05-14-2023-1239 - antidote, deliriant, amnesia, hallucinogen, dissociatives, psychedelics, drugs, anesthetic, memory impairment, cognitive incapacitation, disinhibition, disorientation, dissociation, dream-like states, distortion, modification, utility, purpose, fugue state, psychogenic fugue, disillusion, illusion, delusion, oneirogen, ion, genesis, ritual, religion, dream, creation, virtualization, virtual, intangible, divination, oneiromancy, psychic, prophesy, information, dream state, lucid dream, out-of-body, mass psychogenic illness, mass hysteria, mass psychosis, mass psychosomatosis, mass psychosomatogenic illness, mass panic, phone cloning, hoaxes, insolvency, scandal, fraud, bribery, reuse, theft, sham, forgery, incomplete comparison, free speach exceptins, subliminal stimuli, misleading claims, false advertising law, fine print, weasel word, photo manipulation, pathologic, blackmail, bribery, embezzlement, unfinished work, posthumous, 1600s, barrier to critical thinking, deception, skeptical inquiry, positivism, scientifism, racism, moon landing conspiracy theories, maximum capacity, witness standard and capacity reasonable and term (quantity term limitations), uncertain outcome (after witnessship event etc.)[witness protection files, laws, groups, etc. max cap etc.], past life regression, denial, self-confirmation bias, falsifiability, empiricism, supercission, theoretical, hypothetical, hypothet, hypothesis, error, regression analysis uncertainty error, external domain, paranormal, language, structure, resource/etc., cargo cult science, paranormal, refutable claim, logical contradiction, empirical test, empiricism, philosophy, deductive, inductive, reason, logic, fallacy, reasoning, standard, education, language, immune system, antibody, toxin, antidote, toxicology, antitoxin, Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System, philosopher stone, sorcers stone, quackery, alchemy, pandemic, panacea, elixir of life, the dead, necromancy, immortality, eternal life, reverence, anti-psychiatry, disillusioned opponent/opposition/etc., euthanasia, veracity, validity, information, misinformation, credibility, source, contradiction, internal conflict, conflict of interest, false fixed belief, unwillingness to reason/evaluation/consider/allege/plege/etc. at accostmentation and incooperation (implication premise omission errors coincidential advantage and non-salvage redressmentetc.) with compromisation/etc. v delusion, etc. (draft)

An oneirogen, from the Greek ὄνειρος óneiros meaning "dream" and gen "to create", is a substance or other stimulus which produces or enhances dreamlike states of consciousness. This is characterized by an immersive dream state similar to REM sleep, which can range from realistic to alien or abstract.

Many dream-enhancing plants such as dream herb (Calea zacatechichi) and African dream herb (Entada rheedii), as well as the hallucinogenic diviner's sage (Salvia divinorum), have been used for thousands of years in a form of divination through dreams, called oneiromancy, in which practitioners seek to receive psychic or prophetic information during dream states. The term oneirogen commonly describes a wide array of psychoactive plants and chemicals ranging from normal dream enhancers to intense dissociative or deliriant drugs.

Effects experienced with the use of oneirogens may include microsleep, hypnagogia, fugue states, rapid eye movement sleep (REM), hypnic jerks, lucid dreams, and out-of-body experiences. Some oneirogenic substances are said to have little to no effect on waking consciousness, and will not exhibit their effects until the user falls into a natural sleep state. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneirogen

Dissociative fugue (/fjuːɡ/), formerly called a fugue state or psychogenic fugue,^[1] is a mental and behavioral disorder^[2] that is classified variously as a dissociative disorder,^[1] a conversion disorder,^[2] and a somatic symptom disorder. The disorder is a rare psychiatric phenomenon characterized by reversible amnesia for one's identity, including the memories, personality, and other identifying characteristics of individuality. The state can last for days, months, or longer. Dissociative fugue usually involves unplanned travel or wandering and is sometimes accompanied by the establishment of a new identity and the inability to recall personal information prior to the presentation of symptoms.^[3] It is a facet of dissociative amnesia, according to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugue_state

Dissociatives, colloquially dissos, are a subclass of hallucinogens which distort perception of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment – dissociation – from the environment and/or self. Although many kinds of drugs are capable of such action, dissociatives are unique in that they do so in such a way that they produce hallucinogenic effects, which may include dissociation, a general decrease in sensory experience, hallucinations, dream-like states or anesthesia.^[1] Despite most dissociatives’ main mechanism of action being tied to NMDA receptor antagonism, some of these substances, which are nonselective in action and affect the dopamine^[2] and/or opioid^[3] systems, may be capable of inducing more direct and repeatable euphoria or symptoms which are more akin to the effects of typical “hard drugs” or common drugs of abuse. This is likely why dissociatives are considered to be addictive with a fair to moderate potential for abuse, unlike psychedelics. Despite some dissociatives, such as phencyclidine (PCP) possessing stimulating properties, most dissociatives seem to have a general depressant effect and can produce sedation, respiratory depression, nausea, disorientation, analgesia, anesthesia, ataxia, cognitive and memory impairment as well as amnesia. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissociative

Psychedelics are a subclass of hallucinogenic drugs whose primary effect is to trigger non-ordinary mental states (known as psychedelic experiences or psychedelic "trips") and/or an apparent expansion of consciousness.^[2][3][4] Sometimes, they are called classic hallucinogens, serotonergic hallucinogens, or serotonergic psychedelics, and the term psychedelic is sometimes used more broadly to include various types of hallucinogens or those which are atypical or adjacent to psychedelia such as MDMA or cannabis; this article uses the narrower definition of psychedelics. True psychedelics cause specific psychological, visual, and auditory changes, and oftentimes a substantially altered state of consciousness.^[5][6][3][7] Psychedelic states are often compared to meditative, psychodynamic or transcendental types of alterations of mind.^[4][5][8] The "classical" psychedelics, the psychedelics with the largest scientific and cultural influence, are mescaline, LSD, psilocybin, and DMT.^{[5][9][10][4]} LSD in particular has long been considered the paradigmatic psychedelic compound, to which all other psychedelics are often or usually compared.

Most psychedelic drugs fall into one of the three families of chemical compounds: tryptamines, phenethylamines, or lysergamides (LSD is considered both a tryptamine and lysergamide). They act via serotonin 2A receptor agonism.^{[2][11][12][13]} When compounds bind to serotonin 5-HT_2A receptors,^[14] they modulate the activity of key circuits in the brain involved with sensory perception and cognition, however, the exact nature of how psychedelics induce changes in perception and cognition via the 5-HT_2A receptor is still unknown, although reduction in default mode network activity and increased functional connectivity between regions in the brain as a result may be one of the most relevant pharmacological mechanisms underpinning the psychedelic experience,^[15][16] particularly ego death.^[17] The psychedelic experience is often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as those experienced in meditation,^[18][3] mystical experiences,^[8][7] and near-death experiences,^[7] which also appear to be partially underpinned by altered default mode network activity.^[19][20] The phenomenon of ego death is often described as a key feature of the psychedelic experience.^[18][3][7]

Many psychedelic drugs are illegal worldwide under the UN conventions, with occasional exceptions for religious use or research contexts. Despite these controls, recreational use of psychedelics is common.^[21][22] Legal barriers have made the scientific study of psychedelics more difficult. Research has been conducted, however, and studies show that psychedelics are physiologically safe and rarely lead to addiction.^[23][24] Studies conducted using psilocybin in a psychotherapeutic setting reveal that psychedelic drugs may assist with treating depression, alcohol addiction, and nicotine addiction.^[13][25] Although further research is needed, existing results suggest that psychedelics could be effective treatments for certain forms of psychopathology.^{[26][27][28][22]} A 2022 survey found that 28% of Americans had used a psychedelic at some point in their life.^[29] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_drug

Amnesia is a deficit in memory caused by brain damage or disease,^[1] but it can also be caused temporarily by the use of various sedatives and hypnotic drugs. The memory can be either wholly or partially lost due to the extent of damage that was caused.^[2] There are two main types of amnesia: retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia. Retrograde amnesia is the inability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an accident or operation.^[3] In some cases the memory loss can extend back decades, while in others the person may lose only a few months of memory. Anterograde amnesia is the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store into the long-term store. People with anterograde amnesia cannot remember things for long periods of time. These two types are not mutually exclusive; both can occur simultaneously.^[4]

Case studies also show that amnesia is typically associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe. In addition, specific areas of the hippocampus (the CA1 region) are involved with memory. Research has also shown that when areas of the diencephalon are damaged, amnesia can occur. Recent studies have shown a correlation between deficiency of RbAp48 protein and memory loss. Scientists were able to find that mice with damaged memory have a lower level of RbAp48 protein compared to normal, healthy mice.^[5][6] In people with amnesia, the ability to recall immediate information is still retained,^[7][8][9] and they may still be able to form new memories. However, a severe reduction in the ability to learn new material and retrieve old information can be observed. People can learn new procedural knowledge. In addition, priming (both perceptual and conceptual) can assist amnesiacs in the learning of fresh non-declarative knowledge.^[1] Individuals with amnesia also retain substantial intellectual, linguistic, and social skill despite profound impairments in the ability to recall specific information encountered in prior learning episodes.^[10][11][12]

The term is from Ancient Greek 'forgetfulness'; from ἀ- (a-) 'without', and μνήσις (mnesis) 'memory'. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amnesia

Deliriants are a subclass of hallucinogen. The term was coined in the early 1980s to distinguish these drugs from psychedelics and dissociatives such as LSD and ketamine, respectively, due to their primary effect of causing delirium, as opposed to the more lucid and less disturbed states produced by other types of hallucinogens.^[1] The term generally refers to anticholinergic drugs, which are substances that inhibit the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Common examples of deliriants include plants of the genera Datura and Brugmansia (both containing scopolamine) as well as higher than recommended dosages of diphenhydramine (Benadryl).^[2][3] A number of plant deliriants such as that of the Solanaceae family, particularly in the Americas have been used by some indigenous cultures to reach delirious and altered states for traditions or rituals, such as rites of passage, divination or communicating with the ancestors.^[4] Despite their long history of use, deliriants are the least-studied class of hallucinogens in terms of their behavioral and neurological effects.^[5] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliriant

An antidote is a substance that can counteract a form of poisoning.^[1] The term ultimately derives from the Greek term φάρμακον ἀντίδοτον (pharmakon) antidoton, "(medicine) given as a remedy". Antidotes for anticoagulants are sometimes referred to as reversal agents.^[2]

The antidotes for some particular toxins are manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and extracting the resulting antibodies from the host animals' blood. This results in an antivenom that can be used to counteract venom produced by certain species of snakes, spiders, and other venomous animals. Some animal venoms, especially those produced by arthropods (such as certain spiders, scorpions, and bees) are only potentially lethal when they provoke allergic reactions and induce anaphylactic shock; as such, there is no "antidote" for these venoms; however anaphylactic shock can be treated (e.g. with epinephrine).

Some other toxins have no known antidote. For example, the poison batrachotoxin – a highly poisonous steroidal alkaloid derived from various poison dart frogs, certain beetles, and birds – has no antidote, and as a result, is often fatal if it enters the human body in sufficient quantities. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidote

An illusion is a distortion of the senses, which can reveal how the mind normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation. Although illusions distort the human perception of reality, they are generally shared by most people.^[1]

Illusions may occur with any of the human senses, but visual illusions (optical illusions) are the best-known and understood. The emphasis on visual illusions occurs because vision often dominates the other senses. For example, individuals watching a ventriloquist will perceive the voice is coming from the dummy since they are able to see the dummy mouth the words.^[2]

Some illusions are based on general assumptions the brain makes during perception. These assumptions are made using organizational principles (e.g., Gestalt theory), an individual's capacity for depth perception and motion perception, and perceptual constancy. Other illusions occur because of biological sensory structures within the human body or conditions outside the body within one's physical environment.

The term illusion refers to a specific form of sensory distortion. Unlike a hallucination, which is a distortion in the absence of a stimulus, an illusion describes a misinterpretation of a true sensation. For example, hearing voices regardless of the environment would be a hallucination, whereas hearing voices in the sound of running water (or another auditory source) would be an illusion. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion

A delusion is a false fixed belief that is not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence.^[1] As a pathology, it is distinct from a belief based on false or incomplete information, confabulation, dogma, illusion, hallucination, or some other misleading effects of perception, as individuals with those beliefs are able to change or readjust their beliefs upon reviewing the evidence. However:

"The distinction between a delusion and a strongly held idea is sometimes difficult to make and depends in part on the degree of conviction with which the belief is held despite clear or reasonable contradictory evidence regarding its veracity."^[1]

Delusions have been found to occur in the context of many pathological states (both general physical and mental) and are of particular diagnostic importance in psychotic disorders including schizophrenia, paraphrenia, manic episodes of bipolar disorder, and psychotic depression. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delusion

The sectarian animosities that have arisen in certain segments of the disillusioned opposition tend to be directed at Alawites rather than Christians. Despite Assad's government's demands for public support and loyalty from the Christian clergy, most Syrian bishops do not intend to "carry their flocks" in toeing the regime's line.^[121]

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarianism_and_minorities_in_the_Syrian_civil_war}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-psychiatry}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthanasia}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_life}

 

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=rebodiment&title=Special%3ASearch&ns0=1}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_of_life}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic}

 

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysopoeia}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quackery}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitoxin}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Antidotes}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxin}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system}

 

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability}

 

Falsifiability is a deductive standard of evaluation of scientific theories and hypotheses, introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in his book The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934).^[B] A theory or hypothesis is falsifiable (or refutable) if it can be logically contradicted by an empirical test.  

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability}

Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.^{[Note 1]} Pseudoscience is often characterized by contradictory, exaggerated or unfalsifiable claims; reliance on confirmation bias rather than rigorous attempts at refutation; lack of openness to evaluation by other experts; absence of systematic practices when developing hypotheses; and continued adherence long after the pseudoscientific hypotheses have been experimentally discredited.^[1]

The demarcation between science and pseudoscience has scientific, philosophical, and political implications.^[4] Philosophers debate the nature of science and the general criteria for drawing the line between scientific theories and pseudoscientific beliefs, but there is widespread agreement "that creationism, astrology, homeopathy, Kirlian photography, dowsing, ufology, ancient astronaut theory, Holocaust denialism, Velikovskian catastrophism, and climate change denialism are pseudosciences."^[5] There are implications for health care, the use of expert testimony, and weighing environmental policies.^[5] Addressing pseudoscience is part of science education and developing scientific literacy.^[6][7]

Pseudoscience can have dangerous effects. For example, pseudoscientific anti-vaccine activism and promotion of homeopathic remedies as alternative disease treatments can result in people forgoing important medical treatments with demonstrable health benefits, leading to deaths and ill-health.^[8][9][10] Furthermore, people who refuse legitimate medical treatments for contagious diseases may put others at risk. Pseudoscientific theories about racial and ethnic classifications have led to racism and genocide.

The term pseudoscience is often considered pejorative, particularly by purveyors of it, because it suggests something is being presented as science inaccurately or even deceptively. Therefore, those practicing or advocating pseudoscience frequently dispute the characterization.^[1][11] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience#External_links

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_cult_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_life_regression

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_denial

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_racism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Earth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_advertising

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Barriers_to_critical_thinking

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deception

 

 Tractatus de Intellectus Emendatione (Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect) is an unfinished work of philosophy by the seventeenth-century philosopher Baruch Spinoza, published posthumously in 1677.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractatus_de_Intellectus_Emendatione

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_patent_medicines}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyx}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologic}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calomel}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telesphorus_(mythology)}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erebus}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_advertising}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph_manipulation}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_print}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weasel_word}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incomplete_comparison}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_neuron}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_free_speech_exceptions}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subliminal_stimuli#Studies_on_advertising_with_subliminal_stimuli_in_still_images}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:False_advertising_law}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fraud}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Fraud}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Forgery}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mail_and_wire_fraud}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sham_marriage}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Vanity_awards}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Identity_theft}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Hoaxes}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Accounting_scandals}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bank_fraud}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bribery}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamp_reuse}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_liquidation}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_cloning}

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insolvency}

Phone cloning is the copying of identity from one cellular device to another.

AMPS cloning

Main article: Advanced Mobile Phone System § Cloning

Analogue mobile telephones were notorious for their lack of security.^[1] Casual listeners easily heard conversations as plain narrowband FM; eavesdroppers with specialized equipment readily intercepted handset Electronic Serial Numbers (ESN) and Mobile Directory Numbers (MDN or CTN, the Cellular Telephone Number) over the air. The intercepted ESN/MDN pairs would be cloned onto another handset and used in other regions for making calls. Due to widespread fraud, some carriers required a PIN before making calls or used a system of radio fingerprinting to detect the clones.

CDMA cloning

A selection of mobile phones that can be cloned.

Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) mobile telephone cloning involves gaining access to the device's embedded file system /nvm/num directory via specialized software or placing a modified EEPROM into the target mobile telephone, allowing the Electronic Serial Number (ESN) and/or Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID) of the mobile phone to be changed. To obtain the MEID of your phone, simply open your phone's dialler and type *#06# to get its MEID number.^[2] The ESN or MEID is typically transmitted to the cellular company's Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) in order to authenticate a device onto the mobile network. Modifying these, as well as the phone's Preferred Roaming List (PRL) and the mobile identification number, or MIN, can pave the way for fraudulent calls, as the target telephone is now a clone of the telephone from which the original ESN and MIN data were obtained.

GSM cloning

GSM cloning occurs by copying a secret key from the victim SIM card,^[3] typically not requiring any internal data from the handset (the phone itself). GSM handsets do not have ESN or MIN, only an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number. There are various methods used to obtain the IMEI. The most common methods are to hack into the cellular company, or to eavesdrop on the cellular network.

A GSM SIM card can be cloned by performing an attack against a given SIM using an adaptor connected to the serial port of a computer. After many authentication attempts the K_i can be derived. Later GSM SIMs had various mitigations built in, either limiting the amount of authentications performed in a power on session, or by the manufacturer choosing resistant K_i keys. However if it was known a resistant key was used, it is possible to speed up the attack, by eliminating weak K_i's from the pool of possibilities.^{[citation needed]}

Effectiveness and legislation

Phone cloning is outlawed in the United States by the Wireless Telephone Protection Act of 1998, which prohibits "knowingly using, producing, trafficking in, having control or custody of, or possessing hardware or software knowing that it has been configured to insert or modify telecommunication identifying information associated with or contained in a telecommunications instrument so that such instrument may be used to obtain telecommunications service without authorization."^[4]

The effectiveness of phone cloning is limited. Every mobile phone contains a radio fingerprint in its transmission signal which remains unique to that mobile despite changes to the phone's ESN, IMEI, or MIN. Thus, cellular companies are often able to catch cloned phones when there are discrepancies between the fingerprint and the ESN, IMEI, or MIN.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Dual SIM
• International Mobile Equipment Identity
• Subscriber identity module

References

1. 
   

"GSM Cloning".

Bader, Daniel (March 21, 2017). "How to make sure your phone works on a prepaid alternative carrier". iMore. Retrieved October 24, 2017.

Gor, Mosam (2016-05-20). "What is Cell Phone Cloning - Everything You Need to Know". MovZio. Retrieved 2019-04-05.

4. "S.493 - 105th Congress (1997-1998): Wireless Telephone Protection Act". 24 April 1998.

Categories:

• Fraud
• Mobile technology

^{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_cloning}