05-09-2023-0958 - two-electron atom

In atomic physics, a two-electron atom or helium-like ion is a quantum mechanical system consisting of one nucleus with a charge of Ze and just two electrons. This is the first case of many-electron systems where the Pauli exclusion principle plays a central role.

It is an example of a three-body problem.

The first few two-electron atoms are:

Z=1:	H−	hydrogen anion
Z=2:	He	helium atom
Z=3:	Li+	lithium ion
Z=4:	Be2+	beryllium ion
Z=5:	B3+	boron ion

Schrödinger equation

The Schrödinger equation for any two-electron system, such as the neutral Helium atom (He, Z = 2), the negative Hydrogen ion (H⁻, Z = 1), or the positive Lithium ion (Li⁺, Z = 3) is:^[1] For a more rigorous mathematical derivation of Schrödinger's equation, see also.^[1]

$${\displaystyle E\psi =-{\hslash }^2\left[\frac{1}{2\mu }\left({\mathrm{\nabla }}_1^2+{\mathrm{\nabla }}_2^2\right)+\frac{1}{M}{\mathrm{\nabla }}_1\cdot {\mathrm{\nabla }}_2\right]\psi +\frac{e^2}{4\pi {\epsilon }_0}\left[\frac{1}{r_{12}}-Z\left(\frac{1}{r_1}+\frac{1}{r_2}\right)\right]\psi }$$

where r₁ is the position of one electron (r₁ = |r₁| is its magnitude), r₂ is the position of the other electron (r₂ = |r₂| is the magnitude), r₁₂ = |r₁₂| is the magnitude of the separation between them given by

$${\displaystyle |{\mathbf{r}}_{12}|=|{\mathbf{r}}_2-{\mathbf{r}}_1|}$$

μ is the two-body reduced mass of an electron with respect to the nucleus of mass M

$${\displaystyle \mu =\frac{m_{e}M}{m_e+M}}$$

and Z is the atomic number for the element (not a quantum number).

The cross-term of two Laplacians

$${\displaystyle \frac{1}{M}{\mathrm{\nabla }}_1\cdot {\mathrm{\nabla }}_2}$$

is known as the mass polarization term, which arises due to the motion of atomic nuclei. The wavefunction is a function of the two electron's positions:

$${\displaystyle \psi =\psi ({\mathbf{r}}_1,{\mathbf{r}}_2)}$$

There is no closed form solution for this equation.

Spectrum

The optical spectrum of the two electron atom has two systems of lines. A para system of single lines, and an ortho system of triplets (closely spaced group of three lines). The energy levels in the atom for the single lines are indicated by ¹S₀ ¹P₁ ¹D₂ ¹F₃ etc., and for the triplets, some energy levels are split: ³S₁ ³P₂ ³P₁ ³P₀ ³D₃ ³D₂ ³D₁ ³F₄ ³F₃ ³F₂.^[2] Alkaline earths and mercury also have spectra with similar features, due to the two outer valence electrons.^[2]

See also

• Hydrogen-like atom
• Hydrogen molecular ion
• Helium atom
• Lithium atom

References

Physics of Atoms and Molecules, B.H. Bransden, C.J.Joachain, Longman, 1983, ISBN 0-582-44401-2

2. Herzberg, Gerhard; J W T Spinks (1944). Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure (2nd ed.). New York: Dover Publications. p. 75.

Categories:

• Atoms
• Quantum models

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-electron_atom