08-24-2021-1241 - hookworm hooks ancyclo stomata ancylo cator roundworm nematode hel strongyles schistosoma helminth mouth parts difficult to find variety decrease cl1 90-21

Hookworms are intestinal, blood-feeding, parasitic roundworms that cause types of infection known as helminthiases. Hookworm infection is found in many parts of the world,^[1] and is common in areas with poor access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene. In humans, infections are caused by two main species of roundworm, belonging to the genera Ancylostoma and Necator. In other animals the main parasites are species of Ancylostoma.

Infective N. americanus larva

Ancylostoma braziliense mouthparts

Moxidectin is available in the United States as (imidacloprid + moxidectin) topical solution for dogs and cats. It utilizes moxidectin for control and prevention of roundworms, hookworms, heartworms, and whipworms.

By the 1940s, the treatment of choice used tetrachloroethylene,^[32] given as 3 to 4 cc in the fasting state, followed by 30 to 45 g of sodium sulfate.

The most common treatment for hookworm are benzimidazoles, specifically albendazole and mebendazole. BZAs kill adult worms by binding to the nematode's β-tubulin and subsequently inhibiting microtubule polymerization within the parasite.^[14]

...neglected tropical diseases, including hookworm infection, rank among diarrheal diseases, ischemic heart disease, malaria, and tuberculosis as one of the most important health problems of the developing world.

The term "hookworm" is sometimes used to refer to hookworm infection.^[12] A hookworm is a type of parasitic worm (helminth).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookworm

https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/zoonotichookworm/gen_info/faqs.html

Leptospira (Ancient Greek: leptos, 'fine, thin' and Latin: spira, 'coil')^[1] is a genus of spirochaete bacteria, including a small number of pathogenic and saprophytic species.^[2]  Leptospira was first observed in 1907 in kidney tissue slices of a leptospirosisvictim who was described as having died of "yellow fever".^[3]

Pathogenic Leptospira

Leptospira alstonii Smythe et al. 2013 ["Leptospira alstoni" Haake et al. 1993]

Leptospira interrogans (Stimson 1907) Wenyon 1926 emend. Faine and Stallman 1982 ["Spirochaeta interrogans" Stimson 1907; "Spirochaeta nodosa" Hubener & Reiter 1916; "Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae" Inada et al. 1916; "Spirochaeta icterogenes" Uhlenhuth & Fromme 1916; "Leptospira icteroides" Noguchi 1919]

Leptospira kirschneri Ramadass et al. 1992

Non-pathogenic Leptospira

Leptospira biflexa (Wolbach and Binger 1914) Noguchi 1918 emend. Faine and Stallman 1982 ["Spirochaeta biflexa" Wolbach & Binger 1914; "Ancona ancona"; "Canela canela"; "Jequitaia jequitaia"]

Members of Leptospira are also grouped into serovars according to their antigenic relatedness. There are currently over 200 recognized serovars. A few serovars are found in more than one species of Leptospira.

One or both ends of the spirochete are usually hooked. Because they are so thin, live Leptospiraare best observed by darkfield microscopy.

Scanning electron micrograph of Leptospira interrogans

Noguchi 1917 emend. Faine & Stallman 1982 non Swainson 1840 non Boucot, Johnson & Staton 1964

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospira

Above. Flesh Harvest - Psyclon Nine