted on a
forum asking for help killing himself. While some people in the thread
pleaded him to stop, others gave him the advice he wanted. A Canadian
online friend of Marques's learned of the suicide attempt and called the
Brazilian authorities. Although the police and paramedics were able to enter the apartment and clear the smoke, Marques was pronounced dead after multiple attempts at resuscitation.[10]
Brad Delp, the lead singer of the American rock band Boston, killed himself using this method on March 9, 2007.[11]
Kim Jong-hyun, a member of the South Korean idol group Shinee, was found unconscious in a Gangnam residential hotel on December 18, 2017. He was later pronounced dead in the ICU, aged 27.
The police ultimately ruled his death a suicide through the earlier
text messages sent to his sister, after the discovery of charcoal
briquette remnants in a frying pan at the scene.[12][13]
Du Yuwei, an ex-member of GNZ48, ended her life at on October 16, 2018 using this method.[14]
References
"Carbon Monoxide and Health Effects". The Engineering Toolbox. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
Hopper, Christopher P.; Zambrana, Paige N.; Goebel, Ulrich; Wollborn, Jakob (June 2021). "A brief history of carbon monoxide and its therapeutic origins". Nitric Oxide. 111–112: 45–63. doi:10.1016/j.niox.2021.04.001. PMID 33838343. S2CID 233205099.
"Father Arsene did cut his stick; that evening, he and his old wife suffocated themselves with charcoal." Ch 3. The Carouse Full Text
管仁健 (1 June 2012), 你不知道的台灣．校園奇案, 文經社, ISBN 9789576636691
Chan KP, Yip PS, Au J, Lee DT (January 2005). "Charcoal-burning suicide in post-transition Hong Kong". Br J Psychiatry. 186 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1192/bjp.186.1.67. PMID 15630126.
"Media coverage boosts 'charcoal burning' suicides". February 28, 2003. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
Leung CM, Chung WS, So EP (May 2002). "Burning charcoal: an indigenous method of committing suicide in Hong Kong". J Clin Psychiatry. 63 (5): 447–50. doi:10.4088/JCP.v63n0512. PMID 12019670.
Parry, Simon (January 9, 2005). "Taking the easy way out?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on October 7, 2020. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
Samuels, David (1 May 2007). "Let's Die Together". The Atlantic. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
Mendes, Viviane (30 June 2013). "Breve história de Yoñlu" [Brief history of Yoñlu]. Domicílio Literário (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 June 2019.
"Brad Delp: Details Emerge About His Tragic Suicide". Guitar World. 27 April 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
Chen, Joyce (18 December 2017). "SHINee Singer, K-pop Star Kim-Jonghyun Dead at 27 of Possible Suicide". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
Wang, Amy. "K-pop fans 'devastated' after SHINee singer Jonghyun dies in possible suicide". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal-burning_suicide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_van
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Execution_equipment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_dress
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scaffold_(execution_site)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Sparky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiden_(guillotine)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrote
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_chamber
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_pit
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux_simplex
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Poisons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Guillotine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Gallows
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Execution_equipment
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Living
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holodomor
Methods
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_squad
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_march
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_Fields
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_14f13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_camps
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strafkompanie
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appellplatz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Abteilung
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revier_(Nazi_concentration_camps)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:War_casualties
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collateral_damage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptable_loss
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_in_action
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_in_action
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million-dollar_wound
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Pershing_WWI_casualty_list
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Observances_honoring_victims_of_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilian_casualties
Anzac Day (; Māori: Rā Whakamahara ki ngā Hōia o Ahitereiria me Aotearoa[2] or Rā o ngā Hōia)[1] is a national day of remembrance in Australia and New Zealand
that broadly commemorates all Australians and New Zealanders "who
served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and
"the contribution and suffering of all those who have served".[3][4] Observed on 25 April each year, Anzac Day was originally devised to honour the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who served in the Gallipoli Campaign, their first engagement in the First World War (1914–1918).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anzac_Day
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-minute_silence
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstrauertag
Buß- und Bettag (Day of Repentance and Prayer) was a public holiday in Germany, and is still a public holiday in Saxony. In Germany, Protestant church bodies of Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist) and United
denominations celebrate a day of repentance and prayer. It is now
celebrated on the penultimate Wednesday before the beginning of the
Protestant liturgical year on the first Sunday of Advent;
in other words, it is the Wednesday that falls between 16 and 22
November. However, it is not a statutory non-working holiday any more,
except in the Free State of Saxony. In the Free State of Bavaria, it is a school holiday only.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%9F-_und_Bettag
Meaning and origin
The tradition of repentance and prayer is rooted in the Book of Jonah of the Bible,[citation needed] where God sends out the prophet Jonah (יוֹנָה) in order to announce to the inhabitants of Nineveh that God is to overthrow the city (Book of Jonah 3:4–10):
4And Jonah began to enter into the city a day's journey,
and he cried, and said, Yet forty days, and Nineveh shall be overthrown.
5So the people of Nineveh believed God, and proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from the greatest of them even to the least of them. 6For
word came unto the king of Nineveh, and he arose from his throne, and
he laid his robe from him, and covered him with sackcloth, and sat in
ashes. 7And he caused it to be proclaimed and published
through Nineveh by the decree of the king and his nobles, saying, Let
neither man nor beast, herd nor flock, taste any thing: let them not
feed, nor drink water: 8But let man and beast be covered with
sackcloth, and cry mightily unto God: yea, let them turn every one from
his evil way, and from the violence that is in their hands. 9Who can tell if God will turn and repent, and turn away from his fierce anger, that we perish not? 10And
God saw their works, that they turned from their evil way; and God
repented of the evil, that he had said that he would do unto them; and
he did it not.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%9F-_und_Bettag
In Protestant Christianity, a day of humiliation or fasting was a publicly proclaimed day of fasting and prayer in response to an event thought to signal God's judgement. A day of thanksgiving was a day set aside for public worship in thanksgiving for events believed to signal God's mercy and favor. Such a day might be proclaimed by the civil authority or the church.
Heldengedenktag (1934–45)
On 27 February 1934, the National Socialists introduced national holiday legislation to create Heldengedenktag
("Day of Commemoration of Heroes"), cementing the observance. In the
process, they completely changed the character of the holiday: the
emphasis shifted to hero worship rather than remembering the dead.
Furthermore, five years later the Nazis abolished Buß- und Bettag as a non-working day and moved its commemoration to the following Sunday, to further the war effort.[4]
On 21 March 1943, Adolf Hitler visited the Zeughaus Berlin, the old armory on Unter den Linden,
to inspect captured Soviet weapons as part of his Heldengedenktag
speech and ceremony in the wake of the catastrophic German defeat at Battle of Stalingrad.[5] A group of top Nazi and leading military officials—among them Hermann Göring, Heinrich Himmler, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, and Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz—were present as well. As an expert, Oberst Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff
was to guide Hitler on a tour of the exhibition. Moments after Hitler
entered the museum, Gersdorff set off two ten-minute delayed fuses on
explosive devices hidden in his coat pockets. His plan was to throw
himself around Hitler in a death embrace that would blow them both up.[6]
A detailed plan for a coup d'état had been worked out and was ready to
go; but, contrary to expectations, Hitler raced through the museum in
less than ten minutes. After he had left the building, Gersdorff was
able to defuse the devices in a public bathroom "at the last second."
After the attempt, he was immediately transferred back to the Eastern Front where he managed to evade suspicion.[7]
Joseph Goebbels,
as Propaganda Minister, issued guidelines on content and
implementation, instructing that flags no longer be flown at half-mast.
The last Heldengedenktag was celebrated in 1945.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstrauertag
Modern form
After the end of World War II, Volkstrauertag was observed in its original form in West Germany, beginning in 1948.[8] The first central meeting of the German War Graves Commission took place in 1950 in the Bundestag in Bonn. In 1952, in an effort to distinguish Volkstrauertag from Heldengedenktag, its date was changed to the end of the liturgical year,
a time traditionally devoted to thoughts of death, time and eternity.
Its scope was also broadened to include those who died due to the
violence of an oppressive government, not just those who died in war.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstrauertag
Observation
An official observation of Volkstrauertag takes place in the German Bundestag. The President of Germany traditionally gives a speech with the Chancellor, the cabinet and the diplomatic corps present.[9] The national anthem and the song "Ich hatt' einen Kameraden" ("I had a comrade") are then played.[10] Most Länder
also hold their own ceremonies; veterans usually organize ceremonies
that include a procession from the respective Church service to a war
memorial, prayer by the pastor, speeches by the mayor and the veterans'
chairmen, a military guard of honor, several wreaths are laid, and "Ich hatt' einen Kameraden"; where available, also with the attendance of a Bundeswehr officer as official representative.
Because of the relation to Advent, the date is the Sunday nearest
16 November, i.e. in the period from 13 November to 19 November.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkstrauertag
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilians_killed_in_the_Bosnian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilian_casualties_in_the_Kosovo_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Civilians_killed_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_from_U.S._drone_strikes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilian_casualties_in_the_Second_Intifada
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_C._Fiebelkorn
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_J._Loring_Jr.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_of_war_held_at_Colditz_Castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airey_Neave
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hope,_3rd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Obstin%C3%A9e
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Tkhor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Gehre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Aghayev_(lieutenant)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Prisoners_of_war_held_at_Colditz_Castle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airey_Neave
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hope,_3rd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Obstin%C3%A9e
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Tkhor
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Gehre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbar_Aghayev_(lieutenant)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Chubb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Grey-Smith
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Philpot
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_massacres
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operations_Ginny_I_and_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnsberg_Forest_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bulbasket
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciepiel%C3%B3w_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frankton
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Musketoon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTB_345
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mszczon%C3%B3w
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmedy_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_in_Zakroczym
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Kos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Paradis_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Waldfest
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III_murders
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCsselsheim_massacre
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II_prisoner_of_war_massacres_by_Nazi_Germany
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dojan-Sur%C3%B3wka
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Legions_in_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_II_Corps_in_Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessarabia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Senyavin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenedos
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Prozorovsky
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silistra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Battles_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian%E2%80%93Teutonic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ice-age
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:15th-century_Scottish_clan_battles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inverlochy_(1431)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Russo-Kazan_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hundred_Years%27_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thirty_Years%27_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Years%27_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Era_of_Northern_Domination
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Circassian_War_(1479)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khillia_and_White_Fortresses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_and_Cod_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utrecht_Schism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian-Serbian_War_(c._960)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Arab_wars_(780%E2%80%931180)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wars_of_the_Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatoslav_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_C%E1%BB%93_Vi%E1%BB%87t_war
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Finnsburg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basus_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman-Sardinian_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jebus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Three_Guards
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bitter_Lakes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wood_of_Ephraim
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite%E2%80%93Aramean_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_860_BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suru
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_reliefs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu%E2%80%93Assyria_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Ephraimite_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Messenian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Azekah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eclipse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Silva_Arsia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sacred_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Sabine_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Opis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Volscian_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sagra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sardis_(547_BC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(586%E2%80%93573_BC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_between_Clusium_and_Aricia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad#Nippur_inscription
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Suru
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Azekah
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lachish
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu%E2%80%93Assyria_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Ephraimite_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hyrba
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sacred_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Opis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Border
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basus_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hook_and_Cod_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia%E2%80%93Volhynia_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskrieg_(1311%E2%80%931312)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Two_Peters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanboku-ch%C5%8D_period
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Crusade
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_reliefs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargon_II
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Philadelphia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringian_Counts%27_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalite%E2%80%93Sasanian_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mithridatic_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptolemus_(Pontic_army_officer)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Vespers
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Orchomenus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(73_BCE)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_860_BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapygian%E2%80%93Tarentine_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyttian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporan_wars_of_expansion
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosporan%E2%80%93Heracleote_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_revolts_(484_BC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Babylon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_Babylon_(626_BC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Migdol_(601_BC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Great_Foss
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ulai
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nineveh_(612_BC)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian%E2%80%93Bactrian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Dian
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunnic_invasion_of_the_Sasanian_Empire
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perso-Roman_wars_of_337%E2%80%93361
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Samarra_(363)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Save
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_wars_of_the_Tetrarchy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Willows
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Hellespont
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Conspiracy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chrysopolis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaidh_Leithdeircc
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shi%27b_Jabala
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_on_the_Ice_of_Lake_V%C3%A4nern
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fijar_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazic_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_son_of_Erbin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Northern_Persia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikal%E2%80%93Calakmul_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian%E2%80%93Frankish_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_the_Sturlungs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian%E2%80%93Plantagenet_rivalry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish%E2%80%93Novgorodian_wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_Long_T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tih
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostislav_Mikhailovich
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_of_Chernigov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernihiv
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_language
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernozem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chud
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krivichs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meryans
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khazar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6taland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf_(hero)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Jonsson_(Grip)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_IV_of_Sweden
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6taland_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svealand
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosges
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint_Gall
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish-Geatish_wars
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%27_people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernyakhov_culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Rus%CA%B9,_Russia_and_Ruthenia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anund_Jacob
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise#/media/File:Daughters_of_Yaroslav_the_Wise.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieges_of_Galway
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_of_the_Four_Masters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_myth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrha_of_Thessaly
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avulsion_(river)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younger_Dryas_impact_hypothesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kells
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skerries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%27s_first_expedition_to_Ireland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Kildare
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standing_army
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_of_Cinadon
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kholop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypteia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodamodes
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/464_BC_Sparta_earthquake
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peloponnesian_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophimoi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenophon
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