Methotrexate (MTX), formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immune-system suppressant.[4] It is used to treat cancer, autoimmune diseases, and ectopic pregnancy and for medical abortions.[4]Types of cancers it is used for include breast cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, gestational trophoblastic disease, and osteosarcoma.[4] Types of autoimmune diseases it is used for include psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease.[4] It can be given by mouth or by injection.[4]
Common side effects include nausea, feeling tired, fever, increased risk of infection, low white blood cell counts, and breakdown of the skin inside the mouth.[4] Other side effects may include liver disease, lung disease, lymphoma, and severe skin rashes.[4] People on long-term treatment should be regularly checked for side effects.[4] It is not safe during breastfeeding.[4] In those with kidney problems, lower doses may be needed.[4] It acts by blocking the body's use of folic acid.[4]
Methotrexate was first made in 1947 and initially was used to treat cancer, as it was less toxic than the then current treatments.[7] In 1956 it provided the first cures of a metastatic cancer.[8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the safest and most effective medicines needed in a health system.[9] Methotrexate is available as a generic medication.[4] In 2018, it was the 123rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5 million prescriptions.[10][11]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methotrexate
Bacillus thuringiensis (or Bt) is a Gram-positive, soil-dwelling bacterium, the most commonly used biological pesticideworldwide. B. thuringiensis also occurs naturally in the gut of caterpillars of various types of moths and butterflies, as well on leaf surfaces, aquatic environments, animal feces, insect-rich environments, and flour mills and grain-storage facilities.[1][2] It has also been observed to parasitize other moths such as Cadra calidella—in laboratory experiments working with C. calidella, many of the moths were diseased due to this parasite.[3]
During sporulation, many Bt strains produce crystal proteins (proteinaceous inclusions), called delta endotoxins, that have insecticidal action. This has led to their use as insecticides, and more recently to genetically modified crops using Bt genes, such as Bt corn.[4] Many crystal-producing Bt strains, though, do not have insecticidal properties.[5] The subspecies israelensis is commonly used for control of mosquitoes[6] and of fungus gnats.[7]
As a toxic mechanism, cry proteins bind to specific receptors on the membranes of mid-gut (epithelial) cells of the targeted pests, resulting in their rupture. Other organisms (including humans, other animals and non-targeted insects) that lack the appropriate receptors in their gut cannot be affected by the cry protein, and therefore are not affected by Bt.[8][9]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis
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