Phylogenetic similarities: These phylogenetic terms are used to describe different patterns of ancestral and derived character or trait states as stated in the above diagram in association with synapomorphies.[1]
- Homoplasy in biological systematics is when a trait has been gained or lost independently in separate lineages during evolution. This convergent evolution leads to species independently sharing a trait that is different from the trait inferred to have been present in their common ancestor.[9][10][11]
- Parallel Homoplasy – derived trait present in two groups or species without a common ancestor due to convergent evolution.[12]
- Reverse Homoplasy – trait present in an ancestor but not in direct descendants that reappears in later descendants.[13]
- Apomorphy – a derived trait. Apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and inherited from a common ancestor is synapomorphy. Apomorphy unique to a given taxon is autapomorphy.[14][15][16][17]
- Synapomorphy/Homology – a derived trait that is found in some or all terminal groups of a clade, and inherited from a common ancestor, for which it was an autapomorphy (i.e., not present in its immediate ancestor).
- Underlying synapomorphy – a synapomorphy that has been lost again in many members of the clade. If lost in all but one, it can be hard to distinguish from an autapomorphy.
- Autapomorphy – a distinctive derived trait that is unique to a given taxon or group.[3]
- Symplesiomorphy – an ancestral trait shared by two or more taxa.
- Plesiomorphy – a symplesiomorphy discussed in reference to a more derived state.
- Pseudoplesiomorphy – is a trait that cannot be identified as neither a plesiomorphy nor an apomorphy that is a reversal.[18]
- Reversal – is a loss of derived trait present in ancestor and the reestablishment of a plesiomorphic trait.
- Convergence – independent evolution of a similar trait in two or more taxa.
- Hemiplasy[19][20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy
Above. Foreigner - Woman in Black
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