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Sunday, August 15, 2021

08-14-2021-2345- Human Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroup

 

Contemporary human mtDNA haplogroup distribution, based on analysis of 2,054 individuals from 26 populations.[1] (a) Pie charts on the map. (b) Counts of haplogroups in table format. For populations details, see 1000 Genomes Project#Human genome samples.

In human genetics, a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by differences in human mitochondrial DNA. Haplogroups are used to represent the major branch points on the mitochondrial phylogenetic tree. Understanding the evolutionary path of the female lineage has helped population geneticists trace the matrilineal inheritance of modern humans back to human origins in Africa and the subsequent spread around the globe.

The letter names of the haplogroups (not just mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) run from A to Z. As haplogroups were named in the order of their discovery, the alphabetical ordering does not have any meaning in terms of actual genetic relationships.

The hypothetical woman at the root of all these groups (meaning just the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups) is the matrilineal most recent common ancestor (MRCA) for all currently living humans. She is commonly called Mitochondrial Eve.

The rate at which mitochondrial DNA mutates is known as the mitochondrial molecular clock. It is an area of ongoing research with one study reporting one mutation per 8000 years.[2]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup

Degenerative disease is the result of a continuous process based on degenerative cell changes, affecting tissues or organs, which will increasingly deteriorate over time.[1]

In neurodegenerative diseases, cells of the central nervous system stop working or die via neurodegeneration. An example of this is Alzheimer's disease.[2] The other two common groups of degenerative diseases are those that affect circulatory system (e.g. coronary artery disease) and neoplasticdiseases (e.g. cancers).[1]

Many degenerative diseases exist and some are related to aging. Normal bodily wear or lifestyle choices (such as exercise or eating habits) may worsen degenerative diseases, but this depends on the disease.[1] Sometimes the main or partial cause behind such diseases is genetic.[3] Thus some are clearly hereditary like Huntington's disease.[4] Sometimes the cause is viruses, poisons or other chemicals. The cause may also be unknown.[3]

Some degenerative diseases can be cured, but not always. It might still be possible to alleviate the symptoms.[1]

Examples[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerative_disease


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