Hidden category:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Concepts_in_logic
A reference is a relationship between objects in which one
object designates, or acts as a means by which to connect to or link to,
another object. The first object in this relation is said to refer to the second object. It is called a name for the second object. The second object, the one to which the first object refers, is called the referent of the first object. A name is usually a phrase or expression, or some other symbolic representation. Its referent may be anything – a material object, a person, an event, an activity, or an abstract concept.
References can take on many forms, including: a thought, a sensory perception that is audible (onomatopoeia), visual (text), olfactory, or tactile, emotional state, relationship with other,[1] spacetime coordinate, symbolic or alpha-numeric,
a physical object or an energy projection. In some cases, methods are
used that intentionally hide the reference from some observers, as in cryptography.[citation needed]
Reference feature in many spheres of human activity and
knowledge, and the term adopts shades of meaning particular to the
contexts in which it is used. Some of them are described in the sections
below.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference
Piracy is an act of robbery or criminal violence by ship or
boat-borne attackers upon another ship or a coastal area, typically with
the goal of stealing cargo and other valuable goods. Those who conduct
acts of piracy are called pirates, vessels used for piracy are pirate ships. The earliest documented instances of piracy were in the 14th century BC, when the Sea Peoples, a group of ocean raiders, attacked the ships of the Aegean and Mediterranean civilisations. Narrow channels which funnel shipping into predictable routes have long created opportunities for piracy,[1] as well as for privateering and commerce raiding. Historic examples include the waters of Gibraltar, the Strait of Malacca, Madagascar, the Gulf of Aden, and the English Channel, whose geographic structures facilitated pirate attacks.[2][3] The term piracy generally refers to maritime piracy, although the term has been generalized to refer to acts committed on land,[4] in the air, on computer networks,
and (in science fiction) outer space. Piracy usually excludes crimes
committed by the perpetrator on their own vessel (e.g. theft), as well
as privateering, which implies authorization by a state government.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piracy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?fulltext=Search&search=romaniov&title=Special%3ASearch&ns0=1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Incorporated_vs._unincorporated_territories
A blacksmith is a metalsmith who creates objects primarily from wrought iron or steel, but sometimes from other metals, by forging the metal, using tools to hammer, bend, and cut (cf. tinsmith).
Blacksmiths produce objects such as gates, grilles, railings, light
fixtures, furniture, sculpture, tools, agricultural implements,
decorative and religious items, cooking utensils, and weapons. There was
an historical distinction between the heavy work of the blacksmith and
the more delicate operation of a whitesmith, who usually worked in gold, silver, pewter, or the finishing steps of fine steel.[1] The place where a blacksmith works is called variously a smithy, a forge or a blacksmith's shop.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith
Pirate Party is a label adopted by political parties around the world.[1] Pirate parties support civil rights, direct democracy (including e-democracy) or alternatively participation in government, reform of copyright and patent laws to make them more flexible and open to encourage innovation and creativity, use of free and open-source software, free sharing of knowledge (open content and open access), information privacy, transparency, freedom of information, free speech, anti-corruption, net neutrality and oppose mass surveillance, censorship and Big Tech.[2][3][4][5][6][7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate_Party
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=inferior+genetics&title=Special%3ASearch&ns0=1
Untermensch (German pronunciation: [ˈʔʊntɐˌmɛnʃ] (
listen), lit. 'underman', 'sub-man', 'subhuman'; plural: Untermenschen) is a Nazi term for non-Aryan people they deem as inferior, who were often referred to as "the masses from the East", that is Jews, Roma, and Slavs (mainly ethnic Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, and later also Russians).[1][2][3] The term was also applied to "mulatto" and black people.[4] Jewish, Polish and Romani people, along with the physically and mentally disabled, as well as homosexuals and political dissidents, and on rare instances, POWs from Western Allied armies, were to be exterminated[5] in the Holocaust.[6][7] According to the Generalplan Ost, the Slavic population of East-Central Europe was to be reduced in part through mass murder in the Holocaust, with a majority expelled to Asia and used as slave labor in the Reich. These concepts were an important part of the Nazi racial policy.[8]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untermensch
Exploitation may refer to:
In arts and entertainment
As a proper name
See also
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation
The exploitation of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth,[1] sometimes with a negative connotation of accompanying environmental degradation. Environmental degradation can result from depletion of natural resources, this would be accompanied by negative effects to the economic growth of the effected areas.[2]
Exploitation of natural resources started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial areas. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the world's energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and natural gas.[3]
Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem.[4] As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources
Connection to colonialism and warfare
A
shared characteristic of many theories of imperialism is that
colonization represented an attempt to export European crises to areas
where brutality and exploitation
was more acceptable.
The theory of imperialism is the basis of most socialist
theories of warfare and international relations, and is used to argue
that international conflict and exploitation will only end with the revolutionary overthrow or gradual erosion of class systems and capitalist relations of production.[3]
The classical theorists of imperialism, as well as Baran and
Sweezy, held that imperialism causes warfare and colonial expansion in
one of two ways. The looming underconsumption crisis in advanced
capitalist nations creates a tendency towards over-production and
over-investment. These two problems can only be resolved either by
investing into something which creates no economic value, or by
exporting productive capital elsewhere. Thus, western nations will tend
to invest into the creation of a military–industrial complex
which can soak up an enormous amount of investments, which in turn
leads to arms races between advanced countries, and a greater likelihood
of small diplomatic incidents and competition over land and resources
turning into active warfare. They will also compete for land in colonial
areas in order to gain a safe place for capital exports, which require
protection from other powers in order to return a profit.[137]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_imperialism#Connection_to_colonialism_and_warfare
Exploitation of labour (or labor) is a concept defined as, in its broadest sense, one agent taking unfair advantage of another agent.[1] It denotes an unjust social relationship based on an asymmetry of power or unequal exchange of value between workers and their employers.[2] When speaking about exploitation, there is a direct affiliation with consumption in social theory
and traditionally this would label exploitation as unfairly taking
advantage of another person because of their inferior position, giving
the exploiter the power.[3]
Karl Marx's theory of exploitation has been described in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy as the most influential theory of exploitation.[1] In analyzing exploitation, economists are split on the explanation of the exploitation of labour given by Marx and Adam Smith.
Smith did not see exploitation as an inherent systematic phenomenon in
specific economic systems as Marx did, but rather as an optional moral
injustice.[4]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_diamond
Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation.[1] Human trafficking can occur within a country or trans-nationally. It is distinct from people smuggling, which is characterized by the consent of the person being smuggled.
Human trafficking is condemned as a violation of human rights by
international conventions, but legal protection varies globally. The
practice has millions of victims around the world.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking
1927–1931: Dekulakisation, collectivisation, and industrialisation
Economic policy
We have fallen behind the advanced countries by fifty to a hundred
years. We must close that gap in ten years. Either we do this or we'll
be crushed.
This is what our obligations before the workers and peasants of the USSR dictate to us.
— Stalin, February 1931
The Soviet Union lagged behind the industrial development of Western countries, and there had been a shortfall of grain; 1927 produced only 70% of grain produced in 1926. Stalin's government feared attack from Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Poland, and Romania. Many Communists, including in Komsomol, OGPU, and the Red Army, were eager to be rid of the NEP and its market-oriented approach; they had concerns about those who profited from the policy: affluent peasants known as "kulaks" and small business owners or "Nepmen". At this point, Stalin turned against the NEP, which put him on a course to the "left" even of Trotsky or Zinoviev.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin
1932–1939: Major crises
Famine
Within the Soviet Union, there was widespread civic disgruntlement against Stalin's government.
Social unrest, previously restricted largely to the countryside, was
increasingly evident in urban areas, prompting Stalin to ease on some of
his economic policies in 1932. In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce.
At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's
instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of
even a handful of grain could be a capital offence.
The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that
of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living
conditions. It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods.
Like its predecessor, this plan was repeatedly amended to meet changing
situations; there was for instance an increasing emphasis placed on
armament production after Adolf Hitler became German chancellor in 1933.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin
Vikings is a historical drama television series written and created by Michael Hirst for the television channel History. Filmed in Ireland, it premiered on 3 March 2013 in Canada, concluding on December 30, 2020.[1] A standalone sequel streaming television series, Vikings: Valhalla, written and created by Jeb Stuart for Netflix, premiered on February 25, 2022.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vikings_and_Vikings:_Valhalla_characters
Egg theft
The first "test tube baby" was facilitated by Robert Edwards in 1978, and he allegedly used eggs without the consent of the women involved.
One of the earliest cases involving egg theft occurred in 1987 in Garden Grove, California, in a clinic run by doctor Ricardo Asch, and his partners doctors Sergio Stone and Jose Balmaceda. Asch took eggs from women undergoing diagnostic procedures and used them in fertility procedures in other women.
Asch and his two partners were accused of taking eggs and embryos from
patients without their consent, using them to cause pregnancies in other
women, and defrauding insurance companies. The eggs of at least 20 women were used, and at least fifteen live births resulted. Thirty-five patients filed legal actions against Asch. An estimated 67 women were victims of egg or embryo theft.
Asch and Balmaceda left the country and avoided trial. Stone faced
trial in the case and was sentenced to three years probation for mail
fraud. He was fined $50,000 by the judge in the case, required to repay
more than $14,000 in restitution to insurance companies, and had to wear
an electronic monitoring device.
In the "Egg Affair" in Israel in 2000, police investigated two
doctors who were accused of intentionally creating extra eggs in
patients needing fertility procedures, and then without their patients'
knowledge harvesting and selling the eggs to other fertility patients.
In Italy in 2016, famed Italian gynecologist Severino Antinori,
known as the "grandmothers' obstetrician" because of his reputation for
helping women over 60 to bear children, was arrested on suspicion of
stealing eggs by removing them from a patient's ovaries without her
consent under the guise of performing a procedure on her to remove an
ovarian cyst. Antinori had recently hired a Spanish nurse at his clinic,
and then diagnosed her with an ovarian cyst for the sole purpose of
harvesting her eggs without her knowledge. Antinori was arrested at a
Rome airport, charged with aggravated robbery and causing personal
injury, and placed under house arrest.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_fraud#Egg_theft
Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including past human species.[1][2][3] Social anthropology studies patterns of behavior, while cultural anthropology studies cultural meaning, including norms and values.[1][2][3] A portmanteau term sociocultural anthropology is commonly used today.[4] Linguistic anthropology studies how language influences social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans.[1][2][3]
Archaeological anthropology, often termed as "anthropology of the past," studies human activity through investigation of physical evidence.[5][6] It is considered a branch of anthropology in North America and Asia, while in Europe, archaeology is viewed as a discipline in its own right or grouped under other related disciplines, such as history and palaeontology.[7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology
A brain transplant or whole-body transplant is a procedure
in which the brain of one organism is transplanted into the body of
another organism. It is a procedure distinct from head transplantation,
which involves transferring the entire head to a new body, as opposed
to the brain only. Theoretically, a person with complete organ failure
could be given a new and functional body while keeping their own
personality, memories, and consciousness through such a procedure.
Neurosurgeon Robert J. White
has grafted the head of a monkey onto the headless body of another
monkey. EEG readings showed the brain was later functioning normally.
Initially, it was thought to prove that the brain was an immunologically privileged organ, as the host's immune system did not attack it at first,[1] but immunorejection caused the monkey to die after nine days.[2] Brain transplants and similar concepts have also been explored in various forms of science fiction.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_transplant
An artificial brain (or artificial mind) is software and hardware with cognitive abilities similar to those of the animal or human brain.[1]
Research investigating "artificial brains" and brain emulation plays three important roles in science:
- An ongoing attempt by neuroscientists to understand how the human brain works, known as cognitive neuroscience.
- A thought experiment in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, demonstrating that it is possible, at least in theory, to create a machine that has all the capabilities of a human being.
- A long-term project to create machines exhibiting behavior comparable to those of animals with complex central nervous system such as mammals and most particularly humans. The ultimate goal of creating a machine exhibiting human-like behavior or intelligence is sometimes called strong AI.
An example of the first objective is the project reported by Aston University in Birmingham, England[2]
where researchers are using biological cells to create "neurospheres"
(small clusters of neurons) in order to develop new treatments for
diseases including Alzheimer's, motor neurone and Parkinson's disease.
The second objective is a reply to arguments such as John Searle's Chinese room argument, Hubert Dreyfus's critique of AI or Roger Penrose's argument in The Emperor's New Mind.
These critics argued that there are aspects of human consciousness or
expertise that can not be simulated by machines. One reply to their
arguments is that the biological processes inside the brain can be
simulated to any degree of accuracy. This reply was made as early as
1950, by Alan Turing in his classic paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence".[note 1]
The third objective is generally called artificial general intelligence by researchers.[3] However, Ray Kurzweil prefers the term "strong AI". In his book The Singularity is Near, he focuses on whole brain emulation
using conventional computing machines as an approach to implementing
artificial brains, and claims (on grounds of computer power continuing
an exponential growth trend) that this could be done by 2025. Henry Markram, director of the Blue Brain project (which is attempting brain emulation), made a similar claim (2020) at the Oxford TED conference in 2009.[1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_brain
Artificial neural networks (ANNs), usually simply called neural networks (NNs) or neural nets,[1] are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains.[2]
An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses
in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to other neurons. An
artificial neuron receives signals then processes them and can signal
neurons connected to it. The "signal" at a connection is a real number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-linear function of the sum of its inputs. The connections are called edges. Neurons and edges typically have a weight
that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight increases or decreases
the strength of the signal at a connection. Neurons may have a threshold
such that a signal is sent only if the aggregate signal crosses that
threshold.
Typically, neurons are aggregated into layers. Different layers may
perform different transformations on their inputs. Signals travel from
the first layer (the input layer), to the last layer (the output layer),
possibly after traversing the layers multiple times.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_neural_network
An oneirogen, from the Greek ὄνειρος óneiros meaning "dream" and gen "to create", is a substance or other stimulus which produces or enhances dreamlike states of consciousness. This is characterized by an immersive dream state similar to REM sleep, which can range from realistic to alien or abstract.
Many dream-enhancing plants such as dream herb (Calea zacatechichi) and African dream herb (Entada rheedii), as well as the hallucinogenic diviner's sage (Salvia divinorum), have been used for thousands of years in a form of divination through dreams, called oneiromancy, in which practitioners seek to receive psychic or prophetic information during dream states. The term oneirogen
commonly describes a wide array of psychoactive plants and chemicals
ranging from normal dream enhancers to intense dissociative or deliriant
drugs.
Effects experienced with the use of oneirogens may include microsleep, hypnagogia, fugue states, rapid eye movement sleep (REM), hypnic jerks, lucid dreams, and out-of-body experiences.
Some oneirogenic substances are said to have little to no effect on
waking consciousness, and will not exhibit their effects until the user
falls into a natural sleep state.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneirogen
A neural circuit (also known as a biological neural network) is a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated.[1] Multiple neural circuits interconnect with one another to form large scale brain networks.[2]
Neural circuits have inspired the design of artificial neural networks, though there are significant differences.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_circuit
A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called a brain–machine interface (BMI) or smartbrain, is a direct communication pathway between the brain's electrical activity and an external device, most commonly a computer or robotic limb. BCIs are often directed at researching, mapping, assisting, augmenting, or repairing human cognitive or sensory-motor functions.[1] Implementations of BCIs range from non-invasive (EEG, MEG, EOG, MRI) and partially invasive (ECoG and endovascular) to invasive (microelectrode array), based on how close electrodes get to brain tissue.[2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface
Failure to thrive (FTT), also known as weight faltering
or faltering growth, indicates insufficient weight gain or absence of
appropriate physical growth in children.[2][3]
FTT is usually defined in terms of weight, and can be evaluated either
by a low weight for the child's age, or by a low rate of increase in the
weight.[4]
The term "failure to thrive" has been used in different ways,[5] as there is no objective standard or universally accepted definition for when to diagnose FTT.[6][7] One definition describes FTT as a fall in one or more weight centile spaces on a World Health Organization (WHO) growth chart depending on birth weight or when weight is below the 2nd percentile of weight for age irrespective of birth weight.[8][9]
Another definition of FTT is a weight for age that is consistently
below the 5th percentile or weight for age that falls by at least two
major percentile lines on a growth chart.[10]
While weight loss after birth is normal and most babies return to their
birth weight by three weeks of age, clinical assessment for FTT is
recommended for babies who lose more than 10% of their birth weight or
do not return to their birth weight after three weeks.[8] Failure to thrive is not a specific disease, but a sign of inadequate weight gain.[11]
In veterinary medicine, FTT is also referred to as ill-thrift.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Failure_to_thrive
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_Material_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_Organ_System_Component_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Build_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_Material_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remainder_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Human_Trafficking_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Men_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clone_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_Property_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Self-Procreation_
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Cooperant_America_Piracy_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft_of_Reproductive_Material_
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft_of_Baby_Laboratory_Implied
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asset_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retainer_to_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use_Illegal_Possession_Retainer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theft_Offsspring_Line
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_Theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offspring_Utility_Theft_Neutralization_Remainder_possessed_by_offspring_cover_for_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_attack_Slave_or_indoctrinated_or_enslaved
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/baby_organ_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cascade_process_theft
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/exploitation_of_life_and_theft_ease_passthrough_clearance_method_objective_sceitn_psuedoscience_assault_risk_critical_men
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/won_or_winning
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