Rhabdomyolysis is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly.[3] Symptoms may include muscle pains, weakness, vomiting, and confusion.[3][4] There may be tea-colored urine or an irregular heartbeat.[3] Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and may lead to kidney failure.[3]
The muscle damage is most often the result of a crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, or a substance use disorder.[3] Other causes include infections, electrical injury, heat stroke, prolonged immobilization, lack of blood flow to a limb, or snake bites.[3] Some people have inherited muscle conditions that increase the risk of rhabdomyolysis.[3] The diagnosis is supported by a urine test stripwhich is positive for "blood" but the urine contains no red blood cells when examined with a microscope.[3] Blood tests show a creatine kinase greater than 1,000 U/L, with severe disease being above 5,000-15,000 U/L.[5]
The mainstay of treatment is large quantities of intravenous fluids.[3] Other treatments may include dialysis or hemofiltration in more severe cases.[4][6] Once urine output is established sodium bicarbonate and mannitol are commonly used but they are poorly supported by the evidence.[3][4]Outcomes are generally good if treated early.[3] Complications may include high blood potassium, low blood calcium, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and compartment syndrome.[3]
Rhabdomyolysis occurs in about 26,000 people a year in the United States.[3] While the condition has been commented on throughout history, the first modern description was following an earthquake in 1908.[7] Important discoveries as to its mechanism were made during the Blitz of London in 1941.[7] It is a significant problem for those injured in earthquakes, and relief efforts for such disasters often include medical teams equipped to treat survivors with rhabdomyolysis.[7]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis
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