Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, OM, FRS, HonFRSE[2] (30 August 1871 – 19 October 1937) was a New Zealand-born British physicist who came to be known as the father of nuclear physics.[3] Encyclopædia Britannica considers him to be the greatest experimentalist since Michael Faraday (1791–1867).[3] He also spent a substantial amount of his career abroad, in both Canada and the United Kingdom.
In early work, Rutherford discovered the concept of radioactive half-life, the radioactive element radon,[4] and differentiated and named alpha and beta radiation.[5]This work was performed at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is the basis for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry he was awarded in 1908 "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances",[6] for which he was the first Oceanian Nobel laureate, and the first to perform the awarded work in Canada. In 1904, he was elected as a member to the American Philosophical Society.[7]
Rutherford moved in 1907 to the Victoria University of Manchester (today University of Manchester) in the UK, where he and Thomas Royds proved that alpha radiation is helium nuclei.[8][9] Rutherford performed his most famous work after he became a Nobel laureate.[6] In 1911, although he could not prove that it was positive or negative,[10] he theorized that atoms have their charge concentrated in a very small nucleus,[11] and thereby pioneered the Rutherford model of the atom, through his discovery and interpretation of Rutherford scattering by the gold foil experiment of Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden. He performed the first artificially induced nuclear reaction in 1917 in experiments where nitrogen nuclei were bombarded with alpha particles. As a result, he discovered the emission of a subatomic particle which, in 1919, he called the "hydrogen atom" but, in 1920, he more accurately named the proton.[12][13]
Rutherford became Director of the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in 1919. Under his leadership the neutron was discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 and in the same year the first experiment to split the nucleus in a fully controlled manner was performed by students working under his direction, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton. After his death in 1937, he was buried in Westminster Abbey near Sir Isaac Newton. The chemical element rutherfordium(element 104) was named after him in 1997.
The Lord Rutherford of Nelson | |
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 Ernest Rutherford | |
| President of the Royal Society | |
| In office 1925–1930 | |
| Preceded by | Sir Charles Scott Sherrington |
| Succeeded by | Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 30 August 1871 Brightwater, Colony of New Zealand |
| Died | 19 October 1937 (aged 66) Cambridge, England |
| Resting place | Westminster Abbey |
| Citizenship | British subject, New Zealand |
| Residence | New Zealand, United Kingdom |
| Signature |  |
| Alma mater | University of New Zealand Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge |
| Known for | |
| Awards |
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| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Physics and chemistry |
| Institutions | |
| Academic advisors | |
| Doctoral students | |
| Other notable students | |
| Influenced | |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford
Daniel Rutherford FRSE FRCPE FLS FSA(Scot) (3 November 1749 – 15 December 1819) was a Scottish physician, chemist and botanist who is known for the isolation of nitrogen in 1772.
Daniel Rutherford | |
|---|---|
 Daniel Rutherford mezzotint engraving after a portrait by Sir Henry Raeburn | |
| Born | 3 November 1749 |
| Died | 15 December 1819(aged 70)[1] |
| Nationality | Scottish |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
| Known for | isolation of nitrogen |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | chemistry |
| Institutions | Physician, Edinburgh (1775–86) Professor of medicine and botany, University of Edinburgh Keeper, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh (1786–1819) King's Botanist in Scotland(1786-) Physician, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary (1791) |
| Influences | Joseph Black |
| Author abbrev. (botany) | Rutherf. |
Isolation of nitrogen[edit]
Rutherford discovered nitrogen by the isolation of the particle in 1772.[8][9] When Joseph Black was studying the properties of carbon dioxide, he found that a candle would not burn in it. Black turned this problem over to his student at the time, Rutherford. Rutherford kept a mouse in a space with a confined quantity of air until it died. Then, he burned a candle in the remaining air until it went out. Afterwards, he burned phosphorus in that, until it would not burn. Then the air was passed through a carbon dioxide absorbing solution. The remaining component of the air did not support combustion, and a mouse could not live in it.
Rutherford called the gas (which we now know would have consisted primarily of nitrogen) "noxious air" or "phlogisticated air". Rutherford reported the experiment in 1772. He and Black were convinced of the validity of the phlogiston theory, so they explained their results in terms of it.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rutherford
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