08-31-2021-2322 - Human Genome Project (HGP) 1984 US government USA ; world scale model of operations

The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the  base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint.^[1] It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project.^[2] Planning started after the idea was picked up in 1984 by the US government, the project formally launched in 1990, and was declared complete on April 14, 2003.^[3] Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021.^[4][5]

Funding came from the American government through the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside the government by the Celera Corporation, or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. 

The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). The "genome" of any given individual is unique; mapping the "human genome" involved sequencing a small number of individuals and then assembling to get a complete sequence for each chromosome. Therefore, the finished human genome is a mosaic, not representing any one individual. The utility of the project comes from the fact that the vast majority of the human genome is the same in all humans. 

The Human Genome Project was a 13-year-long, publicly funded project initiated in 1990 with the objective of determining the DNA sequence of the entire euchromatic human genome within 15 years.^[7]

Logo of the Human Genome Project

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project

See also[edit]

• 1000 Genomes Project – International research effort on genetic variation
• 100,000 Genomes Project – UK Government project that is sequencing whole genomes from National Health Service patients
• Chimpanzee genome project – effort to determine the DNA sequence of the chimpanzee genome
• ENCODE – Research consortium investigating functional elements in human and model organism DNA
• Physiome
• HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee
• Human Brain Project
• Human Connectome Project
• Human Cytome Project
• Human Epigenome Project
• Human Microbiome Project
• Human proteome project – Scientific project coordinated by the Human Proteome Organization
• Human Variome Project
• List of biological databases
• Neanderthal genome project – effort to sequence the Neanderthal genome
• Wellcome Sanger Institute – British genomics research institute
• Genographic Project

Human genetics
Sub-topics	Human genome  Human Genome Project Evolutionary genetics  Human-chimp MRCA Neanderthal genetics  Neanderthal genome project Timeline Genetic variation  Blood type distribution by country Genealogical DNA test Genetic genealogy Race and genetics Recent evolution Surname DNA project Genetic enhancement
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Bioelectronics is a field of research in the convergence of biology and electronics.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioelectronics