09-05-2023-2059 - draft (bromine, etc., draft)

Bromine, ₃₅Br

Liquid and gas bromine inside transparent cube
Bromine
Pronunciation	/ˈbroʊmiːn, -mɪn, -maɪn/ ​(BROH-meen, -⁠min, -⁠myne)
Appearance	reddish-brown
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Br)
	[79.901, 79.907] 79.904±0.003 (abridged)[1]
Bromine in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson Cl ↑ Br ↓  I  selenium ← bromine → krypton
Atomic number (Z)	35
Group	group 17 (halogens)
Period	period 4
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 7
Physical properties
Phase at STP	liquid
Melting point	(Br2) 265.8 K ​(−7.2 °C, ​19 °F)
Boiling point	(Br2) 332.0 K ​(58.8 °C, ​137.8 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	Br2, liquid: 3.1028 g/cm3
Triple point	265.90 K, ​5.8 kPa[2]
Critical point	588 K, 10.34 MPa[2]
Heat of fusion	(Br2) 10.571 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation	(Br2) 29.96 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	(Br2) 75.69 J/(mol·K)
Vapour pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 185 201 220 244 276 332
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−1, +1, 2,[3] +3, +4, +5, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.96
Ionisation energies	1st: 1139.9 kJ/mol 2nd: 2103 kJ/mol 3rd: 3470 kJ/mol
Atomic radius	empirical: 120 pm
Covalent radius	120±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	185 pm
Spectral lines of bromine
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​orthorhombic
Speed of sound	206 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity	0.122 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	7.8×1010 Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic[4]
Molar magnetic susceptibility	−56.4×10−6 cm3/mol[5]
CAS Number	7726-95-6
History
Discovery and first isolation	Antoine Jérôme Balard and Carl Jacob Löwig (1825)
Isotopes of bromine v e
Main isotopes[6] Decay abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct 79Br 51% stable 81Br 49% stable
Category: Bromine view talk edit | references

Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob Löwig (in 1825) and Antoine Jérôme Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek βρῶμος (bromos) meaning "stench", referring to its sharp and pungent smell.

Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a free element in nature. Instead, it can be isolated from colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts analogous to table salt, a property it shares with the other halogens. While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the bromide ion (Br⁻) has caused its accumulation in the oceans. Commercially the element is easily extracted from brine evaporation ponds, mostly in the United States and Israel. The mass of bromine in the oceans is about one three-hundredth that of chlorine. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromine