Photorespiration (also known as the oxidative photosynthetic carbon cycle, or C2 photosynthesis) refers to a process in plant metabolism where the enzyme RuBisCO oxygenates RuBP, wasting some of the energy produced by photosynthesis. The desired reaction is the addition of carbon dioxide to RuBP (carboxylation), a key step in the Calvin–Benson cycle, but approximately 25% of reactions by RuBisCO instead add oxygen to RuBP (oxygenation), creating a product that cannot be used within the Calvin–Benson cycle. This process reduces the efficiency of photosynthesis, potentially reducing photosynthetic output by 25% in C3 plants.[1]Photorespiration involves a complex network of enzyme reactions that exchange metabolites between chloroplasts, leaf peroxisomes and mitochondria.
The oxygenation reaction of RuBisCO is a wasteful process because 3-phosphoglycerate is created at a reduced rate and higher metabolic cost compared with RuBP carboxylase activity. While photorespiratory carbon cycling results in the formation of G3P eventually, around 25% of carbon fixed by photorespiration is re-released as CO
2[2] and nitrogen, as ammonia. Ammonia must then be detoxified at a substantial cost to the cell. Photorespiration also incurs a direct cost of one ATP and one NAD(P)H.
While it is common to refer to the entire process as photorespiration, technically the term refers only to the metabolic network which acts to rescue the products of the oxygenation reaction (phosphoglycolate).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photorespiration
CYTO-ID® Autophagy detection kit
Shipping: Shipped on Blue Ice
Short Term Storage: -20°C
Long Term Storage: -80°C
Contents: CYTO-ID® Green Detection Reagent
Hoechst 33342 Nuclear Stain
Autophagy Inducer (Rapamycin)
Chloroquine Control
10X Assay Buffer
Scientific Background: Autophagy is a stress-induced protective mechanism. Less active under basal conditions, the mechanism is utilized by eukaryotic cells through lysosome-mediated bulk degradation of cellular contents when subjected to certain hostile conditions such as nutrient depletion and chemical or environmental stress. The role of increased autophagic activity in the pathology of cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease and diabetes has become widely recognized and commonly studied. Induction of autophagic flux can be visualized by enhanced accumulation of autophagic vesicles if lysosomal function is inhibited, preventing removal of these vesicles.
https://www.enzolifesciences.com/ENZ-51031/cyto-id-autophagy-detection-kit/
Vuse Digital Vapor Cigarette, commonly known as Vuse (rhymes with "news"[1]), is an electronic cigaretteproduced by R. J. Reynolds Vapor Company, a subsidiary of the Reynolds American tobacco company. In 2015, it was the most popular e-cigarette in the United States with 33 percent market share in Nielsen-tracked channels (a declining proportion of the total).[2] Also in 2015, it was the best selling e-cigarette device in convenience stores in the US.[3] However, Vuse lost its top position in 2017, when Juul overtook it to become the most popular e-cigarette in the US.[4] As of August 2018, Vuse controls 9.6 percent of the American e-cigarette market, compared to Juul's 72.1 percent market share, according to Nielsen data.[4]
The original Vuse digital vapor cigarette has a nicotine content of 4.8 percent,[5] which is high compared to other e-cigarettes available in 2013.[5]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuse
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