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Wednesday, September 6, 2023

09-05-2023-2037 - draft (iodine, etc., draft)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Iodine, 53I
Iodine
Pronunciation/ˈədn, -dɪn, -dn/ (EYE-ə-dyne, -⁠din, -⁠deen)
Appearancelustrous metallic gray solid, black/violet liquid, violet gas

Standard atomic weight Ar°(I)

  • 126.90447±0.00003
  • 126.90±0.01 (abridged)[1]
Iodine in the periodic table
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium Beryllium
Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium
Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium
Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium

Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Br

I

At
telluriumiodinexenon
Atomic number (Z)53
Groupgroup 17 (halogens)
Periodperiod 5
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 18, 7
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point(I2) 386.85 K ​(113.7 °C, ​236.66 °F)
Boiling point(I2) 457.4 K ​(184.3 °C, ​363.7 °F)
Density (near r.t.)4.933 g/cm3
Triple point386.65 K, ​12.1 kPa
Critical point819 K, 11.7 MPa
Heat of fusion(I2) 15.52 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation(I2) 41.57 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity(I2) 54.44 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressure (rhombic)
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 260 282 309 342 381 457
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−1, 0, +1, +2,[2] +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.66
Ionisation energies
  • 1st: 1008.4 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1845.9 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 3180 kJ/mol

Atomic radiusempirical: 140 pm
Covalent radius139±3 pm
Van der Waals radius198 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of iodine
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structurebase-centered orthorhombic
Base-centered orthorhombic crystal structure for iodine
Thermal conductivity0.449 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity1.3×107 Ω⋅m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic orderingdiamagnetic[3]
Molar magnetic susceptibility−88.7×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[4]
Bulk modulus7.7 GPa
CAS Number7553-56-2
History
Discovery and first isolationBernard Courtois (1811)
Isotopes of iodine

Main isotopes Decay

abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
123I synth 13 h β+100% 123Te
124I synth 4.176 d ε 124Te
125I synth 59.40 d ε 125Te
127I 100% stable
129I trace 1.57×107 y β 129Xe
131I synth 8.02070 d β100% 131Xe
135I synth 6.57 h β 135Xe
 Category: Iodine
| references

Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a semi-lustrous, non-metallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 °C (237 °F), and boils to a violet gas at 184 °C (363 °F). The element was discovered by the French chemist Bernard Courtois in 1811 and was named two years later by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, after the Ancient Greek Ιώδης 'violet-coloured'.

Iodine occurs in many oxidation states, including iodide (I), iodate (IO
3
), and the various periodate anions. It is the least abundant of the stable halogens, being the sixty-first most abundant element. As the heaviest essential mineral nutrient, iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.[5] Iodine deficiency affects about two billion people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities.[6]

The dominant producers of iodine today are Chile and Japan. Due to its high atomic number and ease of attachment to organic compounds, it has also found favour as a non-toxic radiocontrast material. Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treat thyroid cancer. Iodine is also used as a catalyst in the industrial production of acetic acid and some polymers.

It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[7] 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine

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