Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-strand RNA viruses which infect amphibians, birds, and mammals. The group includes the subfamilies Letovirinae and Orthocoronavirinae; the members of the latter are known as coronaviruses.
The viral genome is 26–32 kilobases in length. The particles are typically decorated with large (~20 nm), club- or petal-shaped surface projections (the "peplomers" or "spikes"), which in electron micrographs of spherical particles create an image reminiscent of the solar corona.[1][2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviridae
Deltacoronavirus (Delta-CoV) is one of the four genera (Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Delta-) of coronaviruses. It is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. Deltacoronaviruses infect mostly birds and some mammals.
While the alpha and beta genera are derived from the bat viral gene pool, the gamma and delta genera are derived from the avian and pig viral gene pools.[1]
Recombination appears to be common among deltacoronaviruses.[2] Recombination occurs frequently in the viral genome region that encodes the host receptor binding protein. Recombination between different viral lineages contributes to the emergence of new viruses capable of interspecies transmission and adaptation to new animal hosts.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltacoronavirus_(genus)
Gammacoronavirus (Gamma-CoV) is one of the four genera (Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Delta-) of coronaviruses. It is in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae of the family Coronaviridae. They are enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of zoonotic origin. Coronaviruses infect both animals and humans.
While the alpha and beta genera are derived from the bat gene pool, the gamma and delta genera are derived from the avian and pig gene pools.[2] Gamma-CoV also known as coronavirus group 3 are the avian coronaviruses.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammacoronavirus
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63) is a species of coronavirus, specifically a Setracovirus from among the Alphacoronavirus genus. It was identified in late 2004 in a seven-month-old child with bronchiolitis in the Netherlands.[1] The virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to ACE2.[2][3] Infection with the virus has been confirmed worldwide, and has an association with many common symptoms and diseases. Associated diseases include mild to moderate upper respiratory tract infections, severe lower respiratory tract infection, croup and bronchiolitis.[1]
The virus is found primarily in young children, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory illness. It also has a seasonal association in temperate climates. A study performed in Amsterdam estimated the presence of HCoV-NL63 in approximately 4.7% of common respiratory illnesses.[4] The virus originated from infected palm civets and bats.[5] Estimates of its divergence from another coronavirus (HCoV-229E) are around 1000 years ago; it has likely circulated in humans for centuries.[6]
The evolution of HCoV-NL63 appears to have involved recombination between an ancestral NL63-like virus circulating in African Triaenops afer bats and a CoV 229E-like virus circulating in Hipposideros bats.[7]Recombinant viruses can arise when two viral genomes are present in the same host cell.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_coronavirus_NL63
Letovirinae is a subfamily of viruses within the family Coronaviridae, where it is the only subfamily besides the more diverse Orthocoronavirinae (coronaviruses). Letovirinae contains one accepted genus, Alphaletovirus, which contains one accepted subgenus, Milecovirus, which contains one accepted species, Microhyla letovirus 1 (MLeV).[1] This species was discovered in 2018 and is hosted by the ornate chorus frog (Microhyla fissipes).
Other, as yet unaccepted species in the Letovirinae have been discovered in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus), and in Murray River carp (Cyprinus).[2][3][4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letovirinae
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronaviridae
Biosafety level 4 laboratories are used for diagnostic work and research on easily transmitted pathogens which can cause fatal disease. These include a number of viruses known to cause viral hemorrhagic fever such as Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Lassa virus, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Other pathogens handled at BSL-4 include Hendra virus, Nipah virus, and some flaviviruses. Additionally, poorly characterized pathogens which appear closely related to dangerous pathogens are often handled at this level until sufficient data are obtained either to confirm continued work at this level, or to permit working with them at a lower level.[15] This level is also used for work with Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, though this work is only performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, United States, and the State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology in Koltsovo, Russia.[20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level#Biosafety_level_3
Herdecovirus is a subgenus of viruses in the genus Deltacoronavirus, consisting of a single species, Night heron coronavirus HKU19.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdecovirus
White-eye coronavirus HKU16 is a species of coronavirus in the genus Deltacoronavirus.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-eye_coronavirus_HKU16
- Saberi A, Gulyaeva AA, Brubacher JL, Newmark PA, Gorbalenya AE (November 2018). Stanley P (ed.). "A planarian nidovirus expands the limits of RNA genome size". PLOS Pathogens. 14 (11): e1007314. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1007314. PMC 6211748. PMID 30383829.
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