08-14-2021-1749 - DRafting

 Atomic Mirror

Alpha emitter

maser

fusor

atom laser

ionizer

particle beam weapon

free electron laser

duoplasmatron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_beam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_beam

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_jet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star#Planetary_systems

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star#Planets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star#Planets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star#Planets

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_dwarf#Mass–radius_relationship_and_mass_limit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_detonation

https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/wp-content/files_mf/FD_14373_oppau_1921_ang.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_hardening

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_source

Physical implementations	Quantum optics Boson sampling Cavity QED Circuit QED Linear optical quantum computing KLM protocol Ultracold atoms Optical lattice Trapped ion quantum computer Spin-based Kane QC Spin qubit QC Nitrogen-vacancy center Nuclear magnetic resonance QC Superconducting quantum computing Charge qubit Flux qubit Phase qubit Transmon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_amplification

Ionizing radiation (ionising radiation) consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them.^[1] The particles generally travel at a speed that is greater than 1% of that of light, and the electromagnetic waves are on the high-energy portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Gamma rays, X-rays and the higher ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum are ionizing radiation, whereas the lower energy ultraviolet, visible light, nearly all types of laser light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves are  non-ionizing radiation. The boundary between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation in the ultraviolet area is not sharply defined, since different molecules and atoms ionize at different energies, but is between 10 electronvolts(eV) and 33 eV.

Typical ionizing subatomic particles include alpha particles, beta particles and neutrons. These are typically created due to radioactive decay, and almost all are energetic enough to be ionizing. Secondary cosmic particles produced after cosmic rays interact with Earth's atmosphere, and include muons, mesons, and positrons.^[2][3] Cosmic rays may also produce radioisotopes on Earth (for example, carbon-14), which in turn decay and emit ionizing radiation. Cosmic rays and the decay of radioactive isotopes are the primary sources of natural ionizing radiation on Earth, contributing to background radiation. Ionizing radiation is also generated artificially by X-ray tubes, particle accelerators, and nuclear fission.

Ionizing radiation is not detectable by human senses, so instruments such as Geiger counters must be used to detect and measure it. However, very high intensities can produce visible light, such as in Cherenkov radiation.

Ionizing radiation is used in a wide variety of fields such as medicine, nuclear power, research, and industrial manufacturing, but presents a health hazard if proper measures against excessive exposure are not taken. Exposure to ionizing radiation causes cell damage to living tissue. In high acute doses, it will result in radiation burns and radiation sickness, and lower level doses over a protracted time can cause cancer.^[4] The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issues guidance on ionizing radiation protection, and the effects of dose uptake on human health.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation

A beam of cathode rays in a vacuum tube bent into a circle by a magnetic field generated by a Helmholtz coil. Cathode rays are normally invisible; in this demonstration with a Teltron tube, enough residual gas has been left that the gas atoms glow from luminescence when struck by the fast-moving electrons.

Cathode rays (electron beam or e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes. If an evacuated glass tube is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, glass behind the positive electrode is observed to glow, due to electrons emitted from the cathode (the electrode connected to the negative terminal of the voltage supply). They were first observed in 1869 by German physicist Julius Plücker and Johann Wilhelm Hittorf,^[1] and were named in 1876 by Eugen Goldstein Kathodenstrahlen, or cathode rays.^[2][3] In 1897, British physicist J. J. Thomson showed that cathode rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle, which was later named the electron. Cathode-ray tubes(CRTs) use a focused beam of electrons deflected by electric or magnetic fields to render an image on a screen.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_ray

An ion beam is a type of charged particle beam consisting of ions. Ion beams have many uses in electronics manufacturing (principally ion implantation) and other industries. A variety of ion beam sources exists, some derived from the mercury vapor thrusters developed by NASA in the 1960s. The most common ion beams are of singly-charged ions.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_beam

High-energy ion beams[edit]

High-energy ion beams produced by particle accelerators are used in atomic physics, nuclear physics and particle physics.

Weaponry[edit]

The use of ion beams as a particle-beam weapon is theoretically possible, but has not been demonstrated. Electron beam weapons have been tested by the U.S. Navy in the early 20th century, but the hose instability effect prevents these from being accurate at a distance of over approximately 30 inches. See particle-beam weapon for more information on this type of weapon.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_beam

An ion thruster, ion drive, or ion engine is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion. It creates thrust by accelerating ions using electricity.

An ion thruster ionizes a neutral gas by extracting some electrons out of atoms, creating a cloud of positive ions. These ion thrusters rely mainly on electrostatics as ions are accelerated by the Coulomb force along an electric field. Temporarily stored electrons are finally reinjected by a neutralizer in the cloud of ions after it has passed through the electrostatic grid, so the gas becomes neutral again and can freely disperse in space without any further electrical interaction with the thruster. In contrast, electromagnetic thrusters use the Lorentz force to accelerate all species (free electrons as well as positive and negative ions) in the same direction whatever their electric charge, and are specifically referred to as plasma propulsion engines, where the electric field is not in the direction of the acceleration.^[1][2]

Ion thrusters in operational use typically consume 1–7 kW of power, have exhaust velocities around 20–50 km/s (I_sp 2000–5000 s), and possess thrusts of 25–250 mN and a  propulsive efficiency 65–80%.^[3][4] though experimental versions have achieved 100 kW (130 hp), 5 N (1.1 lb_f).^[5]

The Deep Space 1 spacecraft, powered by an ion thruster, changed velocity by 4.3 km/s (2.7 mi/s) while consuming less than 74 kg (163 lb) of xenon. The Dawn spacecraft broke the record, with a velocity change of 11.5 km/s (41,000 km/h), though it was only half as efficient, requiring 425 kg (937 lb) of xenon.^[6]

Applications include control of the orientation and position of orbiting satellites (some satellites have dozens of low-power ion thrusters) and use as a main propulsion engine for low-mass robotic space vehicles (such as Deep Space 1 and Dawn).^[3][4]

Ion thrust engines are practical only in the vacuum of space and cannot take vehicles through the atmosphere because ion engines do not work in the presence of ions outside the engine; additionally, the engine's minuscule thrust cannot overcome any significant air resistance. Moreover, notwithstanding the presence of an atmosphere (or lack thereof) an ion engine cannot generate sufficient thrust to achieve initial liftoff from any celestial body with significant surface gravity. For these reasons, spacecraft must rely on conventional chemical rockets to reach their initial orbit.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_thruster

Ion implantation is a low-temperature process by which ions of one element are accelerated into a solid target, thereby changing the physical, chemical, or electrical properties of the target. Ion implantation is used in semiconductor device fabrication and in metal finishing, as well as in materials science research. The ions can alter the elemental composition of the target (if the ions differ in composition from the target) if they stop and remain in the target. Ion implantation also causes chemical and physical changes when the ions impinge on the target at high energy. The crystal structure of the target can be damaged or even destroyed by the energetic collision cascades, and ions of sufficiently high energy (10s of MeV) can cause nuclear transmutation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_implantation

A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferred to one of its electrons to release it as a conversion electron; or used to create and emit a new particle (alpha particle or beta particle) from the nucleus. During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay.^[1] These emissions are considered ionizing radiation because they are powerful enough to liberate an electron from another atom. The radioactive decay can produce a stable nuclide or will sometimes produce a new unstable radionuclide which may undergo further decay. Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms: it is impossible to predict when one particular atom will decay.^[2][3][4][5] However, for a collection of atoms of a single element the decay rate, and thus the half-life (t_1/2) for that collection, can be calculated from their measured decay constants. The range of the half-lives of radioactive atoms has no known limits and spans a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude.

Radionuclides occur naturally or are artificially produced in nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, particle accelerators or radionuclide generators. There are about 730 radionuclides with half-lives longer than 60 minutes (see list of nuclides). Thirty-two of those are primordial radionuclides that were created before the earth was formed. At least another 60 radionuclides are detectable in nature, either as daughters of primordial radionuclides or as radionuclides produced through natural production on Earth by cosmic radiation. More than 2400 radionuclides have half-lives less than 60 minutes. Most of those are only produced artificially, and have very short half-lives. For comparison, there are about 252 stable nuclides. (In theory, only 146 of them are stable, and the other 106 are believed to decay via alpha decay, beta decay, double beta decay, electron capture, or double electron capture.)

All chemical elements can exist as radionuclides. Even the lightest element, hydrogen, has a well-known radionuclide, tritium. Elements heavier than lead, and the elements technetium and promethium, exist only as radionuclides. (In theory, elements heavier than dysprosium exist only as radionuclides, but some such elements, like gold and platinum, are observationally stable and their half-lives have not been determined).

Unplanned exposure to radionuclides generally has a harmful effect on living organisms including humans, although low levels of exposure occur naturally without harm. The degree of harm will depend on the nature and extent of the radiation produced, the amount and nature of exposure (close contact, inhalation or ingestion), and the biochemical properties of the element; with increased risk of cancer the most usual consequence. However, radionuclides with suitable properties are used in nuclear medicine for both diagnosis and treatment. An imaging tracer made with radionuclides is called a radioactive tracer. A pharmaceutical drug made with radionuclides is called a radiopharmaceutical.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide

Radionucleotide may refer to:

• In experimental biochemistry, a nucleotide that is radiolabeled with a radionuclide such as phosphorus-32
• When used in clinical medical literature, usually a malapropism for the intended term radionuclide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionucleotide

A charged particle beam is a spatially localized group of electrically charged particles that have approximately the same position, kinetic energy (resulting in the same velocity), and direction. The kinetic energies of the particles are much larger than the energies of particles at ambient temperature. The high energy and directionality of charged particle beams make them useful for applications (see Particle Beam Usage and Electron beam technology).

Such beams can be split into two main classes:

1. unbunched beams (coasting beams^[1] or DC beams), which have no longitudinal substructure in the direction of beam motion.
2. bunched beams, in which the particles are distributed into pulses (bunches) of particles. Bunched beams are most common in modern facilities, since the most modern accelerator concepts require bunched beams for acceleration.^[2]

Assuming a normal distribution of particle positions and impulses, a charged particle beam (or a bunch of the beam) is characterized by^[3]

• the species of particle, e.g. electrons, protons, or atomic nuclei
• the mean energy of the particles, often expressed in electronvolts (typically keV to GeV)
• the (average) particle current, often expressed in amperes
• the particle beam size, often using the so-called β-function
• the beam emittance, a measure of the area occupied by the beam in one of several phase spaces.

These parameters can be expressed in various ways. For example, the current and beam size can be combined into the current density, and the current and energy (or beam voltage V) can be combined into the perveance K = I V^−3/2.

The charged particle beams that can be manipulated in particle accelerators can be subdivided into electron beams, ion beams and proton beams.

Common types[edit]

• Electron beam, or cathode ray, such as in a scanning electron microscope or in accelerators such as the Large Electron–Positron Collider or Synchrotron light sources.
• Proton beam, such as the beams used in proton therapy, at colliders such as the Tevatron and the Large Hadron Collider, or for proton beam writingin lithography.
• Ion beams, such as at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider or the under-construction Facility for Rare Isotope Beams.

References[edit]

1. ^ Ruggiero, F; Thomashausen, J (June 2005), CERN Accelerator School: Basic Course On General Accelerator Physics, p. 296, doi:10.5170/CERN-2005-004, CERN-2005-004, retrieved 2017-11-14
2. ^ Edwards, D.A.; Syphers, M.J. (1993). An Introduction to the Physics of High Energy Accelerators. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 9780471551638.
3. ^ Humphries, Stanley (1990). Charged particle beams (PDF). New York: Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 9780471600145.

Categories: 

• Accelerator physics
• Experimental particle physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charged_particle_beam

The Duoplasmatron is an ion source in which a cathode filament emits electrons into a vacuum chamber.^[1] A gas such as argon is introduced in very small quantities into the chamber, where it becomes charged or ionizedthrough interactions with the free electrons from the cathode, forming a plasma. The plasma is then accelerated through a series of at least two highly charged grids, and becomes an ion beam, moving at fairly high speed from the aperture of the device.

History[edit]

Prof. Dr. Manfred von Ardenne, June 1986

The duoplasmatron was first developed in 1956 by Manfred von Ardenne to provide a powerful source for gas ions. Other contributors such as Demirkanov, Frohlich and Kistemaker continued development between 1959 and 1965. Throughout the 1960s, many continued to investigate, discovering negative ion extraction and multiply charged ion production.^[1] There are two types of plasmatrons, the uniplasmatron and the duoplasmatron. The prefix refers to the constriction of discharge.^[2]

Operation[edit]

The standard duoplasmatron consists of three main components that are responsible for its operation. These include the hot cathode, the intermediate electrode, and the anode. The intermediate electrode's main job is to produce discharge. This discharge is confined into a small portion near the anode and a short magnetic field between the intermediate electrode and the anode. The duoplasmatron has two different types of plasma: the cathode plasma which is close to the cathode and the anode plasma that is close to the anode. The cathode works by injecting a beam of electrons with a suitable amount of energy. This injection ionizes the gas molecules, typically Argon gas, in the anode and increases the potential near the anode. The ions that are repulsed, however, combine with the ions that contain enough energy to pass the deceleration region and this combination of ions fill the expansion cup with directed ions and electrons.^[3] The best operational mode for the duoplasmatron is considered to be when the cathode is adjusted to an emission where the intermediate electrode and the cathode potential are approximately equal.^[1]

Applications[edit]

The duoplasmatron is a type of ion source. Ion sources are necessary to form ions for mass spectrometers and other types of instruments. In comparison to Penning ionization sources, the duoplasmatron features advantages such as less expenditure, easier handling, and a longer lifetime. However, the duoplasmatron does have lower beam intensity, which can be a large disadvantage.^[4]

References[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to: ^a b c Bernhard Wolf (31 August 1995). Handbook of Ion Sources. CRC Press. pp. 47–. ISBN 978-0-8493-2502-1.
2. ^ Morgan, O. B.; Kelley, G. G.; Davis, R. C. (6 October 1966). "Technology of Intense dc Ion Beams". Review of Scientific Instruments. 4 (38): 467. doi:10.1063/1.1720740.
3. ^ Sluyters, Th. (27 September 1968). "A Duoplasmatron with Oscillating Electrons" (PDF). Accelerator Department Brookhaven National Laboratory (54): 7. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
4. ^ Keller, R.; Muller, M. (April 1976). "Duoplasmatron Development". IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. NS-23 (2): 1049–1052.

Further reading[edit]

• Brown, I.G., "The Physics and Technology of Ion Sources", Wiley-VCH (2004), p. 110
• Dass, Chhabil (24 August 2006). Fundamentals of Contemporary Mass Spectrometry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 9780471682295.

External links[edit]

• Duoplasmatron-Animation

Categories: 

• Ion source
• Plasma physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duoplasmatron

Ion wind, ionic wind, coronal wind or electric wind is the airflow induced by electrostatic forces linked to corona discharge arising at the tips of some sharp conductors (such as points or blades) subjected to high voltage relative to ground. Ion wind is an electrohydrodynamic phenomenon. Ion wind generators can also be considered electrohydrodynamic thrusters.

The term "ionic wind" is considered a misnomer due to misconceptions that only positive and negative ions were primarily involved in the phenomenon. A 2018 study found that electrons play a larger role than the negative ions during the negative voltage period. As a result, the term "electric wind" has been suggested as a more accurate terminology.^[1]

This phenomenon is now used in an MIT ionic wind plane, the first solid state plane, developed in 2018.

History[edit]

B. Wilson in 1750^[2] demonstrated the recoil force associated to the same corona discharge and precursor to the ion thruster was the corona discharge pinwheel.^[3] The corona discharge from the freely rotating pinwheel arm with ends bent to sharp points^[4][5] gives the air a space charge which repels the point because the polarity is the same for the point and the air.^[6][7]

Francis Hauksbee, curator of instruments for the Royal Society of London, made the earliest report of electric wind in 1709.^[8] Myron Robinson completed an extensive bibliography and literature review during the 1950s resurgence of interest in the phenomena.^[9]

In 2018, researchers from South Korea and Slovenia used Schlieren photography to experimentally determine that electrons, in addition to ions, play an important role in generating ionic wind. The study was the first to provide direct evidence that the electrohydrodynamic force responsible for the ionic wind is caused by a charged particle drag that occur as the electrons and ions push the neutral particles away.

In 2018, a team of MIT researchers built and successfully flew the first-ever prototype plane propelled by ionic wind.^[10]

Mechanism[edit]

Net electric charges on conductors, including local charge distributions associated with dipoles, reside entirely on their external surface (see Faraday cage), and tend to concentrate more around sharp points and edges than on flat surfaces. This means that the electric field generated by charges on a sharp conductive point is much stronger than the field generated by the same charge residing on a large smooth spherical conductive shell. When this electric field strength exceeds what is known as the corona discharge inception voltage (CIV) gradient, it ionizes the air about the tip, and a small faint purple jet of plasma can be seen in the dark on the conductive tip. Ionization of the nearby air molecules result in generation of ionized air molecules having the same polarity as that of the charged tip. Subsequently, the tip repels the like-charged ion cloud, and the ion cloud immediately expands due to the repulsion between the ions themselves. This repulsion of ions creates an electric "wind" that emanates from the tip, which is usually accompanied by a hissing noise due to the change in air pressure at the tip. An opposite force acts on the tip that may recoil if not tight to ground.

A vaneless ion wind generator performs the inverse function, using ambient wind to move ions, which are collected yielding electrical energy.

See also[edit]

• Air ioniser
• Ion thruster
• Ionocraft
• Plasma actuator
• Hall effect thruster
• Magnetohydrodynamic drive
• Magnetoplasmadynamic thruster
• Pulsed inductive thruster
• Field-emission electric propulsion
• Spacecraft propulsion
• List of plasma (physics) articles

References[edit]

1. ^ Zyga, Lisa (February 7, 2018). "What causes ionic wind?". Phys.org. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
2. ^ DIVISION OF ENGINEERING: ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF ELECTROGASDYNAMICS*- by MC Gourdine - 1968 - Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences - Wiley Online Library
3. ^ Demo 41-06 Pinwheel - Video Encyclopedia of Physics Demonstrations Archived 2014-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
4. ^ Electrostatic pinwheel:Van de Graaff makes pinwheel spin - Lecture Demonstrations - UC Berkeley Physics
5. ^ Fun with Static Electricity, Elliott County 4H - Science Fun, Inc. - Alan Kuehner (ret.) Brookhaven National Laboratory
6. ^ Electostatic pinwheel - Indiana University Demo Reservation
7. ^ Electrostatic Pinwheel, European, later 19th century - The Bakken - A Library and Museum of Electricity in Life Archived 2014-04-16 at the Wayback Machine
8. ^ Robinson, M. (1962, May). History of the electric wind. American Journal of Physics, 30(5), 366-372.
9. ^ Robinson, M. (1960, June 8). Movement of Air in the Electric Wind of the Corona Discharge. (AD0262830)
10. ^ Chu, Jennifer (November 21, 2018). "MIT engineers fly first-ever plane with no moving parts". MIT News. Retrieved November 21, 2018.

External links[edit]

• Plasma propulsion in space

Categories: 

• Plasma physics
• Spacecraft propulsion
• Electrostatics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_wind

Category:Thin film deposition

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thin-film deposition.

Subcategories

This category has the following 2 subcategories, out of 2 total.

C

• ► Chemical vapour deposition precursors‎ (4 P)

M

• ► Metal plating‎ (1 C, 34 P)

Pages in category "Thin film deposition"

The following 55 pages are in this category, out of 55 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

A

• Angel gilding
• Atomic layer deposition
• Atomic layer epitaxy

C

• Cathodic arc deposition
• Chemical bath deposition
• Chemical beam epitaxy
• Chemical vapor deposition
• Close-space sublimation
• Combustion chemical vapor deposition

D

• Diamond-like carbon
• Dip-coating

E

• Electron-beam physical vapor deposition
• Electrostatic spray-assisted vapour deposition
• Epitaxy
• Evaporation
• Evaporation (deposition)

F

• Focused ion beam
• Friction surfacing

H

• Hybrid physical–chemical vapor deposition
• Hydride vapour phase epitaxy

I

• Ion beam
• Ion beam-assisted deposition
• Ion beam deposition
• Ion layer gas reaction
• Ion plating
• Island growth

L

• Landau–Levich problem
• Lely method
• Low-energy plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

M

• Metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy
• Molecular layer deposition
• Molecular vapor deposition
• Molecular-beam epitaxy

P

• Pechini process
• Physical vapor deposition
• Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
• Plating
• Pulsed laser deposition

R

• Rotating pocket heater

S

• Silicon on sapphire
• Society of Vacuum Coaters
• Sol–gel process
• Spin coating
• Sputter deposition
• Sputtering
• Sublimation sandwich method
• Surface growth

T

• Thermal barrier coating
• Thermal spraying
• Tinning
• Tinplate

V

• Vacuum deposition
• Vacuum evaporation

W

• Wake Shield Facility
• Wetting layer

Categories: 

• Thin films
• Industrial processes
• Coatings
• Solid state engineering

Hidden categories: 

• Commons category link is on Wikidata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Thin_film_deposition

Category:Plasma physics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

The main article for this category is Plasma (physics).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plasma physics.

• Physics portal

Plasma physics is the study of ionized gases.

Contents 

• Top
• 0–9
• A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Subcategories

This category has the following 15 subcategories, out of 15 total.

 

• ► Plasma physicists‎ (2 C, 48 P)

D

• ► Plasma diagnostics‎ (6 P)

E

• ► Electric arcs‎ (6 C, 19 P)
• ► Electrical discharge in gases‎ (1 C, 6 P)

F

• ► Plasma physics facilities‎ (6 C, 18 P)
• ► Fusion power‎ (4 C, 47 P)

I

• ► Plasma instabilities‎ (1 C, 25 P)
• ► Ionosphere‎ (1 C, 48 P)

J

• ► Plasma science journals‎ (1 C, 7 P)

P

• ► Particle traps‎ (2 C, 10 P)
• ► Plasma processing‎ (25 P)

S

• ► Space physics‎ (1 C, 19 P)
• ► Space plasmas‎ (7 C, 53 P)

W

• ► Waves in plasmas‎ (19 P)

Σ

• ► Plasma physics stubs‎ (65 P)

Pages in category "Plasma physics"

The following 200 pages are in this category, out of approximately 234 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).

(previous page) (next page)

 

• Plasma (physics)
• Template:Plasma-stub

*

• List of plasma physics articles

A

• Ablation
• Adiabatic invariant
• Airglow
• Hannes Alfvén Prize
• Ambipolar diffusion
• Anisothermal plasma
• Astrophysical jet
• Astrophysical plasma
• Astrophysical X-ray source
• Atmospheric pressure discharge
• Atmospheric-pressure plasma
• Aurora

B

• Ball lightning
• Bernstein–Greene–Kruskal modes
• Beta (plasma physics)
• Biconic cusp
• Birkeland current
• Bohm diffusion
• Boltzmann relation
• Bremsstrahlung

C

• Capacitively coupled plasma
• Cascaded Arc Plasma Source
• Chandrasekhar–Kendall function
• Charged-device model
• Classical diffusion
• Clebsch representation
• Colored-particle-in-cell
• Columbia Non-neutral Torus
• Compact Toroidal Hybrid
• Corona discharge
• Corona ring
• Coronal loop
• Coronal radiative losses
• Coronal seismology
• Coulomb collision
• Critical ionization velocity
• Current sheet
• Cyclotron radiation

D

• Debye length
• Debye sheath
• Degree of ionization
• Diffusion damping
• Direct Fusion Drive
• Double layer (plasma physics)
• Dreicer field
• Drift waves
• Duoplasmatron
• Dusty plasma
• Dynamo theory
• Dynomak

E

• Edge-localized mode
• Electric discharge
• Electric spark
• Electrodeless plasma excitation
• Electron beam ion trap
• Electron spiral toroid
• Electron wake
• Electrostatic discharge
• Energetic neutral atom
• Enormous Toroidal Plasma Device
• Evershed effect

F

• Faraday cup
• Ferrofluid
• Flame rectification
• Fluorescent lamp
• Flux loop
• Force-free magnetic field

G

• Gas focusing
• Gridded ion thruster
• Guiding center
• GYRO
• Gyrokinetic ElectroMagnetic
• Gyrokinetics
• Gyroradius

H

• Hasegawa–Mima equation
• Helically Symmetric Experiment
• Helion Energy
• Heliophysics Science Division
• Heliosphere
• Heliospheric current sheet
• High energy density physics
• High-confinement mode
• High-power impulse magnetron sputtering
• History of spectroscopy
• History of X-ray astronomy
• Hsu diffusion

I

• IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society
• Induction plasma
• Inductively coupled plasma
• Instability
• International Union for Vacuum Science, Technique and Applications
• Interplanetary medium
• Intracluster medium
• Ion beam
• Ion cyclotron resonance
• Ion wind
• Ionization instability
• Ionized-air glow

L

• Landau damping
• Langmuir probe
• Large Plasma Device
• Laser ablation
• Laser ablation synthesis in solution
• Laser schlieren deflectometry
• Levitated dipole
• List of Fusor examples
• List of waves named after people
• Lorentz force velocimetry
• Low-energy plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
• Lundquist number

M

• Magnetic cloud
• Magnetic diffusion
• Magnetic diffusivity
• Magnetic helicity
• Magnetic pressure
• Magnetic reconnection
• Magnetogravity wave
• Magnetohydrodynamic converter
• Magnetohydrodynamic drive
• Magnetohydrodynamic generator
• Magnetohydrodynamics
• Magnetopause
• Magnetosheath
• Marklund convection
• Microplasma
• Mirnov oscillations
• MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center
• Multipactor effect

N

• Nano-PSI
• National Compact Stellarator Experiment
• Negative temperature
• Non-neutral plasmas
• Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Laboratory
• Nonthermal plasma
• Nuclear pulse propulsion

O

• Ohmic plasma

P

• Paschen's law
• Peek's law
• Penning mixture
• Penning–Malmberg trap
• Penrose criterion
• Phenomenology (physics)
• Pinch (plasma physics)
• PK-3 Plus (ISS experiment)
• PK-4 (ISS experiment)
• Plasma acceleration
• Plasma Acoustic Shield System
• Plasma actuator
• Plasma afterglow
• Plasma antenna
• Plasma channel
• Plasma confinement
• Plasma contactor
• Plasma deep drilling technology
• Plasma diagnostics
• Plasma diffusion
• Plasma globe
• Plasma lamp
• Plasma magnet
• Plasma medicine
• Plasma modeling
• Plasma oscillation
• Plasma parameter
• Plasma parameters
• Plasma propulsion engine
• Plasma railgun
• Plasma receiver
• Plasma scaling
• Plasma shaping
• Plasma speaker
• Plasma stealth
• Plasma surface interaction
• Plasma torch
• Plasma transferred wire arc thermal spraying
• Plasma window
• Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition
• Plasma-immersion ion implantation
• Plasma-powered cannon
• Plasmoid
• Plasmon
• Yves Pomeau
• Prairie View Rotamak
• Pseudospark switch

Q

• Q-machine
• QCD matter
• Quark–gluon plasma

R

• Plasma recombination
• Relativistic plasma
• Relativistic similarity parameter
• Resolved sideband cooling
• Resonant magnetic perturbations
• Rooster tail
• Rotating wall technique

S

• Sack–Schamel equation
• Safety factor (plasma physics)
• Saha ionization equation
• Schamel equation

(previous page) (next page)

Categories: 

• Phases of matter
• Electromagnetism
• Astrophysics
• Transparent materials

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Plasma_physics

A trapped ion quantum computer is one proposed approach to a large-scale quantum computer. Ions, or charged atomic particles, can be confined and suspended in free space using electromagnetic fields.  Qubits are stored in stable electronic states of each ion, and quantum information can be transferred through the collective quantized motion of the ions in a shared trap (interacting through the Coulomb force).  Lasers are applied to induce coupling between the qubit states (for single qubit operations) or coupling between the internal qubit states and the external motional states (for entanglement between qubits).^[1]

The fundamental operations of a quantum computer have been demonstrated experimentally with the currently highest accuracy in trapped ion systems. Promising schemes in development to scale the system to arbitrarily large numbers of qubits include transporting ions to spatially distinct locations in an array of ion traps, building large entangled states via photonically connected networks of remotely entangled ion chains, and combinations of these two ideas. This makes the trapped ion quantum computer system one of the most promising architectures for a scalable, universal quantum computer. As of April 2018, the largest number of particles to be controllably entangled is 20 trapped ions.^[2][3][4]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped_ion_quantum_computer

Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, composite particles (hadrons), and atomic nuclei.^[1][2]

Spin is one of two types of angular momentum in quantum mechanics, the other being orbital angular momentum. The orbital angular momentum operator is the quantum-mechanical counterpart to the classical angular momentum of orbital revolution and appears when there is periodic structure to its wavefunction as the angle varies.^[3][4] For photons, spin is the quantum-mechanical counterpart of the polarization of light; for electrons, the spin has no classical counterpart.^{[citation needed]}

The existence of electron spin angular momentum is inferred from experiments, such as the Stern–Gerlach experiment, in which silver atoms were observed to possess two possible discrete angular momenta despite having no orbital angular momentum.^[5] The existence of the electron spin can also be inferred theoretically from spin–statistics theorem and from the Pauli exclusion principle—and vice versa, given the particular spin of the electron, one may derive the Pauli exclusion principle.

Spin is described mathematically as a vector for some particles such as photons, and as spinors and bispinors for other particles such as electrons. Spinors and bispinors behave similarly to vectors: they have definite magnitudes and change under rotations; however, they use an unconventional "direction". All elementary particles of a given kind have the same magnitude of spin angular momentum, though its direction may change. These are indicated by assigning the particle a spin quantum number.^[2]

The SI unit of spin is the same as classical angular momentum (i.e. N·m·s or kg·m²·s⁻¹). In practice, spin is given as a dimensionless spin quantum number by dividing the spin angular momentum by the reduced Planck constant ħ, which has the same dimensions as angular momentum, although this is not the full computation of this value. Very often, the "spin quantum number" is simply called "spin". The fact that it is a quantum number is implicit.

Wolfgang Pauli in 1924 was the first to propose a doubling of the number of available electron states due to a two-valued non-classical "hidden rotation".^[6] In 1925, George Uhlenbeck and Samuel Goudsmit at Leiden University suggested the simple physical interpretation of a particle spinning around its own axis,^[7] in the spirit of the old quantum theory of Bohr and Sommerfeld.^[8] Ralph Kronig anticipated the Uhlenbeck–Goudsmit model in discussion with Hendrik Kramers several months earlier in Copenhagen, but did not publish.^[8] The mathematical theory was worked out in depth by Pauli in 1927. When Paul Dirac derived his relativistic quantum mechanics in 1928, electron spin was an essential part of it.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

Radionucleotide Radionuclide

Phosphorous etc. Hydrogen etc.

Beta 

Lead X Ray

https://nikiyaantonbettey.blogspot.com/2021/08/08-14-2021-1743-plasma-acceleration.html

https://nikiyaantonbettey.blogspot.com/2021/08/08-14-2021-1856-synchrotron-light-source.html

https://nikiyaantonbettey.blogspot.com/2021/08/08-14-2021-1856-free-electron-laser.html

https://nikiyaantonbettey.blogspot.com/2021/08/08-14-2021-1740-particle-beam.html

https://nikiyaantonbettey.blogspot.com/2021/08/08-14-2021-1743-particle-beam-weapon.html