Weather is the state of the atmosphere, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.[1] On Earth, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's atmosphere, the troposphere,[2][3] just below the stratosphere. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature, precipitation, and other atmospheric conditions, whereas climate is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time.[4] When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth.
Weather is driven by air pressure, temperature, and moisture differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the Sun's angle at any particular spot, which varies with latitude. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale atmospheric circulations: the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell, the polar cell, and the jet stream. Weather systems in the middle latitudes, such as extratropical cyclones, are caused by instabilities of the jet streamflow. Because Earth's axis is tilted relative to its orbital plane (called the ecliptic), sunlight is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 104 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbit can affect the amount and distribution of solar energy received by Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global climate change.
Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes, as most atmospheric heating is due to contact with the Earth's surface while radiative losses to space are mostly constant. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. Earth's weather system is a chaotic system; as a result, small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to control the weather have occurred throughout history, and there is evidence that human activities such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns
Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth. A famous landmark in the Solar System, Jupiter's Great Red Spot, is an anticyclonic storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. However, the weather is not limited to planetary bodies. A star's corona is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the solar wind.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starvation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrain_cartography
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologic_time_scale
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophic_optical_damage
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_cooling
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_collapse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Cenozoic_Ice_Age
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_overpopulation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_extinction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_species
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_arms_race
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_risk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failed_state
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_Earth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Filter
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_global_issues
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_boundaries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excession#Outside_Context_Problem
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rare_events
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering_risks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_collapse
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_degeneration
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tail_risk
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backcasting
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_III
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_degradation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest#Crop_failure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropic_principle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Availability_heuristic
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_colonization
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_extinction
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowball_Earth
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophic_optical_damage
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