In physics, a plasmon is a quantum of plasma oscillation. Just as light (an optical oscillation) consists of photons, the plasma oscillation consists of plasmons. The plasmon can be considered as a quasiparticle since it arises from the quantization of plasma oscillations, just like phonons are quantizations of mechanical vibrations. Thus, plasmons are collective (a discrete number) oscillations of the free electron gas density. For example, at optical frequencies, plasmons can couple with a photon to create another quasiparticle called a plasmon polariton.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmon
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn7046-hydroelectric-powers-dirty-secret-revealed/
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/hydropower/
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topic/water-science-school/science/hydroelectric-power-water-use?qt-science_center_objects=0#qt-science_center_objects
https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/benefits-hydropower
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity
https://www.usbr.gov/power/edu/pamphlet.pdf
Hydroelectricity, Hydroelectric Gas, Hydrogen Gas, Plasma, Electricity, Magnetism, Electromagnetism, Electromotive force, electron, particle, oscillator, wave, volt, dipole, energy, thermodynamics, statics, electrostatics, change, measure, rate, ratio, quantity, science, chemistry, nuclear science, chemical science, physical science, maths, language, etc..
Lavosier, Cavendish, Schönbein
Sunday, September 19, 2021
09-19-2021-1003 - It was while doing experiments on the electrolysis of water at the University of Basel that Schönbein first began to notice a distinctive odor...ozone...lightening
Ozone[edit]
It was while doing experiments on the electrolysis of water at the University of Basel that Schönbein first began to notice a distinctive odor in his laboratory.[6] This smell gave Schönbein the clue to the presence of a new product from his experiments. Because of the pronounced smell, Schönbein coined the term "ozone" for the new gas, from the Greek word "ozein", meaning "to smell". Schönbein described his discoveries in publications in 1840.[7] He later found that the smell of ozone was similar to that produced by the slow oxidation of white phosphorus.[8]
The ozone smell Schönbein detected is the same as that occurring in the vicinity of lightning storms, an odor that indicates the presence of ozone in the atmosphere.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Schönbein
Sunday, September 19, 2021
09-19-2021-1049 - Henry Cavendish FRS 1731 1810
Henry Cavendish FRS (/ˈkævəndɪʃ/; 10 October 1731 – 24 February 1810) was an English natural philosopher, scientist, and an important experimental and theoretical chemist and physicist. He is noted for his discovery of hydrogen, which he termed "inflammable air".[1] He described the density of inflammable air, which formed water on combustion, in a 1766 paper, On Factitious Airs. Antoine Lavoisier later reproduced Cavendish's experiment and gave the element its name.
A notoriously shy man, Cavendish was nonetheless distinguished for great accuracy and precision in his researches into the composition of atmospheric air, the properties of different gases, the synthesis of water, the law governing electrical attraction and repulsion, a mechanical theory of heat, and calculations of the density (and hence the mass) of the Earth. His experiment to measure the density of the Earth has come to be known as the Cavendish experiment.
The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–1798 by English scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure the force of gravity between massesin the laboratory[1] and the first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant.[2][3] Because of the unit conventions then in use, the gravitational constant does not appear explicitly in Cavendish's work. Instead, the result was originally expressed as the specific gravity of the Earth,[4] or equivalently the mass of the Earth. His experiment gave the first accurate values for these geophysical constants.
The experiment was devised sometime before 1783 by geologist John Michell,[5][6] who constructed a torsion balance apparatus for it. However, Michell died in 1793 without completing the work. After his death the apparatus passed to Francis John Hyde Wollaston and then to Cavendish, who rebuilt the apparatus but kept close to Michell's original plan. Cavendish then carried out a series of measurements with the equipment and reported his results in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1798.[7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavendish_experiment
All of the researchers noted Cavendish's production of pure water by burning hydrogen in oxygen, but they interpreted the reaction in varying ways within the framework of phlogiston theory. Lavoisier learned of Cavendish's experiment in June 1783 via Charles Blagden (before the results were published in 1784), and immediately recognized water as the oxide of a hydroelectric gas.[42]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier
Torbern Olaf (Olof) Bergman (KVO) (20 March 1735 – 8 July 1784) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist noted for his 1775 Dissertation on Elective Attractions, containing the largest chemical affinity tables ever published. Bergman was the first chemist to use the A, B, C, etc., system of notation for chemical species.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbern_Bergman
Thomas Charles Hope FRSE FRS PRCPE FFPSG(21 July 1766 – 13 June 1844) was a British physician, chemist and lecturer. He proved the existence of the element strontium,[2][3] and gave his name to Hope's Experiment, which shows that water reaches its maximum density at 4 °C (39 °F).[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Charles_Hope
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendulum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_oscillator
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens 1629
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