09-16-2021-2357 - Standard Model of particle physics theory

 The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions, while omitting gravity) in the universe, as well as classifying all known elementary particles. It was developed in stages throughout the latter half of the 20th century, through the work of many scientists around the world,^[1] with the current formulation being finalized in the mid-1970s upon experimental confirmation of the existence of quarks. Since then, confirmation of the top quark (1995), the tau neutrino (2000), and the Higgs boson (2012) have added further credence to the Standard Model. In addition, the Standard Model has predicted various properties of weak neutral currents and the W and Z bosons with great accuracy. 

Although the Standard Model is believed to be theoretically self-consistent^[2] and has demonstrated huge successes in providing experimental predictions, it leaves some phenomena unexplained and falls short of being a complete theory of fundamental interactions. It does not fully explain baryon asymmetry, incorporate the full theory of gravitation^[3] as described by general relativity, or account for the accelerating expansion of the Universe as possibly described by dark energy. The model does not contain any viable dark matter particle that possesses all of the required properties deduced from observational cosmology. It also does not incorporate neutrino oscillations and their non-zero masses.

The development of the Standard Model was driven by theoretical and experimentalparticle physicists alike. For theorists, the Standard Model is a paradigm of a quantum field theory, which exhibits a wide range of phenomena including spontaneous symmetry breaking, anomalies and non-perturbative behavior. It is used as a basis for building more exotic models that incorporate hypothetical particles, extra dimensions, and elaborate symmetries (such as supersymmetry) in an attempt to explain experimental results at variance with the Standard Model, such as the existence of dark matter and neutrino oscillations.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

This article describes the mathematics of the Standard Model of particle physics, a gaugequantum field theory containing the internal symmetries of the unitary product groupSU(3) × SU(2) × U(1). The theory is commonly viewed as containing the fundamental set of particles – the leptons, quarks, gauge bosons and the Higgs boson.

The Standard Model is renormalizable and mathematically self-consistent,^[1] however despite having huge and continued successes in providing experimental predictions it does leave some unexplained phenomena. In particular, although the physics of special relativity is incorporated, general relativity is not, and the Standard Model will fail at energies or distances where the graviton is expected to emerge. Therefore, in a modern field theory context, it is seen as an effective field theory.

This article requires some background both in physics and in mathematics, but is designed as both an introduction and a reference.

Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces. It also depicts the crucial role of the Higgs boson in electroweak symmetry breaking, and shows how the properties of the various particles differ in the (high-energy) symmetric phase (top) and the (low-energy) broken-symmetry phase (bottom).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model

Quantum field theory

Feynmann Diagram Gluon Radiation.svg

Feynman diagram

History

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Background

Field theory

Electromagnetism

Weak force

Strong force

Quantum mechanics

Special relativity

General relativity

Gauge theory

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Symmetries

Symmetry in quantum mechanics

C-symmetry

P-symmetry

T-symmetry

Space translation symmetry

Time translation symmetry

Rotation symmetry

Lorentz symmetry

Poincaré symmetry

Gauge symmetry

Explicit symmetry breaking

Spontaneous symmetry breaking

Yang–Mills theory

Noether charge

Topological charge

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Tools

Anomaly

Crossing

Effective field theory

Expectation value

Faddeev–Popov ghosts

Feynman diagram

Lattice gauge theory

LSZ reduction formula

Partition function

Propagator

Quantization

Regularization

Renormalization

Vacuum state

Wick's theorem

Wightman axioms

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Equations

Dirac equation

Klein–Gordon equation

Proca equations

Wheeler–DeWitt equation

Bargmann–Wigner equations

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Standard Model

Quantum electrodynamics

Electroweak interaction

Quantum chromodynamics

Higgs mechanism

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Incomplete theories

Topological quantum field theory

String theory

Supersymmetry

Technicolor

Theory of everything

Quantum gravity

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Scientists

C. D. Anderson P. W. Anderson Bethe Bjorken Bogoliubov Brout Callan Coleman DeWitt Dirac Dyson Englert Fermi Feynman Fierz Fock Fröhlich Glashow Gell-Mann Gross Guralnik Heisenberg Higgs Haag Hagen 't Hooft Jordan Kendall Kibble Lamb Landau Lee Majorana Mills Nambu Nishijima Parisi Polyakov Salam Schwinger Skyrme Sudarshan Tomonaga Veltman Ward Weinberg Weisskopf Weyl Wilczek Wilson Yang Yukawa