Nikiya Anton Bettey 2021

Topics

Organizations

Historic	Tony Atkinson C. H. Douglas Milton Friedman Stephen Hawking Ailsa McKay James Meade Thomas Paine Juliet Rhys-Williams Anthony Barber
Contemporary	Rutger Bregman Étienne Chouard Harry F. Dahms Uffe Elbæk André Gorz Sepp Kusstatscher Guy Standing Eduardo Suplicy Philippe Van Parijs Carole Pateman Christopher Pissarides Claus Offe Katja Kipping Götz Werner Richard David Precht Valter Mutt Annika Lillemets Osmo Soininvaara Li Andersson Susanne Wiest Birger Schlaug Christian Engström Benoît Hamon Björn Wahlroos Andrew Yang

Related programs

Works

Agrarian Justice (pamphlet)
Bullshit Jobs (book)
Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work (monograph)
The War on Normal People (book)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income

In 2013, eight million 5-centime coins (one per inhabitant) were dumped on the Bundesplatz in Bern to support the 2016 Swiss referendum for a basic income (which was rejected 77%–23%).

Part of a series on
Universalism

Universal basic income (UBI)^{[note 1]} is a social welfare proposal in which all citizens of a given population regularly receive a guaranteed income in the form of an unconditional transfer payment (i.e., without a means test or need to work).^[2]^[3]^[4] It would be received independently of any other income. If the level is sufficient to meet a person's basic needs (i.e., at or above the poverty line), it is sometimes called a full basic income; if it is less than that amount, it may be called a partial basic income.^[5] No country has yet introduced either, although there have been numerous pilot projects and the idea is discussed in many countries. Some have labelled UBI as utopian due to its historical origin.^{[clarification needed]}^[6]^[7]^[8]

There are several welfare arrangements that can be considered similar to basic income, although they are not unconditional. Many countries have a system of child benefit, which is essentially a basic income for guardians of children. A pension may be a basic income for retired persons. There are also quasi-basic income programs that are limited to certain population groups or time periods, like Bolsa Familia in Brazil, which is concentrated on the poor, or the Thamarat Program in Sudan, which was introduced by the transitional government to ease the effects of the economic crisis inherited from the Bashir regime.^[9] Likewise, the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted some countries to send direct payments to its citizens. The Alaska Permanent Fund is a fund for all residents of the U.S. state of Alaska which averages $1,600 annually (in 2019 currency), and is sometimes described as the only example of a real basic income in practice. A negative income tax (NIT) can be viewed as a basic income for certain income groups in which citizens receive less and less money until this effect is reversed the more a person earns.^[10]

Critics claim that a basic income at an appropriate level for all citizens is not financially feasible, fear that the introduction of a basic income would lead to fewer people working, and/or consider it socially unjust that everyone should receive the same amount of money regardless of their individual need. Proponents say it is indeed financeable, arguing that such a system, instead of many individual means-tested social benefits, would eliminate a lot of expensive social administration and bureaucratic efforts, and expect that unattractive jobs would have to be better paid and their working conditions improved because there would have to be an incentive to do them when already receiving an income, which would increase the willingness to work. Advocates also argue that a basic income is fair because it ensures that everyone has a sufficient financial basis to build on and less financial pressure, thus allowing people to find work that suits their interests and strengths.^[11]

Early historical examples of unconditional payments date back to antiquity, and the first proposals to introduce a regular unconditionally paid income for all citizens were developed and disseminated between the 16th and 18th centuries. After the Industrial Revolution, public awareness and support for the concept increased. At least since the mid-20th century, basic income has repeatedly been the subject of political debates. In the 21st century, several discussions are related to the debate about basic income, including those regarding automation, artificial intelligence (AI), and the future of the necessity of work. A key issue in these debates is whether automation and AI will significantly reduce the number of available jobs and whether a basic income could help prevent or alleviate such problems by allowing everyone to benefit from a society's wealth, as well as whether a UBI could be a stepping stone to a resource-based or post-scarcity economy.

History

Antiquity

In a 46 BC triumph, Roman general and dictator Julius Caesar gave each common Roman citizen 100 denarii. Following his assassination in 44 BC, Caesar's will left 300 sestertii (or 75 denarii) to each citizen.^[12]

Trajan, emperor of Rome from 98–117 AD, personally gave 650 denarii (equivalent to perhaps US$430 in 2023) to all common Roman citizens who applied.^[13]

16th to 18th century

In his Utopia (1516), English statesman and philosopher Thomas More depicts a society in which every person receives a guaranteed income.^[14] In this book, basic income is proposed as an answer to the statement "No penalty on earth will stop people from stealing, if it's their only way of getting food", stating:^[15]

instead of inflicting these horrible punishments, it would be far more to the point to provide everyone with some means of livelihood, so that nobody's under the frightful necessity of becoming first a thief, and then a corpse.

Spanish scholar Johannes Ludovicus Vives (1492–1540) proposed that the municipal government should be responsible for securing a subsistence minimum to all its residents "not on the grounds of justice but for the sake of a more effective exercise of morally required charity." Vives also argued that to qualify for poor relief, the recipient must "deserve the help he or she gets by proving his or her willingness to work."^[16] In the late 18th century, English Radical Thomas Spence and English-born American philosopher Thomas Paine both had ideas in the same direction.

Paine authored Common Sense (1776) and The American Crisis (1776–1783), the two most influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution. He is also the author of Agrarian Justice, published in 1797. In it, he proposed concrete reforms to abolish poverty. In particular, he proposed a universal social insurance system comprising old-age pensions and disability support, and universal stakeholder grants for young adults, funded by a 10% inheritance tax focused on land.

Early 20th century

Around 1920, support for basic income started growing, primarily in England.

Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) argued for a new social model that combined the advantages of socialism and anarchism, and that basic income should be a vital component in that new society.

Dennis and Mabel Milner, a Quaker married couple of the Labour Party, published a short pamphlet entitled "Scheme for a State Bonus" (1918) that argued for the "introduction of an income paid unconditionally on a weekly basis to all citizens of the United Kingdom." They considered it a moral right for everyone to have the means to subsistence, and thus it should not be conditional on work or willingness to work.

C. H. Douglas was an engineer who became concerned that most British citizens could not afford to buy the goods that were produced, despite the rising productivity in British industry. His solution to this paradox was a new social system he called social credit, a combination of monetary reform and basic income.

In 1944 and 1945, the Beveridge Committee, led by the British economist William Beveridge, developed a proposal for a comprehensive new welfare system of social insurance, means-tested benefits, and unconditional allowances for children. Committee member Lady Rhys-Williams argued that the incomes for adults should be more like a basic income. She was also the first to develop the negative income tax model.^[17]^[18] Her son Brandon Rhys Williams proposed a basic income to a parliamentary committee in 1982, and soon after that in 1984, the Basic Income Research Group, now the Citizen's Basic Income Trust, began to conduct and disseminate research on basic income.^[19]

Late 20th century

In his 1964 State of the Union address, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation to fight the "war on poverty". Johnson believed in expanding the federal government's roles in education and health care as poverty reduction strategies. In this political climate, the idea of a guaranteed income for every American also took root. Notably, a document, signed by 1200 economists, called for a guaranteed income for every American. Six ambitious basic income experiments started up on the related concept of negative income tax. Succeeding President Richard Nixon explained its purpose as "to provide both a safety net for the poor and a financial incentive for welfare recipients to work."^[20] Congress eventually approved a guaranteed minimum income for the elderly and the disabled.^[20]

In the mid-1970s the main competitor to basic income and negative income tax, the Earned income tax credit (EITC), or its advocates, won over enough legislators for the US Congress to pass laws on that policy. In 1986, the Basic Income European Network, later renamed to Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN), was founded, with academic conferences every second year.^[21] Other advocates included the green political movement, as well as activists and some groups of unemployed people.^[22]

In the latter part of the 20th century, discussions were held around automatization and jobless growth, the possibility of combining economic growth with ecologically sustainable development, and how to reform the welfare state bureaucracy. Basic income was interwoven in these and many other debates. During the BIEN academic conferences, there were papers about basic income from a wide variety of perspectives, including economics, sociology, and human rights approaches.

21st century

In recent years the idea has come to the forefront more than before. The Swiss referendum about basic income in Switzerland 2016 was covered in media worldwide, despite its rejection.^[23] Famous business people like Elon Musk,^[24] Pierre Omidyar,^[25] and Andrew Yang have lent their support, as have high-profile politicians like Jeremy Corbyn^[26] and Tulsi Gabbard.^[27]

In 2019, in California, then-Stockton Mayor Michael Tubbs initiated an 18-month pilot program of guaranteed income for 125 residents as part of the privately-funded S.E.E.D. project there.^[28]

In the 2020 Democratic Party primaries, political newcomer Andrew Yang touted basic income as his core policy. His policy, referred to as a "Freedom Dividend", would have provided adult American citizens US$1,000 a month independent of employment status.^[29]

On 21 January 2021, in California, the two-year donor-funded Compton Pledge^[28] began distributing monthly guaranteed income payments to a "pre-verified" pool of low-income residents,^[28] in a program gauged for a maximum of 800 recipients, at which point it will be one of the larger among 25 U.S. cities exploring this approach to community economics.

Beginning in December 2021, Tacoma, Washington, piloted "Growing Resilience in Tacoma" (GRIT), a guaranteed income initiative that provides $500 a month to 110 families. GRIT is part of the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Guaranteed Income Research larger study. A report on the results of the GRIT experiment will be published in 2024.^[30]

Response to COVID-19

As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic and related economic impact, universal basic income and similar proposals such as helicopter money and cash transfers were increasingly discussed across the world.^[31] Most countries implemented forms of partial unemployment schemes, which effectively subsidized workers' incomes without a work requirement. Around ninety countries and regions including the United States, Spain, Hong Kong, and Japan introduced temporary direct cash transfer programs to their citizens.^[32]^[33]

In Europe, a petition calling for an "emergency basic income" gathered more than 200,000 signatures,^[34] and polls suggested widespread support in public opinion for it.^[35]^[36] Unlike the various stimulus packages of the US administration, the EU's stimulus plans did not include any form of income-support policies.^[37]

Pope Francis has stated in response to the economic harm done to workers by the pandemic that "this may be the time to consider a universal basic wage".^[38]

Basic income vs negative income tax

Two ways of looking at basic income when combined with a flat income tax, both of which result in the same net income (orange line): 1. (red) stipend with conventional tax for income above the stipend. 2. (blue) negative tax for low-income people and conventional tax for high-income people.

The diagram shows a basic income/negative tax system combined with flat income tax (the same percentage in tax for every income level).

Y is here the pre-tax salary given by the employer and y' is the net income.

Negative income tax

For low earnings, there is no income tax in the negative income tax system. They receive money, in the form of a negative income tax, but they don't pay any tax. Then, as their labour income increases, this benefit, this money from the state, gradually decreases. That decrease is to be seen as a mechanism for the poor, instead of the poor paying tax.

Basic income

That is, however, not the case in the corresponding basic income system in the diagram. There everyone typically pays income taxes. But on the other hand, everyone also gets the same amount of basic income.

But the net income is the same

But, as the orange line in the diagram shows, the net income is anyway the same. No matter how much or how little one earns, the amount of money one gets in one's pocket is the same, regardless of which of these two systems are used.

Basic income and negative income tax are generally seen to be similar in economic net effects, but there are some differences:

Philippe Van Parijs in his library.

Psychological. Philip Harvey accepts that "both systems would have the same redistributive effect and tax earned income at the same marginal rate" but does not agree that "the two systems would be perceived by taxpayers as costing the same".^[39]^: 15, 13
Tax profile. Tony Atkinson made a distinction based on whether the tax profile was flat (for basic income) or variable (for NIT).^[40]
Timing. Philippe Van Parijs states that "the economic equivalence between the two programs should not hide the fact that they have different effects on recipients because of the different timing of payments: ex-ante in Basic Income, ex-post in Negative Income Tax".^[41]

Perspectives and arguments

Short film explaining different arguments for UBI

Automation

There is a prevailing opinion that we are in an era of technological unemployment – that technology is increasingly making skilled workers obsolete.

Prof. Mark MacCarthy (2014)^[42]

One central rationale for basic income is the belief that automation and robotisation could result in technological unemployment, leading to a world with fewer paid jobs. A key question in this context is whether a basic income could help prevent or alleviate such problems by allowing everyone to benefit from a society's wealth, as well as whether a UBI could be a stepping stone to a resource-based or post-scarcity economy.^[24]^[43]^[44]^[45]

U.S. presidential candidate and nonprofit founder Andrew Yang has stated that automation caused the loss of 4 million manufacturing jobs and advocated for a UBI (which he calls a Freedom Dividend) of $1,000/month rather than worker retraining programs.^[46] Yang has stated that he is heavily influenced by Martin Ford. Ford, in his turn, believes that the emerging technologies will fail to deliver a lot of employment; on the contrary, because the new industries will "rarely, if ever, be highly labor-intensive".^[47] Similar ideas have been debated many times before in history—that "the machines will take the jobs"—so the argument is not new. But what is quite new is the existence of several academic studies that do indeed forecast a future with substantially less employment, in the decades to come.^[48]^[49]^[50] Additionally, President Barack Obama has stated that he believes that the growth of artificial intelligence will lead to an increased discussion around the idea of "unconditional free money for everyone".^[51]

Economics and costs

Some proponents of UBI have argued that basic income could increase economic growth because it would sustain people while they invest in education to get higher-skilled and well-paid jobs.^[52]^[53] However, there is also a discussion of basic income within the degrowth movement, which argues against economic growth.^[54]

Advocates contend that the guaranteed financial security of a UBI will increase the population's willingness to take risks,^[55] which would create a culture of inventiveness and strengthen the entrepreneurial spirit.^[56]

The cost of a basic income is one of the biggest questions in the public debate as well as in the research and depends on many things. It first and foremost depends on the level of the basic income as such, and it also depends on many technical points regarding exactly how it is constructed.

While opponents claim that a basic income at an adequate level for all citizens cannot be financed, their supporters propose that it could indeed be financed, with some advocating a strong redistribution and restructuring of bureaucracy and administration for this purpose.^[57]

Veronique de Rugy at the 2015 International Students for Liberty Conference at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel in Washington, D.C.

According to the George Gibbs Chair in Political Economy and Senior Research Fellow at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University and nationally syndicated columnist^[58]^[59] Veronique de Rugy's statements made in 2016, as of 2014, the annual cost of a UBI in the US would have been about $200 billion cheaper than the US system put in place at that date. By 2020, it would have been nearly a trillion dollars cheaper.^[60]

American economist Karl Widerquist argues that simply multiplying the amount of the grant by the population would be a naive calculation, as this is the gross costs of UBI and does not take into account that UBI is a system where people pay taxes on a regular basis and receive the grant at the same time.^[61]

According to Swiss economist Thomas Straubhaar, the concept of UBI is basically financeable without any problems. He describes it as "at its core, nothing more than a fundamental tax reform" that "bundles all social policy measures into a single instrument, the basic income paid out unconditionally."^[62] He also considers a universal basic income to be socially just, arguing, although all citizens would receive the same amount in the form of the basic income at the beginning of the month, the rich would have lost significantly more money through taxes at the end of the month than they would have received through the basic income, while the opposite is the case for poorer people, similar to the concept of a negative income tax.^[62]

Inflation of labor and rental costs

One of the most common arguments against UBI stems from the upward pressure on prices, in particular for labor and housing rents, which would likely cause inflation.^[63] Public policy choices such as rent controls would likely affect the inflationary potential of universal basic income.^[63]

Work

Many critics of basic income argue that people, in general, will work less, which in turn means less tax revenue and less money for the state and local governments.^[64]^[65]^[66]^[67] Although it is difficult to know for sure what will happen if a whole country introduces basic income, there are nevertheless some studies who have attempted to look at this question:

In negative income tax experiments in the United States in 1970 there was a five percent decline in the hours worked. The work reduction was largest for second earners in two-earner households and weakest for primary earners. The reduction in hours was higher when the benefit was higher.^[65]
In the Mincome experiment in rural Dauphin, Manitoba, also in the 1970s, there were slight reductions in hours worked during the experiment. However, the only two groups who worked significantly less were new mothers, and teenagers working to support their families. New mothers spent this time with their infant children, and working teenagers put significant additional time into their schooling.^[68]
A study from 2017 showed no evidence that people worked less because of the Iranian subsidy reform (a basic income reform).^[69]

Regarding the question of basic income vs jobs, there is also the aspect of so-called welfare traps. Proponents of basic income often argue that with a basic income, unattractive jobs would necessarily have to be better paid and their working conditions improved, so that people still do them without need, reducing these traps.^[70]

Philosophy and morality

By definition, universal basic income does not make a distinction between "deserving" and "undeserving" individuals when making payments. Opponents argue that this lack of discrimination is unfair: "Those who genuinely choose idleness or unproductive activities cannot expect those who have committed to doing productive work to subsidize their livelihood. Responsibility is central to fairness."^[71]

Proponents usually view UBI as a fundamental human right that enables an adequate standard of living which every citizen should have access to in modern society.^[72] It would be a kind of foundation guaranteed for everyone, on which one could build and never fall below that subsistence level.

It is also argued that this lack of discrimination between those who supposedly deserve it and those who don't is a way to reduce social stigma.^[71]

In addition, proponents of UBI may argue that the "deserving" and "undeserving" categories are a superficial classification, as people who are not in regular gainful employment also contribute to society, e.g. by raising children, caring for people, or doing other value-creating activities which are not institutionalized. UBI would provide a balance here and thus overcomes a concept of work that is reduced to pure gainful employment and disregards sideline activities too much.^[73]

Health and poverty

The first comprehensive systematic review of the health impact of basic income (or rather unconditional cash transfers in general) in low- and middle-income countries, a study that included 21 studies of which 16 were randomized controlled trials, found a clinically meaningful reduction in the likelihood of being sick by an estimated 27%. Unconditional cash transfers, according to the study, may also improve food security and dietary diversity. Children in recipient families are also more likely to attend school and the cash transfers may increase money spent on health care.^[74] A 2022 update of this landmark review confirmed these findings based on a grown body of evidence (35 studies, the majority being large randomized controlled trials) and additionally found sufficient evidence that unconditional cash transfers also reduce the likelihood of living in extreme poverty.^[75]

The Canadian Medical Association passed a motion in 2015 in clear support of basic income and for basic income trials in Canada.^[76]

Advocates

Pilot programs and experiments

Omitara, one of the two poor villages in Namibia where a local basic income was tested in 2008–2009

Since the 1960s, but in particular, since the late 2000s, several pilot programs and experiments on basic income have been conducted. Some examples include:

1960s−1970s

Experiments with negative income tax in the United States and Canada in the 1960s and 1970s.
The province of Manitoba, Canada experimented with Mincome, a basic guaranteed income, in the 1970s. In the town of Dauphin, Manitoba, labor only decreased by 13%, much less than expected.^[77]^[78]

2000−2009

The basic income grant in Namibia launched in 2008 and ended in 2009.^[79]
An independent pilot implemented in São Paulo, Brazil launched in 2009.^[80]

2010−2019

Basic income trials run in 2011-2012 in several villages in India,^[81] whose government has proposed a guaranteed basic income for all citizens.^[82] It was found that basic income in the region raised the education rate of young people by 25%.^[83]
Iran introduced a national basic income program in the autumn of 2010. It is paid to all citizens and replaces the gasoline subsidies, electricity, and some food products,^[84] that the country applied for years to reduce inequalities and poverty. The sum corresponded in 2012 to approximately US$40 per person per month, US$480 per year for a single person, and US$2,300 for a family of five people.^[85]^[86]
In Spain, the ingreso mínimo vital, the income guarantee system, is an economic benefit guaranteed by the social security in Spain, but in 2016 was considered in need of reform.^[87]
In South Korea the Youth Allowance Program was started in 2016 in the City of Seongnam, which would give every 24-year-old citizen 250,000 won (~215 USD) every quarter in the form of a "local currency" that could only be used in local businesses. This program was later expanded to the entire Province of Gyeonggi in 2018.^[88]^[89]
The GiveDirectly experiment in a disadvantaged village of Nairobi, Kenya, benefitting over 20,000 people living in rural Kenya, is the longest-running basic income pilot as of November 2017, which is set to run for 12 years.^[90]^[91]^[92]
A project called Eight in a village in Fort Portal, Uganda, that a nonprofit organization launched in January 2017, which provides income for 56 adults and 88 children through mobile money.^[93]
A two-year pilot the Finnish government began in January 2017 which involved 2,000 subjects^[94]^[95] In April 2018, the Finnish government rejected a request for funds to extend and expand the program from Kela (Finland's social security agency).^[96]
An experiment in the city of Utrecht, Netherlands launched in early 2017, that is testing different rates of aid.^[82]
A three-year basic income pilot that the Ontario provincial government, Canada, launched in the cities of Hamilton, Thunder Bay and Lindsay in July 2017.^[97] Although called basic income, it was only made available to those with a low income and funding would be removed if they obtained employment,^[98] making it more related to the current welfare system than true basic income. The pilot project was canceled on 31 July 2018 by the newly elected Progressive Conservative government under Ontario Premier Doug Ford.
In Israel, in 2018 a non-profit initiative GoodDollar started with an objective to build a global economic framework for providing universal, sustainable, and scalable basic income through the new digital asset technology of blockchain. The non-profit aims to launch a peer-to-peer money transfer network in which money can be distributed to those most in need, regardless of their location, based on the principles of UBI. The project raised US$1 million from a financial company.^[99]^[100]
The Rythu Bandhu scheme is a welfare scheme started in the state of Telangana, India, in May 2018, aimed at helping farmers. Each farm owner receives 4,000 INR per acre twice a year for rabi and kharif harvests. To finance the program a budget allocation of 120 billion INR (US$1.55 Billion as of May 2022) was made in the 2018–2019 state budget.^[101]

2020−present

Swiss non-profit Social Income started paying out basic incomes in the form of mobile money in 2020 to people in need in Sierra Leone. Contributions finance the international initiative from people worldwide, who donate 1% of their monthly paychecks.^[102]
In May 2020, Spain introduced a minimum basic income, reaching about 2% of the population, in response to COVID-19 in order to "fight a spike in poverty due to the coronavirus pandemic". It is expected to cost state coffers three billion euros ($3.5 billion) a year."^[103]
In August 2020, a project in Germany started that gives a 1,200 Euros monthly basic income in a lottery system to citizens who applied online. The crowdsourced project will last three years and be compared against 1,380 people who do not receive basic income.^[104]
In October 2020, HudsonUP^[105] was launched in Hudson, New York, by The Spark of Hudson^[106] and Humanity Forward Foundation^[107] to give $500 monthly basic income to 25 residents. It will last five years and be compared against 50 people who are not receiving basic income.
In May 2021, the government of Wales, which has devolved powers in matters of Social Welfare within the UK, announced the trialling of a universal basic income scheme to "see whether the promises that basic income holds out are genuinely delivered".^[108] From July 2022 over 500 people leaving care in Wales were offered £1600 per month in a 3-year £20 million pilot scheme, to evaluate the effect on the lives of those involved in the hope of providing independence and security to people.^[109]
In July 2022, Chicago began a year-long guaranteed income program by sending $500 to 5,000 households for one year in a lottery system to citizens who applied online.^[110] A similar program was launched in late 2022 by Cook County, Illinois (which encompasses the entirety of Chicago as well as several suburbs) which sent monthly $500 payments to 3,250 residents with a household income at or below 250% of the federal poverty level for two years.^[111]

Payments with similarities

Alaska Permanent Fund

The Permanent Fund of Alaska in the United States provides a kind of yearly basic income based on the oil and gas revenues of the state to nearly all state residents. More precisely the fund resembles a sovereign wealth fund, investing resource revenues into bonds, stocks, and other conservative investment options with the intent to generate renewable revenue for future generations. The fund has had a noticeable yet diminishing effect on reducing poverty among rural Alaska Indigenous people, notably in the elderly population.^[112] However, the payment is not high enough to cover basic expenses, averaging $1,600 annually per resident in 2019 currency^[113] (it has never exceeded $2,100), and is not a fixed, guaranteed amount. For these reasons, it is not always considered a basic income. However, some consider it to be the only example of a real basic income.^[114]^[115]

Wealth Partaking Scheme

Macau's Wealth Partaking Scheme provides some annual basic income to permanent residents, funded by revenues from the city's casinos. However, the amount disbursed is not sufficient to cover basic living expenses, so it is not considered a basic income.^[116]

Bolsa Família

Bolsa Família is a large social welfare program in Brazil that provides money to many low-income families in the country. The system is related to basic income, but has more conditions, like asking the recipients to keep their children in school until graduation. As of March 2020, the program covers 13.8 million families, and pays an average of $34 per month, in a country where the minimum wage is $190 per month.^[117]

Other welfare programs

Pension: A payment that in some countries is guaranteed to all citizens above a certain age. The difference from true basic income is that it is restricted to people over a certain age.
Child benefit: A program similar to pensions but restricted to parents of children, usually allocated based on the number of children.
Conditional cash transfer: A regular payment given to families, but only to the poor. It is usually dependent on basic conditions such as sending their children to school or having them vaccinated. Programs include Bolsa Família in Brazil and Programa Prospera in Mexico.
Guaranteed minimum income differs from a basic income in that it is restricted to those in search of work and possibly other restrictions, such as savings being below a certain level. Example programs are unemployment benefits in the UK, the revenu de solidarité active in France, and citizens' income in Italy.

Petitions, polls and referendums

2008: An official petition for basic income was launched in Germany by Susanne Wiest.^[118] The petition was accepted, and Susanne Wiest was invited for a hearing at the German parliament's Commission of Petitions. After the hearing, the petition was closed as "unrealizable".^[119]
2013–2014: A European Citizens' Initiative collected 280,000 signatures demanding that the European Commission study the concept of an unconditional basic income.^[120]
2015: A citizen's initiative in Spain received 185,000 signatures, short of the required number to mandate that the Spanish parliament discuss the proposal.^[121]
2016: The world's first universal basic income referendum in Switzerland on 5 June 2016 was rejected with a 76.9% majority.^[122]^[123] Also in 2016, a poll showed that 58% of the EU's population is aware of basic income, and 64% would vote in favour of the idea.^[124]
2017: Politico/Morning Consult asked 1,994 Americans about their opinions on several political issues including national basic income; 43% either "strongly supported" or "somewhat supported" the idea.^[125]
2018: The results of a poll by Gallup conducted last year between September and October were published. 48% of respondents supported universal basic income.^[126]
2019: In November, an Austrian initiative received approximately 70,000 signatures but failed to reach the 100,000 signatures needed for a parliamentary discussion. The initiative was started by Peter Hofer. His proposal suggested a basic income sourced from a financial transaction tax, of €1,200, for every Austrian citizen.^[127]
2020: A study by Oxford University found that 71% of Europeans are now in favour of basic income. The study was conducted in March, with 12,000 respondents and in 27 EU-member states and the UK.^[128] A YouGov poll likewise found a majority for universal basic income in United Kingdom^[129] and a poll by University of Chicago found that 51% of Americans aged 18–36 support a monthly basic income of $1,000.^[130] In the UK there was also a letter, signed by over 170 MPs and Lords from multiple political parties, calling on the government to introduce a universal basic income during the COVID-19 pandemic.^[131]
2020: A Pew Research Center survey, conducted online in August 2020, of 11,000 U.S. adults found that a majority (54%) oppose the federal government providing a guaranteed income of $1,000 per month to all adults, while 45% support it.^[132]
2020: In a poll by Hill-HarrisX, 55% of Americans voted in favour of UBI in August, up from 49% in September 2019 and 43% in February 2019.^[133]
2020: The results of an online survey of 2,031 participants conducted in 2018 in Germany were published: 51% were either "very much in favor" or "in favor" of UBI being introduced.^[134]
2021: A Change.org petition calling for monthly stimulus checks in the amount of $2,000 per adult and $1,000 per child for the remainder of the COVID-19 pandemic had received almost 3 million signatures.^[135]

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Notes

Also variously known as unconditional basic income, citizen's basic income, basic income guarantee, basic living stipend, guaranteed annual income,^[1] universal income security program, or universal demogrant

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Basic income guarantee.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Universal basic income.

Why the Poor Don't Work, According to the Poor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_income

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Poverty trap)

In economics, a cycle of poverty or poverty trap is caused by self-reinforcing mechanisms that cause poverty, once it exists, to persist unless there is outside intervention.^[1] It can persist across generations, and when applied to developing countries, is also known as a development trap.^[2]

Families trapped in the cycle of poverty have few to no resources. There are many self-reinforcing disadvantages that make it virtually impossible for individuals to break the cycle.^[3] This occurs when poor people do not have the resources necessary to escape poverty, such as financial capital, education, or connections. Impoverished individuals do not have access to economic and social resources as a result of their poverty. This lack may increase their poverty. This could mean that the poor remain poor throughout their lives.^[2]

Controversial educational psychologist Ruby K. Payne, author of A Framework for Understanding Poverty, distinguishes between situational poverty, which can generally be traced to a specific incident within the lifetimes of the person or family members in poverty, and generational poverty, which is a cycle that passes from generation to generation, and goes on to argue that generational poverty has its own distinct culture and belief patterns.^[4]

Measures of social mobility examine how frequently poor people become wealthier, and how often children are wealthier or achieve higher income than their parents.

Causes of the cycle

Economic factors

According to the United States Census, in 2012 people aged 18–64 living in poverty in the country gave the reason they did not work, by category:^[5]

31% - Ill or disabled
26% - Home or family reasons
21% - School or other
13% - Cannot find work
8% - Retired early

Some activities can also cost poor people more than wealthier people. For example, if unable to afford the first month's rent and security deposit for a typical apartment lease, people sometimes must live in a hotel or motel at a higher daily rate. If unable to afford an apartment with a refrigerator, kitchen, and stove, people may need to spend more on prepared meals than if they could cook for themselves and store leftovers.^[6]

In the case of banking, people who cannot maintain a minimum daily balance in a savings account are often charged fees by the bank, whereas people with larger amounts of wealth can earn interest on savings and substantial returns from investments. Unbanked people must use higher-cost alternative financial services, such as check-cashing services for payroll and money orders for transferring to other people. People who have had previous credit problems, such as overdrafting an account, may not be eligible to open a checking or savings account. Major reasons for not opening a bank account include not trusting banks, being concerned about not making a payment due to a bank error or delay, not understanding how banks work, and not having enough money to qualify for a free account.^[7]

Though most industrialized countries have free universal health care, in the United States and many developing countries, people with little savings often postpone expensive medical treatment as long as possible. This can cause a relatively small medical condition to become a serious condition that costs more to treat, and possibly causing lost wages due to missed hourly work. (Though poor people may have lower overall personal medical expenses simply because illnesses and medical conditions go untreated, and on average life span is shorter.) Higher-income workers typically have medical insurance which prevents them from experiencing excessive costs and often provides free preventive care for example. In addition to personal savings they can use, higher-income workers are also more likely to be salaried and get sick time that prevents them from losing wages while seeking treatment. Because no skills or experience are required, some people in poverty make money by volunteering for medical studies or donating blood plasma.^[8]

Internal and external factors sustaining poverty

Amongst the most popular characterizations of the ongoing experience of poverty are that:

it is systemic or institutionalized or
a person is misguided by emotional challenges driven by historical experiences or
a person is affected by a mental disability,

or a combination of all three reasons (Bertrand, Mullainathan, & Shafir, 2004^[9]).

Systemic factors

Donald Curtis (2006),^[10] a researcher at the School of Public Policy in the United Kingdom, identified that governments regard the welfare system as an enabling task. Curtis (2006)^[10] maintained, however, that the system lacks cohesiveness, and is not designed to be an empowerment tool.

For example, outside parties are funded to manage the effort without much oversight creating a disconnected system, for which no one leads (Curtis, 2006).^[10] The result is mismanagement of budget without forwarding progress, and those that remain in the poverty loophole are accused of draining the system (Curtis, 2006).^[10]

Bias

Jill Suttie (2018),^[11] wrote that implicit bias, which can be transferred nonverbally to children with no more than a look or a gesture, and as such is a learned behavior. Critical thinking skills can ward off implicit bias, but without education and practice, habitual thoughts can cloud judgment and poorly affect future decisions.

Decision-making

A Dartmouth College (2016)^[12] study reported that probabilistic decision-making follows prior-based knowledge of failure in similar situations. Rather than choose success, people respond as if the failure has already taken place. Those who have experienced intergenerational poverty are most susceptible to this kind of learned behavior (Wagmiller & Adelman, 2009).^[13]

Intergenerational

Professors of Sociology Wagmiller and Adelman (2009)^[13] asserted that roughly 35–46% of people who have experienced hardship in young and middle adulthood also experienced moderate to severe poverty in childhood. As of 2018, 7.5 million people experienced poverty in California alone (Downs, 2018).^[14]

Mental illness

In a qualitative study, Rudnick et al., (2014),^[15] studied people living in poverty with mental illness and determined that participants felt that wellness care, nutrition, housing, and jobs were severely lacking. Respondents asserted that the most significant problem was access to quality services; bureaucratic systems appear to be devoid of logic and treatment by providers were often unaccommodating and uncooperative (Rudnick et al., 2014).^[15]

Lowered productivity

The stress of worrying about one's personal finances can cause lower productivity. One study on factory workers in India found payment earlier in the work period increased average worker output by 6.2%.^[16]

Choices and culture

According to the Brookings Institution, people who finish high school, get a full-time job, and wait until age 21 to marry and have children end up with a poverty rate of only 2%, whereas people who follow none of the steps end up with a poverty rate of 76%.^[17]^[18]

Early childhood adversity and basic needs stressors contributing to the cycle of generational poverty

The stress of early childhood adversities, including basic need stressors and, at times, abuse and neglect are major causes of generational poverty. Studies have shown that the trauma of child abuse manifests negatively in adult life in overall health and even in employment status.^[19] Abuse and neglect are potential adversities facing those in poverty, the adversity that is shared among all below the poverty line is the daily stress over basic needs. "The stress of meeting basic needs takes all precedent in the family, and children learn that the only way to survive is to focus on getting basic needs met".^[20] Every member of a household in poverty lives the struggle of basic needs stressors and is impacted by it. The ability to secure and pay for childcare is another contributing factor to the problems those in poverty have with finding and keeping a job.^[21] These stressors are not just unpleasant, they are catastrophic to a body's health and development. Exposure to chronic stress can induce changes in the architecture of different regions of the developing brain (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus), which can impact a range of important functions, such as regulating the stress response, attention, memory, planning, and learning new skills, and also contribute to dysregulation of inflammatory response systems that can lead to a chronic "wear and tear" effect on multiple organ systems.^[19] Chronic stress is detrimental to our health and has even been proven to harm memory and organs, including the brain. Working memory, defined as a human's capacity to store information in the brain for immediate use, is known to be shorter for children raised in poverty versus those raised in even a middle-class environment.^[22] Children suffering through basic needs stressors from the earliest of years have to work harder than their peers to learn and absorb information.

Family background

A 2002 research paper titled "The Changing Effect of Family Background on the Incomes of American Adults" analyzed changes in the determinants of family income between 1961 and 1999, focusing on the effect of parental education, occupational rank, income, marital status, family size, region of residence, race, and ethnicity. The paper (1) outlines a simple framework for thinking about how family background affects children's family and income, (2) summarizes previous research on trends in intergenerational inheritance in the United States, (3) describes the data used as a basis for the research which it describes, (4) discusses trends in inequality among parents, (5) describes how the effects of parental inequality changed between 1961 and 1999, (6) contrasts effects at the top and bottom of the distribution, and (7) discusses whether intergenerational correlations of zero would be desirable. The paper concludes by posing the question of whether reducing the intergenerational correlation is an efficient strategy for reducing poverty or inequality.

Because improving the skills of disadvantaged children seems relatively easy, it is an attractive strategy. However, judging by American experience since the 1960s, improving the skills of disadvantaged children has proved difficult. As a result, the paper suggests, there are probably cheaper and easier ways to reduce poverty and inequality, such as supplementing the wages of the poor or changing immigration policy so that it drives down the relative wages of skilled rather than unskilled workers. These alternative strategies would not reduce intergenerational correlations, but they would reduce the economic gap between children who started life with all the disadvantages instead of all the advantages.^[23]

Another paper, titled Do poor children become poor adults?, which was originally presented at a 2004 symposium on the future of children from disadvantaged families in France, and was later included in a 2006 collection of papers related to the theme of the dynamics of inequality and poverty, discusses generational income mobility in North America and Europe. The paper opens by observing that in the United States almost one half of children born to low income parents become low income adults, four in ten in the United Kingdom, and one-third in Canada. The paper goes on to observe that rich children also tend to become rich adults—four in ten in the U.S. and the U.K., and as many as one-third in Canada. The paper argues, however, that money is not the only or even the most important factor influencing intergenerational income mobility. The rewards to higher skilled and/or higher educated individuals in the labor market and the opportunities for children to obtain the required skills and credentials are two important factors.^{[clarification needed]} Conclusions that income transfers to lower income individuals may be important to children but they should not be counted on to strongly promote generational mobility. The paper recommends that governments focus on investments in children to ensure that they have the skills and opportunities to succeed in the labor market, and observes that though this has historically meant promoting access to higher and higher levels of education, it is becoming increasingly important that attention be paid to preschool and early childhood education.^[24]

Lack of jobs due to deindustrialization

Sociologist William Julius Wilson has said that the economic restructuring of changes from manufacturing to a service-based economy has led to a high percentage of joblessness in the inner-cities and with it a loss of skills and an inability to find jobs. This "mismatch" of skills to jobs available is said to be the main driver of poverty.^{[citation needed]}

Effects of modern education

Research shows that schools with students who perform lower than the norm are also those hiring least-qualified teachers as a result of new teachers generally working in the area that they grew up in. This leads to certain schools not producing many students who enter tertiary education. Graduates who previously attended these schools are not as skilled as they would be if they had gone to a school with higher-qualified instructors. This leads to education perpetuating a cycle of poverty. People who choose to work in the schools close to them do not adequately supply the school with enough teachers. The schools must then outsource their teachers from other areas. Susanna Loeb from the School of Education at Stanford conducted a study and found that teachers who are brought in from the suburbs are 10 times more likely to transfer out of the school after their initial year. The fact that the teachers from the suburbs leave appears to be an influential factor for schools hiring more teachers from that area. The lack of adequate education for children is part of what allows for the cycle of poverty to continue.^[25] The problem undergoing this is the lack of updating the knowledge of the staff. Schools have continued to conduct professional development the same way they have for decades.^[26]

Culture of poverty

Another theory for the perpetual cycle of poverty is that poor people have their own culture with a different set of values and beliefs that keep them trapped within that cycle from generation to generation. This theory has been explored by Ruby K. Payne in her book A Framework for Understanding Poverty. In this book she explains how a social class system in the United States exists, where there is a wealthy upper class, a middle class, and the working poor class. These classes each have their own set of rules and values, which differ from each other. To understand the culture of poverty, Payne describes how these rules affect the poor and tend to keep them trapped in this continual cycle. Time is treated differently by the poor; they generally do not plan ahead but simply live in the moment, which keeps them from saving money that could help their children escape poverty.

Payne emphasizes how important it is when working with the poor to understand their unique cultural differences so that one does not get frustrated but instead tries to work with them on their ideologies and help them to understand how they can help themselves and their children escape the cycle. One aspect of generational poverty is a learned helplessness that is passed from parents to children; a mentality that there is no way for one to get out of poverty and so in order to make the best of the situation one must enjoy what one can when one can. This leads to such habits as spending money immediately, often on unnecessary goods such as alcohol and cigarettes, thus teaching their children to do the same and trapping them in poverty. Another important point Payne makes is that leaving poverty is not as simple as acquiring money and moving into a higher class but also includes giving up certain relationships in exchange for achievement. A student's peers can have an influence on the child's level of achievement. Coming from a low-income household a child could be teased or expected to fall short academically. This can cause a student to feel discouraged and hold back when it comes to getting involved more with their education because they are scared to be teased if they fail. This helps to explain why the culture of poverty tends to endure from generation to generation as most of the relationships the poor have are within that class.^[27]

The "culture of poverty" theory has been debated and critiqued by many people including Eleanor Burke Leacock (and others) in her book The Culture of Poverty: A Critique.^[28] Leacock claims that people who use the term, "culture of poverty" only "contribute to the distorted characterizations of the poor." In addition, Michael Hannan in an essay^[29] argues that the "culture of poverty" is "essentially untestable." This is due to many things including the highly subjective nature of poverty and issues concerning the universal act of classifying only some impoverished people as trapped in the culture.

Life shocks

2004 research in New Zealand^[30]^[31] produced a report that showed that "life shocks" can be endured only to a limited extent, after which people are much more likely to be tipped into hardship. The researchers found very little differences in living standards for people who have endured up to 7 negative events in their lifetime. People who had 8 or more life shocks were dramatically more likely to live in poverty than those who had 0 to 7 life shocks. A few of the life shocks studied were:

Marriage (or similar) break-ups (divorce)
Forced sale of house
Unexpected and substantial drop in income
Eviction
Bankruptcy
Substantial financial loss
Redundancy (being laid off from a job)
Becoming a single parent
3 months or more unemployed
Major damage to home
House burgled
Victim of violence
Incarceration
A non-custodial sentence (community service, or fines, but not imprisonment)
Illness lasting three weeks or more
Major injury or health problem
Unplanned pregnancy and birth of a child

The study focused on just a few possible life shocks, but many others are likely as traumatic or more so. Chronic PTSD, complex PTSD, and depression sufferers could have innumerable causes for their mental illness, including those studied above. The study is subject to some criticism.^[32]

Tracking in education

History in the United States has shown that Americans saw education as the way to end the perpetual cycle of poverty. In the present, children from low to middle income households are at a disadvantage. They are twice as likely to be held back and more likely not to graduate from high school. Recent studies have shown that the cause for the disparity among academic achievement results from the school's structure where some students succeed from an added advantage and others fail as a result of lacking that advantage. Educational institutions with a learning disparity are causing education to be a sustaining factor for the cycle of poverty. One prominent example of this type of school structures is tracking, which is predominantly used to help organize a classroom so the variability of academic ability in classes is decreased. Students are tracked based on their ability level, generally based on a standardized test after which they are given different course requirements. Some people^[who?] believe that tracking "enhances academic achievement and improves the self-concept of students by permitting them to progress at their own pace."^[33]

The negative side is that studies have shown that tracking decreases students' opportunity to learn. Tracking also has a disproportionate number of Latinos and African Americans that have low socioeconomic status in the lower learning tracks. Tracking separates social classes putting the poor and minority children in lower tracks where they receive second-rate education, and the students who are better off are placed in upper tracks where they have many opportunities for success. Studies have found that in addition to the higher tracks having more extensive curriculum, there is also a disparity among the teachers and instructional resources provided. There appears to be a race/class bias which results in intelligent children not receiving the skills or opportunities needed for success or social/economic mobility,^[34] thus continuing the cycle of poverty. There is an overall perception that American education is failing and research has done nothing to counter this statement, but instead has revealed the reality and severity of the issue of the existence of tracking and other structures that cause the cycle of poverty to continue.^[33]

Theories and strategies for breaking the cycle

Shiva Kumar – The importance of MDGs in redefining what are the poverty drivers

General approaches

While many governmental officials are still trying to solve poverty, many states and localities are making an effort to break the cycle. Mayor Bloomberg of New York City has been advocating a plan where parents are paid up to $5,000 a year for meeting certain goals that will better their lives. This policy was modeled after a Mexican initiative that aims to help poor families make better decisions that will help them in the long-term and break cycle of poverty and dependence that have been known to last for generations. In addition, many states also have been making an attempt to help break the cycle. For example, a bill has been proposed in the California Assembly that "would establish an advisory Childhood Poverty Council to develop a plan to reduce child poverty in the state by half by 2017 and eliminate it by 2027".^[35] Even when the plan has poverty reduction as the goal, a rise in child poverty might be the reality for many states as it was in Connecticut. States are attempting to not only decrease the number of people in the cycle of poverty, but to also adjust the stringent work requirements that resulted from Congress's welfare reform. The tougher work restrictions have upset many poverty advocates who believe the new regulations prevent individuals who are vulnerable or who lack skills from preparing for work. California Democratic Representative McDermott believes as a result of this and other effects of the new limitations, it has been harder for individuals to escape a life of poverty.^[35]

Relatively modest increases in benefit levels for programs that assist nonworking individuals and low-income workers might well be sufficient to bring the United States into line with...other affluent nations in its degree of poverty reduction.

Lane Kenworthy^[36]

In his book Children in Jeopardy: Can We Break the Cycle, Irving B. Harris discusses ways in which children can be helped to begin breaking the cycle of poverty. He stresses the importance of starting early and teaching children the importance of education from a very young age as well as making sure these children get the same educational opportunities as students who are richer. Family values such as nurturing children and encouraging them to do well in school need to be promoted as well as a non-authoritarian approach to parenting. Harris also discusses the importance of discouraging teenage pregnancy and finding ways in which to decrease this phenomenon so that when children are born they are planned and wanted and thus have a better chance at breaking the cycle of poverty.^[37]

It has been suggested by researchers like Lane Kenworthy that increasing welfare benefits and extending them to non-working families can help reduce poverty as nations that have done so have had better results.^[36]

The Harlem Children's Zone is working to end generational poverty within a 100-block section of Harlem using an approach that provides educational support and services for children and their families from birth through college.^[38] This approach has been recognized as a model by the Obama administration's anti-poverty program.^[39]

Two-generation poverty alleviation approach

A two-generation poverty alleviation approach focuses on the education, health and social services, and opportunities that parents and children desperately need to lift their families from the depths of the bondage of poverty to a stable and healthy state mentally, physically, and financially. A two-generation approach is a holistic plan for poverty alleviation and "is needed to help low-income parents and children improve their situation".^[21] Using a two-generation approach, parents are taught additional career skills, provided leadership training, and given access to job opportunities with higher wages. Children are given access to better educational programs, free preschool, free childcare, and the supplies they'll need to be successful in school. The family unit receives counseling for the current stressors of poverty as well as childhood trauma. All members of the household are given access to full healthcare benefits, food services at home and in school, and financial relief for their bills, clothing, and transportation in the short-term to relieve the basic needs stressors that prevent the family from taking the time to learn and grow. The preschool program Head Start believes that the only system that works for a preschool is one where the child as a whole is considered, which includes their health and their parents' ability to succeed.^[21] The two-generation poverty alleviation approach sees each member relieved of the basic needs stressors that plague their minds, ensures that they are physically and mentally healthy, provides them the opportunities to learn the skills needed for higher wage jobs, and gives them access to higher wage jobs without discrimination.

Effects on children

Children are most vulnerable to the cycle of poverty. Because a child is dependent on their guardian(s), if a child's guardian is in poverty, then they will be also. It is almost impossible for a child to pull themself out of the cycle due to age, lack of experience, lack of a job, etc. Because children are at such a young and impressionable age, the scars they gain from experiencing poverty early in life inevitably carry on into their adult life. "Childhood lays the foundations for adult abilities, interests, and motivation."^[40] Therefore, if they learn certain poverty-related behaviors in childhood, the behaviors are more likely to perpetuate.

Studies have shown that household structure sometimes has a connection to childhood poverty. Most studies on the subject also show that the children who are in poverty tend to come from single-parent households (most often matriarchal). In 1997, nearly 8.5 million (57%) poor children in the US came from single-parent households.^[41] With the rate of divorce increasing and the number of children born out of wedlock increasing, the number of children who are born into or fall into single-parent households is also increasing. However, this does not mean that the child/children will be impoverished because of it.

According to Ashworth, Hill, & Walker (2004), both urban and rural poor children are more likely to be isolated from the nonpoor in schools, neighborhoods, and their communities. Human nature is to have relationships with others but when a child is isolated due to their socioeconomic status, it's hard to overcome that when the status doesn't improve. Therefore, poor children also have more tense relationships which sometimes results in abnormal, non-constructive, or other unexplained behaviors.

There have been programs developed to specifically address the needs of poor children. Francis Marion University's Center of Excellence to Prepare Teachers of Children of Poverty has a number of initiatives devoted to equipping teachers to be more effective in raising the achievement of children of poverty. It is located in South Carolina and provides direct teacher training as well as facilitates research in the area of poverty and scholastic achievement. Head Start is a program for low income families who provides early childhood education as well as parent involvement^{[clarification needed]}. Results show that attending these programs increases children's academic outcomes. The problem is that in high poverty areas this is supposed to be a helpful resource, but they start to hold lower quality^{[clarification needed]} due to lack of funds to keep places^[which?] updated.^[42]

Often the communities in which impoverished children grow up in are crime ridden areas; examples of these areas in America are Harlem and the Bronx.^[43] Crime and maltreatment at a young age may reduce a child's ability to learn by up to 5%.^[44] Adopting a criminal lifestyle only worsens the effects of the cycle as they are often incarcerated or killed in many types of gang violence.^[45]

Developing world

In the developing world, many factors can contribute to a poverty trap, including: limited access to credit and capital markets, extreme environmental degradation (which depletes agricultural production potential), corrupt governance, capital flight, poor education systems, disease ecology, lack of public health care, war and poor infrastructure.^[46]

Jeffrey Sachs, in his book The End of Poverty, discusses the poverty trap and prescribes a set of policy initiatives intended to end the trap. He recommends that aid agencies behave as venture capitalists funding start-up companies. Venture capitalists, once they choose to invest in a venture, do not give only half or a third of the amount they feel the venture needs in order to become profitable; if they did, their money would be wasted. If all goes as planned, the venture will eventually become profitable and the venture capitalist will experience an adequate rate of return on investment. Likewise, Sachs proposes, developed countries cannot give only a fraction of what is needed in aid and expect to reverse the poverty trap in Africa. Just like any other start-up, developing nations absolutely must receive the amount of aid necessary (and promised at the G-8 Summit in 2005^[47]) for them to begin to reverse the poverty trap. The problem is that unlike start-ups, which simply go bankrupt if they fail to receive funding, in Africa people continue to die at a high rate due in large part to lack of sufficient aid.

Sachs points out that the extreme poor lack six major kinds of capital: human capital, business capital, infrastructure, natural capital, public institutional capital, and knowledge capital.^[48] He then details the poverty trap:

The poor start with a very low level of capital per person, and then find themselves trapped in poverty because the ratio of capital per person actually falls from generation to generation. The amount of capital per person declines when the population is growing faster than capital is being accumulated ... The question for growth in per capita income is whether the net capital accumulation is large enough to keep up with population growth.

Sachs argues that sufficient foreign aid can make up for the lack of capital in poor countries, maintaining that, "If the foreign assistance is substantial enough, and lasts long enough, the capital stock rises sufficiently to lift households above subsistence."

Sachs believes the public sector should focus mainly on investments in human capital (health, education, nutrition), infrastructure (roads, power, water and sanitation, environmental conservation), natural capital (conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems), public institutional capital (a well-run public administration, judicial system, police force), and parts of knowledge capital (scientific research for health, energy, agriculture, climate, ecology).^[49] Sachs leaves business capital investments to the private sector, which he claims would more efficiently use funding to develop the profitable enterprises necessary to sustain growth. In this sense, Sachs views public institutions as useful in providing the public goods necessary to begin the Rostovian take-off model, but maintains that private goods are more efficiently produced and distributed by private enterprise.^[50] This is a widespread view in neoclassical economics.

Several other forms of poverty traps are discussed in the literature,^[51] including nations being landlocked with bad neighbors; a vicious cycle of violent conflict; subsistence traps in which farmers wait for middlemen before they specialize but middlemen wait for a region to specialize first; working capital traps in which petty sellers have inventories too sparse to earn enough money to get a bigger inventory; low skill traps in which workers wait for jobs using special skill but firms wait for workers to get such skills; nutritional traps in which individuals are too malnourished to work, yet too poor to afford sustainable food; and behavioral traps in which individuals cannot differentiate between temptation and non-temptation goods, and therefore cannot invest in the non-temptation goods which could help them begin to escape poverty.

References

Costas Azariadis and John Stachurski, "Poverty Traps," Handbook of Economic Growth, 2005, 326.

Hutchinson Encyclopedia, Cycle of poverty

Marger (2008). Examples of these disadvantages working in a circular process would be: economic decline, low personal income, no funds for school, which leads to lack of education. The lack of education results in unemployment and lastly low national productivity. Social Inequality: Patterns and Processes. McGraw Hill Publishing. 4th edition. ISBN 0-07-352815-3

Payne, R. (2005). A framework for understanding poverty (4th edition). Highland, TX: aha! Process, Inc.

Nickel and Dimed

A Place Called Jubilee

One Day, Two Dollars

Bertrand, Marianne; Mullainathan, Sendhil; Shafir, Eldar (1 April 2004). "A Behavioral-Economics View of Poverty". American Economic Review. 94 (2): 419–423. doi:10.1257/0002828041302019. S2CID 2865749.

Curtis, Donald (February 2006). "Mind sets and methods: poverty strategies and the awkward potential of the enabling state". International Journal of Public Sector Management. 19 (2): 150–164. doi:10.1108/09513550610650419.

Suttie, J. (2017, January 31). How Adults Communicate Bias to Children. Retrieved June 20, 2019, from https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_adults_communicate_bias_to_children

Dartmouth College. (2016, April 26). Bias in how we learn and make decisions. Retrieved June 21, 2019, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/04/160426115455.htm

Wagmiller, R. L., & Adelman, R. M. (2009, November 30). NCCP | Childhood and Intergenerational Poverty. Retrieved June 21, 2019, from http://www.nccp.org/publications/pub_909.html

Downs, Ray (13 September 2018). "Census Bureau: California has highest poverty rate in U.S." UPI.

Rudnick, Abraham; Montgomery, Phyllis; Coatsworth-Puspoky, Robin; Cohen, Benita; Forchuk, Cheryl; Lahey, Pam; Perry, Stewart; Schofield, Ruth (1 June 2014). "Perspectives of social justice among people living with mental illness and poverty: a qualitative study". Journal of Poverty and Social Justice. 22 (2): 147–157. doi:10.1332/175982714X14007697173759.

How Poverty Makes Workers Less Productive

Mobility Is a Problem; Now What?, Brookings Institution, December 23, 2011

Creating an Opportunity Society, Brookings Institution, October 27, 2009, page 15

Metzler, Marilyn; Merrick, Melissa T.; Klevens, Joanne; Ports, Katie A.; Ford, Derek C. (January 2017). "Adverse childhood experiences and life opportunities: Shifting the narrative". Children and Youth Services Review. 72: 141–149. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.021.

Raupp, Andrew B. (6 September 2017). "Council Post: Using Technology To Combat Intergenerational Poverty". Forbes.

Wooton, Julie (24 November 2017). "Report: Two-Generation Approach is Needed to Break Poverty Cycle". Twin Falls Times-News.

"I am just a poor boy though my story's seldom told". The Economist. Vol. 391, no. 8625. 4 April 2009. pp. 82–83. ProQuest 223987596.

Jencks, Christopher; David J. Harding; Leonard M. Lopoo; Susan E. Mayer (2008). "The Changing Effect of Family Background". In Samuel Bowles; Herbert Gintis (eds.). Family Background and Economic Success. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691136202.

Corak, Miles (2006). "Do Poor Children Become Poor Adults". In Creedy, John; Kalb, Guyonne (eds.). Dynamics of Inequality and Poverty. Elsevier. pp. 143–88. ISBN 0-7623-1350-1.

"Modern education's 'cycle of poverty'". USA Today Magazine. 135 (2736): 6. September 2006. EBSCOhost 22188997.

Morrissey, Taryn W.; Vinopal, Katie (April 2018). "Center-based early care and education and children's school readiness: Do impacts vary by neighborhood poverty?". Developmental Psychology. 54 (4): 757–771. doi:10.1037/dev0000470. PMID 29154645. S2CID 4577964.

Payne, Ruby K. Framework for understanding poverty. Highlands, Tex: Aha! Process, 2005.^{[page needed]}

Leacock, Eleanor B. (Ed.) The Culture of Poverty: A Critique. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1971.^{[page needed]}

Dugan, Dennis J., Leahy, William H. Perspectives on Poverty. New York: Praeger, 1973.

Ruth Berry (12 July 2006). "'Life shocks' tip people into hardship". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

"New Zealand Living Standards 2004" (PDF). The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2009-06-20.

"Editorial: Shock the ministry missed". The New Zealand Herald. 2006-07-15. Retrieved 26 September 2011.

Ansalone, George (March 2003). "Poverty, tracking, and the social construction of failure: International perspectives on tracking". Journal of Children and Poverty. 9 (1): 3–20. doi:10.1080/1079612022000052698. S2CID 143300993.

Oakes, Jeannie. (1990). Multiplying inequalities : the effects of race, social class, and tracking on opportunities to learn mathematics and science. Rand. ISBN 0-8330-1080-8. OCLC 471086971.

Billitteri, Thomas. "States and Localities. CQ Researcher 17.31 (2007): 738–39.

Kenworthy, Lane (March 1999). "Do Social-Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty? A Cross-National Assessment" (PDF). Social Forces. 77 (3): 1119–1139. doi:10.1093/sf/77.3.1119.

Harris, Irving B. Children in jeopardy can we break the cycle of poverty? New Haven: Yale Child Study Center, Distributed by Yale UP, 1996.^{[page needed]}

"The Harlem Children's Zone Project: 100 Blocks, One Bright Future". The Harlem Children's Zone website. Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-12.

"Barack Obama and Joe Biden's Plan to Combat Poverty". Obama-Biden website. Fall 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2009-06-05.

Ashworth, Karl; Hill, Martha; Walker, Robert (1994). "Patterns of Childhood Poverty: New Challenges for Policy". Journal of Policy Analysis and Management. 13 (4): 658. doi:10.2307/3325492. JSTOR 3325492.

Lichter, Daniel T. (August 1997). "Poverty and Inequality Among Children". Annual Review of Sociology. 23 (1): 121–145. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.23.1.121. JSTOR 2952546.

Sandoval, Edgar; Kappstatter, Bob; Parascandola, Rocco (18 January 2011). "Violence rises in New York City's housing developments, statistics show". NY Daily News.

Walsh, Nancy. "Child Abuse Affects Teen Learning." MedPage Today. MedPage Today, 06 Dec. 2010. Web. 24 Nov. 2012.

Sandoval, Edgar, Bob Kappstatter, and Rocco Parascandola.^{[full citation needed]}

Bonds, M.H., D.C. Keenan, P. Rohani, and J. D. Sachs. 2010. "Poverty trap formed by the ecology of infectious diseases," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 277:1185–92. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1778

Collier, Paul et al. "Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice. " Development Research Group, World Bank.

Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, 2006. p. 244

Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, 2006. p. 252

Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty. Penguin Books, 2006. p. (?)

Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It, Oxford University Press, 2007; Stephen C. Smith, Ending Global Poverty, Palgrave Macmillan 2005; Partha Dasgupta, An Inquiry into Well-being and Destitution, Oxford UP, 1995.

External links

The Wikibook Development Cooperation Handbook has a page on the topic of: The factors causing poverty and suffering

Wikiversity has learning resources about Eliminating poverty

"The Joint conference of African Ministers of Finance and Ministers of Economic Development and Planning Report." May, 1999, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.[1]^{[permanent dead link]}
Ajayi, S. Ibi, Mahsin, S. Khan. "External Debt and Capital Flight in Sub-Saharan Africa." IMF, 2000.[2]
Collier, Paul et al. "Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice." Development Research Group, World Bank.
Emeagwali, Philip. Interview, "How does capital flight affect the average African?"[3]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty

Category:Universal basic income

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Global basic income or world basic income is the concept of giving everyone in the world a guaranteed minimum income of money on a regular basis. The proposal usually suggests that the basic income be unconditional. Global basic income is part of the wider discussion on basic income, which typically implemented or proposed at the national level. Pilot schemes are also run at city/region levels.

History

While a national basic income has been discussed for much of the 20th century, the idea of a global basic income is much younger.^{[citation needed]}

Interest in the idea was raised by the Dutch artist Pieter Kooistra's in the 1970s, he developed the "Uno" plan.^[1] From the 1980s, more people^[who?] have started to think seriously about the proposals. Different suggestions on design and financing have been presented, among them monetary reform and "cap and dividend". The Global Basic Income Foundation, founded in 2000, brings together research and debate on the idea.

In 2016, the World Basic Income organisation was founded in the UK. It carried out research on the feasibility of a global basic income, building on the ideas from the previous decades. Its primary aim is to promote the idea of distributing $10/month to all the world's population thereby eradicating extreme poverty. It is focused on researching revenue streams emanating from the commons, such as taxes and fees on air, land and sea, as well as noting other potential revenue streams in a redistribution context.^[2]

Events

Conferences have been organized by the Basic Income Earth Network and of USBIG.^{[citation needed]}

The World Basic Income organisation held its first conference in February 2017 including speakers from the Global Income Foundation, BIEN, Share the World's Resources, CapGlobalCarbon, Hillel Steiner, Jonathan Bartley, John Merry, Manchester Migrant Solidarity, Max Harris and Belgian NGO "Eight".^[2]^[3]

Individual advocates

Peter Kooistra

Peter Kooistra (1922-1998) was a Dutch artist, sculptor and graphic artist who was driven by the vision of making art accessible to all. He also used his creativity to various ideas and projects in the social and economic sphere. In the 1970s, when the images of famine in India spread across the world, he began to develop the idea of a global basic income.

Myron Frankman

Myron Frankman believes that global problems such as global poverty, needs global solutions. Based on this, he advocates a global federal system of active civic engagement from the local to the global scales, a world currency, global taxation, and global public finance.^[4]

Tadashi Okanouchi

According to Okanouchi a global basic income would mean:

The abolition of wage slavery (or the proletariat as a social class).
Elimination of the economic basis for patriarchy as well as nationalism.
Elimination of the economic rationale for pollution.
Elimination of financially constrained democratic inaction.

The movement for global basic income should therefore, according to Okanouchi, expect criticism from the capitalist class, patriarchal men, bureaucrats and politicians who in various ways are saving on today's systems.^[5]

References

Raventos, Daniel (2007). Basic Income , the material conditions of freedon (PDF). Editorial Ariel Barcelona. p. 156. ISBN 9780745326306.

worldbasicincome.org.uk

Planet -Wide Citizen's Income: Espousal and Estimates Published in June 2005)

/ paper_160_en.pdf Towards Abolition of Wage-Slavery; Perspective to a Non-Violent World Revolution for Guaranteed Global Basic Income Society, Launching from Elimination of Hunger and Poverty^{[permanent dead link]} (accessed 5 February 2013)

External links

Topics

Organizations

Historic	Tony Atkinson C. H. Douglas Milton Friedman Stephen Hawking Ailsa McKay James Meade Thomas Paine Juliet Rhys-Williams Anthony Barber
Contemporary	Rutger Bregman Étienne Chouard Harry F. Dahms Uffe Elbæk André Gorz Sepp Kusstatscher Guy Standing Eduardo Suplicy Philippe Van Parijs Carole Pateman Christopher Pissarides Claus Offe Katja Kipping Götz Werner Richard David Precht Valter Mutt Annika Lillemets Osmo Soininvaara Li Andersson Susanne Wiest Birger Schlaug Christian Engström Benoît Hamon Björn Wahlroos Andrew Yang

Related programs

Works

Agrarian Justice (pamphlet)
Bullshit Jobs (book)
Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work (monograph)
The War on Normal People (book)

Can an extra $800 a month lift someone out of poverty? Local nonprofits put cash to the test

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_basic_income

Agrarian Justice is the title of a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine and published in 1797, which proposed that those who possess cultivated land owe the community a ground rent, which justifies an estate tax to fund universal old-age and disability pensions and a fixed sum to be paid to all citizens upon reaching maturity.

It was written in the winter of 1795–96 but remained unpublished for a year. Paine was undecided whether to wait until the end of the ongoing war with France before publishing, however, having read a sermon by Richard Watson, the Bishop of Llandaff, which discussed the "Wisdom... of God, in having made both Rich and Poor," he felt the need to publish under the argument that "rich" and "poor" were arbitrary divisions, not divinely created ones.^[1]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_Justice

Universal basic income pilots are smaller-scale preliminary experiments which are carried out on selected members of the relevant population to assess the feasibility, costs and effects of the full-scale implementation of universal basic income (also called UBI), or the related concept of negative income tax, including partial universal basic income and similar programs. The following list provides an overview of the most famous universal basic income pilots, including projects which have not been launched yet but have been already approved by the respective political bodies or for the negotiations are in process.

North America

Pilots in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s

Beginning in the end of 1960s, there were four universal basic income experiments conducted in the United States, all in the form of NITs. As Alicia H. Munnell, who was examining the experiments in Indiana, Seattle and Denver explains,^[1] a moderate reduction in work effort (17% among women, 7% among men) has been found by the American economist Gary Burtless. Munnell also mentions that the money people had received was not squandered on frivolous products such as drugs and luxury goods. In addition, there has been an increase in school attendance. However Jodie Allen remarked that work disincentive effects were large enough to suggest that as much as 50 to 60 percent of the transfers paid to two-parent families under NIT might go to replace lost earnings.^[2] No noticeable improvements to health and the overall well-being were discovered and the effect on home-ownership rates was found to be negligible as well.


Experiment Title	The New Jersey Graduated Work Incentive Experiment (NJ)	The Rural Income-Maintenance Experiment (RIME)	The Seattle/Denver Income-Maintenance Experiments (SIME/DIME)	The Gary, Indiana Experiment (Gary)
Site(s)^[3]	New Jersey & Pennsylvania	Iowa & North Carolina	Seattle & Denver	Gary, Indiana
Duration^[3]	1968–1972 3 years	1970–1972 3 years	1970–1980 3 years (71%)；5 years (25%)；20 years (4%)	1971–1974 3 years
Sample Size； initial(final)^[4]	1216(983)	809(729)	4800	1799(967)
Type of Families Enrolled^[3]	Two-parent household	Two-parent household (73%) Single-parent household, prime age(13%) Two or Single-parent household over 59(14%)	Two-parent household (61%) Single-parent household (39%)	Two-parent household (41%) Single-parent household (54%)
Family Composition^[3]	Black (37%) White (32%) Hispanic (31%)	Black (35%) White (65%)	Black (43%) White (39%) Chicano (18%)	Black (100%)
Target Population^[5]^[6]	Total family income not exceeding 150% of the poverty level	Total family income not exceeding 150% of the poverty level	Single-parent household earning less than $11,000 Two-parent household earning less than $13,000	Black families with at least one child under the age of 18, and family income not exceeding 240% of the poverty level
Primary intervention ^[6]	Negative income tax	Negative income tax	Negative income tax	Negative income tax
Cost (nominal$)^[6]	$7,800,000	$6,100,000	$77,500,000	$20,300,000
Outcomes of interest^[6]	(1) Reduction in work effort (2) Lifestyle changes	(1) Work behavior (2) Health, school, and other effects on poor children; (3) Savings and consumption behavior	(1) Effects on labor supply (2) Marital stability; and (3) Other lifestyle changes	(1) Employment (2) Schooling (3) Infant mortality and morbidity (4) Educational achievement (5) Housing consumption
Range of Guarantee^[3]	50%；75%；100%；125%	50%；75%；100%	92%；116%；135%	77%；101%
Range of Tax rates^[3]	30%；50%；70%	30%；50%；70%	50%；70%； {70 - 0.0025×(Family Income)}%； {80 - 0.0025×(Family Income)}%	40%；60%

Mincome in Manitoba

A similar field experiment of the Canadian Guaranteed Annual Income (GAI), known as Mincome, took place in Dauphin, Manitoba between 1974 and 1979. According to a research into the effects of Mincome on population health, conducted by a University of Manitoba researcher Evelyn Forget in 2011, the experiment has resulted in significant reduction in hospitalization, specifically in case of mental health diagnoses.^[7] Among all the people, only two key groups were found to be discouraged from working by the Mincome project – new mothers and teenaged boys, who, instead of entering the workforce at an early age, decided to study until grade 12, increasing the proportion of students who graduate high school.^[8]

Native American casinos and tribal profit sharing

A longitudinal study of 1,420 low income children in rural North Carolina designed to observe their mental condition had the unintended result of also measuring the effect of an unconditional cash transfer on a subset of this group.^[9] The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth has found that a quarter of the families belonging to the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians have experienced a surge in annual income due to a newly built casino as during this study, a portion of profits of this casino were unconditionally distributed to all tribal members on a semi-annual basis.^[10] Key findings of this study include lower instances of behavioural and emotional disorders among the children and improved relationship between children and their parents, as well as reduction in parental alcohol consumption.^[9]

Y Combinator

In May 2016, Y Combinator, an American company with the aim of providing seed funding for start-up companies, announced that its non-profit arm YC Research would perform a five-year unconditional basic income study, which resembles the experiments carried out in the 1960s and 1970s, in Oakland, California.^[11]

The project was delayed by institutional review board approval at Stanford University and the University of Michigan, and work with governments to ensure recipients would not lose benefits they were already receiving.^[12] The project gave six people from Oakland $1500 per month in an initial feasibility study. Instead of the previous plan of giving 100 families $1,500 per month, by mid-2018 YC Research was hoping to get 30 to 40 people from Oakland to participate in a $50 per month trial to refine the logistics of distribution and retention of the $50 per month control group.^[12] It was planning to run three- and five-year trials in two states, not including Oakland, involving 1,000 participants randomly assigned to $1,500 per month and 2,000 randomly assigned to the $50 per month control group.^[12] The full study is expected to cost $60 million, and YC Research is waiting for fundraising to complete before starting the study.^[12]

Ontario Basic Income Pilot Project

In Ontario, three-year basic income projects were launched in three regions from late spring to fall 2017. The participants of the project were randomly selected among resident of the regions aged 18–64, who were living on low income.^[13] The purpose of the experiment was to tackle poverty, providing people with income security while, at the same time, not discouraging them from entering the labour force. Furthermore, as poverty is believed to be one of the biggest determinants of health, the project is believed to improve health condition, which could, in turn, reduce health-care costs for the government.^[8] The pilot project was cancelled on July 31, 2018 by the newly elected Progressive Conservative government under Ontario Premier Doug Ford, with his Minister of Children, Community and Social Services Lisa MacLeod stating simply it was 'unsustainable' without citing data.^[14]

Payments to participants continued until March 2019.^[15]

Stockton, California

In a pilot project in Stockton, California which began in February 2019, 125 residents of Stockton, California who were living at or below the median income line (around $46,000 annually) were given $500 monthly stipends, distributed through the mail in the form of debit cards, for eight months. Results evaluated in October found that most participants had been using their stipends to buy groceries and pay their bills. Around 43% of participants had a full or part-time job, only 2% were unemployed and not actively seeking work.^[16]

While critics suggest that basic income could remove the incentive to work, and this study did not find any evidence of that, one researcher noted that the two-year length of this study is not likely to be representative of continuous basic income, because when people know that income is temporary, they are unlikely to quit their jobs, although they might if basic income was permanent.^[17]

Massachusetts

A number of basic income studies are being conducted in the Boston metro area in the early 2020s, including separate studies performed by Camp Harbor View, United South End Settlements, UpTogether (with the Massachusetts Department of Transitional Assistance), and Harvard Business School.^[18]

Africa

Namibia

Omitara, one of the two poor villages in Namibia where a local basic income was tested in 2008–2009

In 2008, the Namibian Basic Income Grant Coalition conducted a two-year basic income pilot in the Otjivero - Omitara settlement, providing N$100 (US$7)^[19] per month to every person under the age of 60. The treatment group consisted of around 1,000 people, and a combination of panel and case studies was used to measure outcomes. After the study ended at the end of 2009, a monthly allowance of N$80 was paid to all participants until March 2012.^[20]

In 2013, due to extreme drought conditions, the Evangelical Lutheran church in Namibia provided a monthly cash grant of $100 to 6,000 individuals in four communities, modeled after the initial pilot program, from September 2013 to May 2014. In June 2014, the program restarted thanks to support from the Waldensian Church in Italy, lasting until June 2015.^[21]^[22]

Uganda

A program in Uganda randomly awarded an unsupervised grants of $382 to 535 young applicants aged 15–35. The results showed that "the program increases business assets by 57%, work hours by 17%, and earnings by 38%". In addition, many of those who participated in the project have also started their own enterprises, creating job opportunities for others.^[23] In January 2017, another pilot study, designed for two years, was launched by the charitable organization Eight in an undisclosed village consisting of 50 households. The experiment, which is being recorded in a documentary, aims to evaluate the effects of basic income in four areas: education participation of girls and women, access to healthcare, engagement in democratic institutions and local economic development. The amount of income distributed to the village residents per month is $18.25 for adults and $9.13 for children.^[24]

GiveDirectly in Kenya

GiveDirectly, one of the highest ranking charities according to GiveWell,^[25] is running the world’s largest and longest-term experiment to date studying the effects of a universal basic income.^[26]

The project has a budget of US$30,000,000 and started in 2016.^[27] In total, 20,000 recipients from 195 rural villages are receiving a universal basic income for a period of two or twelve years, depending on the study group they belong to. In addition, 100 villages are also part of the study as a control group.^[26] Between April and June 2020, the researchers surveyed 8,427 participants of the study groups to track the impact of the UBI during the COVID pandemic situation. Those, who received UBI were less prone to food insecurity, had a better physical and mental state, and were motivated to start a business.^[28]^[29]

Asia

Madhya Pradesh, India

The basic income project in Madhya Pradesh, India, which started in 2010, involves 20 villages.^[30] While the villagers in eight of those got basic income, the others serve as control groups. According to the first communication of the pilot projects, positive results were found.^[31] Villages spent more on food and healthcare, children's school performance improved in 68% of families, time spent in school as well as personal savings nearly tripled and new business start-ups doubled.^[32] The study has also found an increase both in economic activity and in savings, an improvement in housing and sanitation, improved nutrition, less food poverty, improved health and schooling, greater inclusion of the disabled in society and a lack of frivolous spending.^[33] The initiative was organized in partnership with the UNICEF and SEWA and co-piloted by British researcher Guy Standing and Indian activist Renana Jhabvala with support of the economist Pranab Bardhan.^[34]^[35]^[36]

Iran

In Autumn 2010, Iran implemented a nationwide basic income program. It is provided to all citizens and replaces subsidies for gasoline, electricity and some food items^[37] that the government has applied for the elimination of inequality and poverty for years. In 2012, the sum was approximately US $40 per person per month, US $480 per year for one person and US $2,300 for a five-person family.^[38]^[39]

Israel

In Israel, in 2018 a non-profit initiative GoodDollar was launched, aiming to build a global economic framework for providing universal, sustainable and scalable universal basic income through new digital asset technology of blockchain. The non-profit aims to launch a peer-to-peer money transfer network in which money can be distributed to those most in need, regardless of their location, based on the principles of universal basic income. The project has raised $1 million from eToro.^[40]^[41]

Latin America

The family of Selma Ferreira was the first recipient of Bolsa Escola, a precursor to Bolsa Família enacted by governor Cristovam Buarque of the Federal District in 1995.

Bolsa Familia

Bolsa Familia is a Brazilian federal anti-poverty program with strong resemblance of basic income.^{[dubious – discuss]} It consists of a cash grant, which is given to families below a certain income level, provided they meet pre-arranged conditions such as overseeing their children's school attendance. As of March 2020, the program covers 13.8 million families, and pays an average of $34 per month, in a country where the minimum wage is $190 per month.^[42]

Other similar programs are implemented in several Latin American countries, including the Oportunidades programme in Mexico.

Quatinga Velho

Quatinga Velho is a Brazilian village in the Quatinga district of the Mogi das Cruzes municipality, which is becoming well-known for its basic income project launched in 2008 and organized by the non-profit organization ReCivitas.^[43]^[44] The funding has been entirely based on private donations so far.^[45] In June 2011, 83 villagers were given 30 Brazilian reals per person each month.^[46] The organization's objective is to eventually grant the basic income to all villagers and to get similar projects going in other villages as well, both in and outside Brazil. The organizers are currently building a social bank, so that the basic income can be financed through investments rather than donations in the future. The idea is that the bank will operate as an investment bank, but the profit will be allocated to basic income instead of a dividend to shareholders and managers.^[47]

Europe

Netherlands

Experiments with basic income in the Netherlands are experiments with social assistance (more than basic income) as they focus on current welfare claimants.^[48] The most important experiment was called Weten wat werkt (Knowing What Works) and was a cooperation between Utrecht University and the City of Utrecht, studying "alternative approach to deliver social assistance".^[49] During the experiment, social assistance claimants were randomly divided into four groups, each of which received payments under different conditions. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different or fewer rules on claimants of social assistance. The experiment was supposed to be launched on 1 May 2017, but approval by the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment was delayed.^[50] The experiment started in June 2018 and concluded in October 2019.^[51] Results showed that there were no negative effects and some positive results for all three interventions compared to the control group. Participants increased their participation in the labour market but benefits to their health were too small to be statistically significant.^[52]

Finland

A nationwide, two-year pilot scheme was launched in Finland on 1 January 2017. In total, 2,000 participants, who were randomly selected among those receiving unemployment benefits and aged 25–58, were entitled to an unconditional income of €560 per month, even if they found work during the two year period.^[53] The experiment tests whether the implementation of basic universal income could help provide welfare more in line with the changing nature of work, reduce the cost and complexity of the benefits system and provide citizens with greater incentive to find work. Addressing issues caused by automation, long-term unemployment and lower wages are part of a larger social context for the experiment.^[54]^[53]

As planned, the experiment ended at the end of 2018, and the government of Finland has decided not to continue the experiment while the results of the study are analyzed.^[55] Preliminary results were released in 2019. While levels of employment did not change, it did report that those involved showed "fewer stress symptoms, fewer difficulties concentrating and fewer health problems than the control group. They were also more confident in their future and in their ability to influence societal issues."^[56]^[57] The full results of the study will come in 2020, after researchers have had time to analyse all the collected data.^[58]

The study was generally considered a failure, though many experts have stated that the experiment had many problems making its results not necessarily generalizable.^[59]

Italy

In June 2016, the mayor of an Italian coastal city of Livorno Filippo Nogarin launched a conditional minimum income project for a period of six months, granting 100 of the poorest families in the city a monthly sum of US$537 to cover their basic costs such as rent and food. The project is not an unconditional basic income.^[60] In January 2017, the scope of the project was extended to include another 100 families. Even though the granted sum is not as high as in case of Finland or other countries, it constitutes a huge relief for the families which are otherwise not protected at all due to the lack of unemployment benefits and minimum wage laws in Italy. The project has already inspired other Italian cities, such as Ragusa and Naples, to consider launching similar schemes as well.^[61] In Italy, other projects of minimum guaranteed income had already been realized, much more advanced both for the amount of money and for the purposes of the Livorno project. One of these had been implemented in the Lazio Region thanks to the introduction of a law (4/2009) which in 2010 envisaged about 600 euros per month for the unemployed, particularly for women. About 10,000 people had participated in this first phase of starting the law for the minimum guaranteed income. The subsequent regional government has not funded the law again.^[62]

Scotland

In 2018, the Scottish Government agreed to provide £250,000 to undertake initial research on the feasibility of a basic income pilot. ^[63]^[64] The project determined that such a pilot was feasible, but with larger-scale legislative problems in executing the problem^[65] Making use of the term Citizen's Basic Income (CBI), the writers of the report recommended that pilot should be "a randomised controlled study, with two study areas where the whole community receives a CBI".^[66] However, the report also noted that there were "substantive and complex legislative and delivery barriers to piloting a CBI", given that Scottish Parliamentary powers were limited in their ability to make the needed changes to the social security system (which were determined at the UK Parliament in Westminster).^[66] The current constitutional and legal set up "would place significant restrictions on the pilot model design and potentially compromise learnings."^[67] The Scottish Government of 2022 therefore decided to focus on a Minimum Income Guarantee (MIG)^[68]

The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce also produced a report in 2019 examining some of the benefits and challenges of a basic income system in the region of Fife.^[69]

Spain

In Spain, the ingreso mínimo vital is an economic benefit guaranteed by the Social security in Spain in its modality no contributory. The IMV is defined as a "subjective right" and is intended to prevent poverty and social exclusion of people who live alone or integrated in a coexistence unit, when they are in a situation of vulnerability due to lack of sufficient financial resources to cover their basic needs.^[70] The benefit, which is not fixed and varies depending on various factors, ranges between €461.5 and €1,015.^[71]

Catalonia

The Universal Basic Income (Catalan: Renda Bàsica Universal) pilot plan is a project that the Catalan Government plans to carry out during the 2021 to 2025 term of office. In 2021, during the talks to form a government, the parliamentary agreement between the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) and the left-wing Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) included a pilot plan for a universal basic income in Catalonia.

In the Catalan pilot plan, some 5,000 people will receive the UBI. 2,500 will be randomly selected from all households in Catalonia and the remaining 2,500 will correspond to the population of two municipalities. During the two years of the pilot plants, participants will receive a monthly payment of €800 per adult and €300 per child under 18 years of age.^[72]

Germany

In August 2020, a project in Germany started that gives a €1,200 monthly basic income to 120 citizens, which will last three years and be compared against 1,380 people who do not receive basic income.^[73]

Wales

On 14 May 2021 the Welsh Government announced its intention to pilot a UBI scheme in Wales. The First Minister Mark Drakeford said the pilot would "see whether the promises that basic income holds out are genuinely delivered" in people's lives.^[74]

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Osborn, Catherine (2020-08-31). "Coronavirus-Hit Brazil Considers Major Public Funds For Poor And Unemployed". NPR. Archived from the original on 2020-09-02. Retrieved 2020-09-02. Family allowance - Brazil is renowned for its massive, nearly 2-decade-old cash-transfer program for the poor, Bolsa Família (often translated as "family allowance"). As of March, it reached 13.8 million families, paying an average of $34 per month. (The national minimum wage is about $190 per month.)

"Renda Básica Garantida, exemplo de ação social". 12 March 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2015.

"Pronunciamento de Eduardo Suplicy em 06/04/2009 - Pronunciamentos - Senado Federal". www25.senado.leg.br. Archived from the original on 2018-11-25. Retrieved 2019-03-13.

Mensch, Murf. "INTERNATIONAL: Google Gives $2.5 Million to a Direct Cash Transfer Charity | BIEN". Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-21.

"BRAZIL: RECIVITAS expands its local BIG to 83 people as it charters the "BIG Social Bank" | BIEN". Archived from the original on 2019-08-22. Retrieved 2019-08-21.

"Renda Básica Garantida - Basic Income Startup - Brasil". Renda Básica Garantida - Basic Income Startup - Brasil. Archived from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-03-13.

Jourdan, Stanislas. "30 Dutch Municipalities show Interest in Experimenting with Basic Income | BIEN — Basic Income Earth Network". Archived from the original on 2020-11-08. Retrieved 2021-10-22.

"What works: studying the effects of fewer rules in social assistance | Gemeente Utrecht". www.utrecht.nl. Archived from the original on 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

"Utrecht University and City of Utrecht start experiment to study alternative forms of social assistance". Utrecht University. 2017-03-09. Archived from the original on 2020-05-14. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

"Weten wat Werkt: Utrechtse wetenschappers doen onderzoek naar betere bijstand". Universiteit Utrecht (in Dutch). 2018-02-21. Archived from the original on 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

Verlaat, T; de Kruijk, M; Rosenkranz, S; Groot, L; Sanders, M (2020). Study What Works (Weten wat werkt) (PDF). Utrecht University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2020-11-05.

Kottasova, Ivana (January 2, 2017). "Finland is giving 2,000 citizens a guaranteed income". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on August 11, 2020. Retrieved August 2, 2020.

"Is Finland's basic universal income a solution to automation, fewer jobs and lower wages?". The Guardian. February 19, 2017. Archived from the original on June 11, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.

"Did Finland's free money experiment work?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2019-02-05. Retrieved 2019-02-05.

"Experimental study on a universal basic income". kela.en. Archived from the original on 2019-07-19. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

Ylikännö, Minna; Simanainen, Miska; Jauhiainen, Signe; Kangas, Olli (2019-02-08). "The basic income experiment 2017–2018 in Finland. Preliminary results". julkaisut.valtioneuvosto.fi. Archived from the original on 2019-07-28. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

"Nordic Labour Journal: The research project against all odds". Archived from the original on 2018-06-29.

Bendix, Aria (2019-12-08). "Why Finland's basic-income trial failed, according to experts". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2021-06-02. Retrieved 2021-06-01. Two years after Finland launched a basic-income trial in which nearly 2,000 unemployed residents were given a regular monthly stipend, many of the recipients remained jobless. The people reported that they were happier and healthier overall than other unemployed residents, but the experiment was widely declared a failure.

Weller, Chris. "8 basic income experiments to watch out for in 2017". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2021-10-15. Retrieved 2021-10-22.

"A city in Italy is giving its poorest residents $537 a month to survive". www.vice.com. Archived from the original on 2021-06-08. Retrieved 2021-10-22.

"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2018-11-27.

"What's happening in Scotland?". Basic Income Scotland. Archived from the original on 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

"Scotland is planning to pilot a universal basic income". The Independent. January 2, 2017. Archived from the original on August 17, 2017. Retrieved August 24, 2017.

Income, Basic (2021-03-15). "Exploring the feasibility of a Citizens' Basic Income Pilot in Scotland". Basic Income. Retrieved 2023-05-01.

Assessing the Feasibility of Citizens’ Basic Income Pilots in Scotland. Final Report Prepared by the Citizens’ Basic Income Feasibility Study Steering Group, June 2020 https://www.basicincome.scot/__data/assets/pdf_file/0024/175371/Draft-Final-CBI-Feasibility_Main-Report-June-2020.pdf

"Minimum Income Guarantee Steering Group: background on minimum income guarantee and basic incomes - August 2021 meeting paper". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2023-05-01.

"Minimum Income Guarantee Steering Group: background on minimum income guarantee and basic incomes - August 2021 meeting paper". www.gov.scot. Retrieved 2023-05-01. Minimum Income Guarantee "is similar to, but distinct from a Universal Basic Income (UBI), with two key differences, firstly that a UBI is for everyone irrespective of income and individual needs e.g. disability, while a MIG is means tested and targeted to those on low incomes, and secondly, that a MIG recognises that there is a role for business to help raise incomes, not just the welfare state."

RSA. "A Basic Income for Scotland - RSA". www.thersa.org. Archived from the original on 2019-07-30. Retrieved 2019-07-30.

"Spain approves national minimum income scheme". May 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2020-09-04.

"Escrivá anuncia que el ingreso mínimo vital sacará de la pobreza extrema a 1,6 millones de personas". ELMUNDO. May 29, 2020. Archived from the original on June 6, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.

Universal Basic Income Government of Catalonia. Ministry of the Presidency.

"Universal basic income to be tested in Wales". BBC News. May 15, 2021. Archived from the original on June 13, 2021. Retrieved October 22, 2021.

Topics

Organizations

Historic	Tony Atkinson C. H. Douglas Milton Friedman Stephen Hawking Ailsa McKay James Meade Thomas Paine Juliet Rhys-Williams Anthony Barber
Contemporary	Rutger Bregman Étienne Chouard Harry F. Dahms Uffe Elbæk André Gorz Sepp Kusstatscher Guy Standing Eduardo Suplicy Philippe Van Parijs Carole Pateman Christopher Pissarides Claus Offe Katja Kipping Götz Werner Richard David Precht Valter Mutt Annika Lillemets Osmo Soininvaara Li Andersson Susanne Wiest Birger Schlaug Christian Engström Benoît Hamon Björn Wahlroos Andrew Yang

Related programs

OECD:Trade Between Developed And Developing Countries': The Decade Ahead

Works

Agrarian Justice (pamphlet)
Bullshit Jobs (book)
Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work (monograph)
The War on Normal People (book)

Category:

Universal basic income

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_basic_income_pilots

Utopia for Realists: The Case for a Universal Basic Income, Open Borders, and a 15-hour Workweek (alternatively subtitled And How We Can Get There and How We Can Build the Ideal World) is a book by Dutch popular historian Rutger Bregman.^[1] It was originally written as articles in Dutch for a virtual journal, De Correspondent, and was since compiled and published,^[2] and translated into several languages. It offers a critical proposal that it claims is a practical approach to reconstructing modern society to promote a more productive and equitable life based on three core ideas:

a universal and unconditional basic income paid to everybody
a short working week of fifteen hours
open borders worldwide with the free movement of citizens between all states

Thesis

Rationale

As a result of the advance of international trade and economic science in recent decades, globalization has radically transformed the traditional social and economic order from smaller, connected nations to a new world economy which, while already demonstrably capable of rescuing millions of people from poverty, could be extended to the entire human species.^[3]

However, the new global system unfairly compensates a few rich countries,^[4] and, with the progressive substitution of human capital with automation and robotics,^[5] has also generated an increase in inequality, both between the investment community and its workforce^[6] within the G20 states as well as between developed countries and their developing neighbours.

Justification

Each idea is supported by multiple academic studies and anecdotal evidence including numerous success stories, quoting Richard Nixon's 1968 plan for a basic income for Americans,^[7] the Mincome project in the Canadian city of Dauphin, Manitoba, which "eliminated poverty" and reduced hospitalisation rates,^[8] and the perceived success of the Schengen Agreement.^[9]

Reception

In her review for The Independent, Caroline Lucas described the book as a "brilliantly written and unorthodox page-turner."^[10]

Writing for The Observer, Will Hutton said, "You may not dream the same dreams as Bregman – but he invites you to take dreaming seriously. For that alone, this book is worth a read."^[11]

References

Rutger Bregman (2017-03-14). Utopia for Realists: How We Can Build the Ideal World. Little, Brown and Company/Hachette Book Group USA. ISBN 978-0316471893.

Harford, Tim (March 9, 2018). "Rutger Bregman: 'Basic income is all about the freedom to say no'". Financial Times. Retrieved February 21, 2019.

"World Economic Forum Growth Development Index 2017" (PDF).

Robotics and automation, employment, and aging Baby Boomers

"The decline in labor's share of corporate income since 2000 means $535 billion less for workers".

"Nixon's Basic Income Plan". jacobinmag.com.

"A Canadian City Once Eliminated Poverty And Nearly Everyone Forgot". HuffPost Canada. December 23, 2014.

Heinze, Aleksej. "Business will suffer if border crossings between European neighbours are shut". The Conversation.

Lucas, Caroline (March 22, 2017). "Utopia for Realists by Rutger Bregman review: A brilliantly written and unorthodox page-turner". The Independent. Retrieved February 22, 2019.

Hutton, Will (March 13, 2017). "Utopia for Realists: And How We Can Get There by Rutger Bregman – review". The Observer. Retrieved February 22, 2019.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia_for_Realists

A basic income is a form of social security in which a population group receives a regular sum of money, either from a government or from some other public institution, independent of any other income.^[1]^[2]^[3] This is a list of alternates to universal basic income that intends to give all citizens of a population an unconditional sum of money, which have been implemented or proposed.

Name	Description	Spokespersons	Tested in	Books	Films/articles/interviews
Universal basic income (UBI), also known by many other names	Periodic cash payment unconditionally delivered to all on an individual basis, without means-test or work requirement.^[4]	Juliet Rhys-Williams, James Tobin, Philippe Van Parijs, Karl Widerquist, Thomas Piketty	US and Canada (local experiments); the Iranian basic income is somewhat between a partial and a full basic income.^{[citation needed]}	Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income,^[5] Real Freedom for All, Public Economics in Action: the Basic Income/Flat Tax proposal, Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy	Negative income tax & work, Negative income tax in Israel, Negative income tax in Ontario, Short info
Negative income tax (NIT)	Similar to a basic income but means test so that the grant gradually phases out as income increases.	Milton Friedman, Basic Income Canada Network		Capitalism and Freedom, Free to Choose
Wage subsidy, sometimes known as participation income	Scope limited to people in work (varyingly interpreted).	A. C. Pigou, Edmund Phelps, Tony Atkinson		Inequality (2015; Atkinson)	'Low-wage employment subsidies versus the welfare state' (Phelps)
Partial basic income (PBI)	Any basic income set at a level that is less than enough to meet a person's basic needs.^[6]		Alaska (Permanent Fund of Alaska)^[7]
Personal Basic Income	A Minimum Basic Income that is self-generated by communities by pooling their data into data banks, monetizing its value, and receiving dividends.	Manish Bhan SmartTribe	Early-stage experimentation.	SmartTribe.org
Guaranteed minimum income, an umbrella term for many types of benefit including unemployment benefit	Limited by means testing and availability for work.	William Beveridge Friedrich Hayek^[8]	Widely implemented
Citizen's dividend	Dependent on land value tax values from land and rents	Henry George, Thomas Paine	Alaska (Permanent Fund Dividend)	Agrarian Justice, Progress and Poverty
Universal dividend	Dependent on a portion of production, proxied by a fixed and flat tax on personal income and corporate net profits, distributed flat as a non-taxed benefit among all residents or citizens over a certain age.	John Moser			The American Citizen's Dividend
Basic income for households	In the form of BI or NIT.
Basic income + negative income tax	A combination of BI and NIT.	Hermonie Parker investigated several versions in Instead of the Dole		Instead of the Dole
$8000 UBI, $4000 (minimum income), $4000 Carbon tax dividend.	For those under 65. Seniors system unchanged.	Pascal J - naturalfinance.net in Canadian context.		naturalfinance.net
Basic income and social insurance		Andreas Bergh			Bergh 2004
Stake holding grants	A large one-time grant, usually received when the individual reaches maturity.	Thomas Paine, Bruce Ackerman, Anne Alstott		The Stakeholder Society, Redesigning distribution
European/regional basic income	Basic income for a region, for example Europe.	Van Parijs, Steve Quilley, Phillippe C. Schmitter m.fl.			Marc's proposal, NAFTA-divident
Conditional cash transfers (basic income with strings attached)	Not a guarantee because conditions exist, but conditions are easily fulfilled (or example, children going to school).		Brazil (Bolsa Famila)	Just Give Money to the Poor: The Development Revolution from the Global South
Basic income for special regions (such as Israel-Palestine)		Philippe Van Parijs
Basic income for food		FIAN			To poor countries
Global basic income		Global Basic Income Foundation, Myron J. Frankman m.fl., World Basic Income
Local basic income	For a village, city, district, province, etc.	Karl Widerquist	Otjivero (Namibia), 2 villages in China, GiveDirectly project in Kenya, Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend,^[9] Native American Casino Dividends	Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend,^[10] Exporting the Alaska Model^[11]
Social credit		Social credit movement, C.H. Douglas
Basic income + flat tax	Equal tax rate.	M. Friedman, Tony Atkinson		Public Economics in Action: The Basic Income/Flat Tax Proposal
Basic income + VAT	Basic income financed by tax on consumption.	Vivant			Germany
Basic income + demurrage	A self stabilizing money supply that is resistant to inflation and deflation.	Omar Syed, Aamir Syed		Sound Money Without Commodities
Basic income justified by equal rights to natural resources		Karl Widerquist, Jay Hammond, Peter Barnes	Alaska, Iran (from 2011)	Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income,^[12] Capitalism 3.0
Social dividend	Based on publicly owned enterprises, see market socialism.	James Meade, Oskar Lange, Abba Lerner, John Roemer, James Yunker
Basic income instead of subventions			Iran (from 2011)
Carbon fee and dividend	Basic income funded by a carbon tax.	Citizens' Climate Lobby	British Columbia
Basic income to disaster regions					Haiti-1, A way to peace
Basic income in the form of energy credits					Cosmic Accounting
Basic income startup (ReCivitas)	"Lifetime Basic Income"	Marcus Brancaglione, Bruna Pereira	Brazil Quatinga Velho (local experiment)	Lessons from the Practice of Basic Income [1], Basic Income Startup [2]	BRAZIL: Basic Income Startup gives "lifetime basic incomes" to villagers [3], NGO founds collaborative "projects network" [4]
Basic income + monetary reform + land value tax		James Robertson, Herman Daly
Universal right to capital income	"Legislation requiring that a percentage of capital stock (shares) from every initial public offering (IPO) be channeled into a Commons Capital Depository, with the associated dividends funding a universal basic dividend (UBD)", which would be entirely independent of welfare payments and unemployment insurance.^[13]	Yanis Varoufakis			The Universal Right to Capital Income
Three Pillars	National Dividend (ND) - a payment to all citizen-residents, paid for by a tax on the commons National Income Supplement (NIS) - distributing all income taxes back to income earners, which would allow all income brackets to benefit from each other's success, and amplify their earnings (and underwrite labour costs). Assisted Savings Program (ASP) - mandatory long-term savings/investment, and distributing all capital gains taxes to ASP accounts, ensuring savers benefit from each other's success, and amplify their savings.^[14] Returning tax revenues to citizens through these programs is enabled by a shift to a form of Land Value Tax (called a ULT) for general revenues. The Three Pillars would also replace the minimum wage and state-run pensions.	The New Physiocratic League		The New School of Economics

References

"Improving Social Security in Canada Guaranteed Annual Income: A Supplementary Paper". Minister of Human Resource Development Canada. 1994. Retrieved 30 November 2013.

"History of Basic Income". Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN). Archived from the original on 21 June 2008.

Universal Basic Income: A Review Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Accessed August 6, 2017.

"About Basic Income | BIEN — Basic Income Earth Network". Retrieved 2020-08-28.

Widerquist, Karl. Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income.

"Description at U.S. Basic Income Guarantee Network". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2017-11-30.

Ramón Rallo, Juan (Winter 2019–2020). "Hayek Did Not Embrace a Universal Basic Income" (PDF). The Independent Review. 24 (3): 350.

Widerquist, Karl. Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend.

Widerquist, Karl. Exporting the Alaska Model.

Widerquist, Karl. Independence, Propertylessness, and Basic Income.

Varoufakis, Yanis (31 October 2016). "The Universal Right to Capital Income". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 6 December 2021.

"The New Physiocratic Platform". The New Physiocratic League. 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.

Topics

Organizations

Historic	Tony Atkinson C. H. Douglas Milton Friedman Stephen Hawking Ailsa McKay James Meade Thomas Paine Juliet Rhys-Williams Anthony Barber
Contemporary	Rutger Bregman Étienne Chouard Harry F. Dahms Uffe Elbæk André Gorz Sepp Kusstatscher Guy Standing Eduardo Suplicy Philippe Van Parijs Carole Pateman Christopher Pissarides Claus Offe Katja Kipping Götz Werner Richard David Precht Valter Mutt Annika Lillemets Osmo Soininvaara Li Andersson Susanne Wiest Birger Schlaug Christian Engström Benoît Hamon Björn Wahlroos Andrew Yang

Related programs

Works

Agrarian Justice (pamphlet)
Bullshit Jobs (book)
Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work (monograph)
The War on Normal People (book)

Category:

Universal basic income

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_basic_income_models

The Basic Income Earth Network (BIEN; until 2004 Basic Income European Network) is a network of academics and activists interested in the idea of basic income. It serves as a link between individuals and groups committed to or interested in basic income, and fosters informed discussion on this topic throughout the world. BIEN's website defines a basic income as "a periodic cash payment unconditionally delivered to all on an individual basis, without means-test or work requirement."

History

Formed in 1986, BIEN held its first international conference in Louvain-la-Neuve in September of that year. It expanded its scope from Europe to the Earth in 2004. From 1988 BIEN published a paper newsletter three times per year; later replaced by an electronic NewsFlash Archived 2017-06-06 at the Wayback Machine, distributed first six and now twelve times per year. Since 2011, BIEN has sponsored a news website, called Basic Income News.

The main founders of BIEN are Yoland Bresson, Philippe Van Parijs, Karl Widerquist, Alexander de Roo, Guy Standing and David Casassas .

Every two years until 2014, and ever year since 2016, BIEN has organised an international congress gathering academics and activists for basic income. The 2016 Congress took place in Seoul, South Korea; the 2017 Congress in Lisbon, Portugal; The 2018 congress took place in Tampere, Finland; The 2019 BIEN congress takes place at Hyderabad, India. For a full list of congresses, see BIEN's website.^[2] Papers given at the congresses can also be found on the organisation's website.^[3]

BIEN recognises a number of national and regional affiliated networks across the world.^[4]

BIEN's secretaries have been Walter Van Trier (1986–1994), Philippe Van Parijs (1994–2004), David Casassas (2004–2014), Anja Askeland (2014–2016), and Julio Aguirre (2016–). In May 2016, BIEN appointed Malcolm Torry as its General Manager.

Chairing of BIEN was a flexible matter during the early years: Those chairing were Peter Ashby, Claus Offe, Guy Standing (1986–88), Edwin Morley-Fletcher, Guy Standing (1988–1996), Edwin Morley-Fletcher, Ilona Ostner, Guy Standing (1996–1998), Ilona Ostner, Guy Standing (1998–2004). In 2004, a revision of the previously sketchy statutes established that there would be either a Chair and Vice chair, or two Co-chairs. Following 2004, posts were held as follows: Guy Standing, Eduardo Suplicy (co-chairs 2004–2008), Ingrid Van Niekerk and Karl Widerquist (co-chairs 2008–2014), Louise Haagh and Karl Widerquist (co-chairs 2014–2018). The new constitution of 2018 provided for a Chair and a Vice Chair: Postholders as follows: Louise Haagh (Chair, 2018–), Sarath Davala (Vice Chair, 2018–).

References

"BIEN Executive Committee". BIEN - Basic Income Earth Network. BIEN. Retrieved 10 April 2023.

"BIEN Congresses". BIEN. Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2019-01-11.

"Research". BIEN. Retrieved 2019-01-11.

"National & Regional Affiliates". BIEN. Archived from the original on 2016-09-18. Retrieved 2019-01-11.

External links

Topics

Organizations

Historic	Tony Atkinson C. H. Douglas Milton Friedman Stephen Hawking Ailsa McKay James Meade Thomas Paine Juliet Rhys-Williams Anthony Barber
Contemporary	Rutger Bregman Étienne Chouard Harry F. Dahms Uffe Elbæk André Gorz Sepp Kusstatscher Guy Standing Eduardo Suplicy Philippe Van Parijs Carole Pateman Christopher Pissarides Claus Offe Katja Kipping Götz Werner Richard David Precht Valter Mutt Annika Lillemets Osmo Soininvaara Li Andersson Susanne Wiest Birger Schlaug Christian Engström Benoît Hamon Björn Wahlroos Andrew Yang

Related programs

Works

Agrarian Justice (pamphlet)
Bullshit Jobs (book)
Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work (monograph)
The War on Normal People (book)

This article about an international organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Income_Earth_Network

Freedom from Want (1943) by painter Norman Rockwell

The right to an adequate standard of living is a fundamental human right. It is part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was accepted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948.^[1]

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of him/herself and of his/her family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his/her control.
— Article 25.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights^[1]

Furthermore, it has been written down in article 11 of the United Nations' International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

The predecessor of this right, the Freedom from Want, is one of the Four Freedoms that American President Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke out at his State of the Union of January 6, 1941. According to Roosevelt it is a right every human being everywhere in the world should have. Roosevelt described his third right as follows:^[2]^[3]

The third is freedom from want which, translated into world terms, means economic understandings which will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants, everywhere in the world.
— President Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 6, 1941.^[2]

References

United Nations, Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Roosvelt, Franklin Delano (January 6, 1941) The Four Freedoms, American Rhetoric

Alfreðsson, Guðmundur S.; Eide, Asbjørn (1999). The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: A Common Standard of Achievement. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 524. ISBN 90-411-1168-9.

v t e Substantive human rights
Please note: What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
Civil and political	Equality before the law Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention Freedom of assembly Freedom of association Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment Freedom from discrimination Freedom of information Freedom of movement Freedom of religion Freedom from slavery Freedom of speech Freedom of thought Freedom from torture Legal aid LGBT rights Liberty Nationality Personhood Presumption of innocence Right of asylum Right to die Right to a fair trial Right to family life Right to keep and bear arms Right to life Right to petition Right to privacy Right to protest Right to refuse medical treatment Right to resist Right of self-defense Right to truth Security of person Suffrage Right to homeland
Economic, social and cultural	Digital rights Equal pay for equal work Fair remuneration Labor rights Right to an adequate standard of living Right to clothing Right to development Right to education Right to food Right to health Right to a healthy environment Right to housing Right to Internet access Right to property Right to public participation Right of reply Right to rest and leisure Right of return Right to science and culture Right to social security Right to water Right to work
Sexual and reproductive	Abortion Family planning Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation Intersex human rights LGBT rights Sexual and reproductive health Right to sexuality
Violations	Crimes against humanity Genocide War crimes